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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing perceptions of oral health and its importance to general health: provider perceptions, public perceptions, policymaker perceptions.

The first ever Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health emphasizes that oral health is essential to the general health and well-being of all Americans, and that oral health can be achieved. But it will require that we think about and approach oral health activities in a different manner. If we desire to influence the mind-set of health care providers, the public, policymakers, and institutions, how do we get from what we know about the relationship of oral health and general health to integrating the notion into everyday actions? The Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health has elevated this issue to the forefront of health care and provided us with an extraordinary opportunity. The challenge: Lead with action and catalyze integration into multiple forums-public, private, and professional-and engage in activities that will change how oral health is perceived broadly. Ultimately, geriatric oral health and the health of all access-limited populations should benefit. To continue preserving the oral health of the millions of older individuals who now enjoy it and to ensure it for those who lack it will require change on multiple societal levels: the health care providers, the neighborhood, the community; Federal, state, and local governments; and the nation as a whole. It means addressing and overcoming multiple barriers to oral health care, which may include problems or disparities in: education, economics, the environment, cultural and social issues, and the health care system itself. To change perceptions, we must remove the barriers to care, educate the stakeholders who can influence or benefit from training programs, conduct broader, population-based research, build public and private partnerships, develop a stronger health care infrastructure, and expand initiatives that target specific risks for declining oral health. In addition to seeking new answers to these problems, it is imperative that we apply what we already know.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The necessity of a perception-action approach to definite distance perception: monocular distance perception to guide reaching.

In this investigation of monocular perception of egocentric distance, the authors advocate the necessity of a perception-action approach because calibration is intrinsic to definite distance perception. A helmet-mounted camera and display were used to isolate optic flow generated by participants' head movements toward a target, and participants' reaches to place a stylus either in a target hole (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or aligned under a target surface (Experiment 3) were analyzed. Conclusions are that binocular distance perception is accurate, monocular distance perception yields compression that is not eliminated by feedback, but feedback is used to eliminate underestimation generated by restriction of the size of the visual field.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Risk perception in the U.K. oil and gas production industry: are expert loss-prevention managers' perceptions different from those of members of the public?

This article investigates potential differences in risk perception between experts (loss-prevention managers in the U.K. oil and gas production industry) and nonexperts (managers and students). Extant research on expert versus nonexpert perceptions of risk is reviewed, followed by the present study concerning risk perceptions of seven pen-picture scenarios involving the occurrence of hazardous events in the U.K. oil and gas production industry. In contrast to many of the earlier studies of expert versus nonexpert perceptions of risk, the present analysis concludes that experts did not judge the overall riskiness of the portrayed hazardous events as less risky than the nonexperts. Nevertheless, the experts believe more strongly than our nonexperts that the risks portrayed in the scenarios pose little threat to future generations, are more precisely known, and are relatively controllable. Use of multiple regression analysis to help uncover the basis of overall riskiness assessments for expert and lay respondents was inconclusive, however. Finally, little evidence was found that nonexperts were any more heterogeneous in their risk perceptions than experts. It may be that the nature of the risks assessed in the present study may account for the general lack of clear expert versus nonexpert differences in overall perceptions of the riskiness of hazardous events in the North Sea. Earlier findings of strong expert versus nonexpert differences in risk perception assessed hazards of major public concern. It is inferred that using such extreme hazards may have resulted in an exaggerated view of differences in expert versus public (nonexpert) perception of risk.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Differences between motion-direction perception and unspecific motion perception in the human knee joint.

Perception has commonly been seen as a conscious performance. Thus, regarding proprioception in some publications, it has been proposed that the term is properly used only when subjects are able to report on the direction as well as presence of imposed movements. Consequently, detections of movements without movement-direction perception have not been accepted as perceived, since these detections were regarded as unspecific. Unspecific sensation has been suggested to precede perception. From this "two-state model", it follows that threshold values should be lower for unconscious unspecific perception than for conscious specific perception. The aim of the present study was to test this suggested dichotomy. Proprioception was compared in unspecific detection trials (only the occurrence of a movement had to be detected, not its direction) and direction-specific detection trials (the occurrence of a movement of a specific direction had to be detected). Two types of specific detection trials and two types of unspecific detection trials were studied. Pairs of threshold values were determined, regarding amplitude detection using different angular velocities and regarding velocity detection using different angular displacements, for flexion and extension. Our results showed that, independent of each other, both threshold paradigms (amplitude detection and velocity detection) revealed the same perception characteristics. In specific detection paradigms, the proprioceptive thresholds were two times lower than in unspecific detection paradigms. Thus, movements of a particular type could be detected more easily than movement per se. The suggested "two-state model" might, therefore, not be appropriate in describing proprioceptive perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between perception of facial emotions and anxiety in clinical depression: does anxiety-related perception predict persistence of depression?

Within the framework of interpersonal theories on depression, it was postulated 1) that an anxiety-related mood-congruent bias with respect to the perception of facial expressions could be demonstrated in clinically depressed patients: 2) that the perception of negative facial emotions would be associated with co-occurring anxiety levels rather than with depression, and 3) that the putative anxiety-related bias would predict the subsequent course of depression. Such relationships would support the possible causal role of negative biases for the persistence of depression. Thirty-nine depressed patients (thirty-six patients met the criteria for major depression, two had a dysthymic disorder and one patient suffered from a cyclothymic disorder) were studied. The patients judged schematic faces with respect to the emotions they express (fear, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, rejection and invitation) at admission (T0), and after 6 (T1) and 30 (T2) weeks. Severity of depression (BDI) and anxiety (SCL-90) were assessed at these three points. We found considerable support for the first 2 hypotheses: a) The perception of negative emotions was related to anxiety but not to depression (at T0 this association was significant and at T1 and T2 tendencies were found); b) When the level of depression was controlled for, significant relationships remained (emerged) between anxiety and the perception of negative emotions at each of the three different time points; c) Anxiety and perception of negative emotions covaried within subjects when large changes in depression/anxiety were involved, i.e. after 30 weeks. This relationship disappeared when depression change was partialled out. The third hypothesis was not confirmed: The perception of negative emotions did not predict the course of depression. Although a direct relationship with depression persistence and a negative bias in the perception of interaction-relevant stimuli (i.e. facial emotions) in anxious depressed patients could not be found, the existence of such anxiety-related negative bias forms indirect evidence for the notion that this negative bias may mediate rejective attitudes of others towards depressives and consequently may contribute to an unfavorable course of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Studying speech perception in adolescent school-age children by utilizing primary color perception.

Since both speech and color have perceptual ramifications in language, the present study was developed to study speech perception through color perception. With the recent advances in perception generally and color perception specifically, this nontraditional approach to studying speech perception appeared reasonable. The 12 consonants utilized in this study generated 144 pairs of nonsense CV-syllables. The consonant ensemble was selected because it accommodated a maximum number of phonological features with a minimum number of phonemes. The 46 subjects, who were in junior high school with an age range of 11 through 14 years, responded to each of the stimulus pairs by assigning (associating) to it one of the six primary colors. Because of the perceptual orderliness associated with subjects' judgments, the results indicated that color can be used to study speech perception. Specific findings included the retrieval of sameness, fronting (or place), and voicing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Noise improves three-dimensional perception: stochastic resonance and other impacts of noise to the perception of autostereograms.

Autostereograms can be perceived in different well-defined spatial levels. Therefore they are an excellent tool with which to examine spatiotemporal processes of multistable three-dimensional perception. We study properties of spatial ambiguity such as phase transitions between different spatial levels and hysteresis in perception with and without noise. We show that the perception of physical noise-which is added to the autostereograms in the form of a random dot pattern-is dependent on the perceived spatial level. We demonstrate that noise can be helpful for the perception of depth in some cases. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of depth perception is enhanced at an intermediate level of noise strength that is the signature of stochastic resonance in depth perception.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1983

Monograph 13. The interrelationships between the asthmatic child's dependency behavior, his perception of his illness, and his mother's perception of his illness.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the interrelationships between the asthmatic child's dependency behavior, his perception of his illness, and his mother's perception of his illness. The dependency behavior of the asthmatic children was also compared with that of healthy children. The subjects of the study were 57 asthmatic children aged 8 to 12 years and their mothers, and 54 healthy children of the same age and their mothers. The asthmatic children were recruited from (1) patients attending the allergy clinic at a children's hospital in a large metropolitan area of Western Pennsylvania (n = 44) and (2) the private practice of a physician located in the same geographic area (n = 13). The healthy children were recruited from two sources. The majority of them (n = 47) were recruited from the children who visited the medical clinic at the hospital from which the asthmatic children were recruited. These children came to the clinic for physical examination, eye examination, or minor health problems. A few healthy children (n = 7) were recruited from families who were acquainted with the investigator or her friends. Children in both groups were free of physical handicapping conditions, had no history of psychiatric treatment, and were enrolled in at least grade three of an elementary school. The children in the healthy group were free of all chronic illnesses and the asthmatic children did not have any other chronic illness besides asthma. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data concerning the variables under study. The Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire (SADQ) and the Children's Autonomy Questionnaire (AUT-MC-3) were used to assess the child's dependency behavior. The children's perceptions of asthma were assessed by the Children's Perception Questionnaire (CPQ). The Mother's Perception Questionnaire (MPQ) was used to measure mothers' perceptions of their children's asthma. Demographic data were obtained from a questionnaire designed for each group of subjects. The data were solicited through two approaches: direct contact with each mother-child pair and by mail. The scores from the SADQ, AUT-MC-3, CPQ and the MPQ were analyzed. The SADQ scores and the AUT-MC-3 scores which measured dependency behavior were used separately in the analysis. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the relationships between the variables under study. The Independent Student t-test was used to determine the differences in dependency behavior of the asthmatic children and healthy children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Divergent perceptions of lesbians: a comparison of lesbian self-perceptions and heterosexual perceptions.

Social-psychological research on stereotyping was applied to lesbianism among American college students. The hypothesis that stereotypes of lesbians are often inaccurate predictors of individual lesbians was supported. Using stereotypes of lesbians identified by previous research, lesbians rated themselves on a series of bipolar stereotypical adjectives, and a comparison group of nonlesbians rated lesbians as a group on these same adjectives. Significant differences were found on 16 of the 21 adjectives. Knowing a lesbian personally did not influence heterosexuals' ratings, suggesting the resistance of stereotypes to change.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of genetic consultation on perception of a family risk of breast/ovarian cancer and determinants of inaccurate perception after the consultation.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cancer genetic consultations on women's perception of their family risk of breast/ovarian cancer, and to determine which factors were associated with an inaccurate perception after the consultation. A multicenter prospective survey was carried out on women (n = 397) attending cancer genetic clinics in France for the first time, in which the perceived family risk was measured both before and after the consultation, using self-administered questionnaires. The effects of the consultation on risk perception were significant among low (P <.001) and moderate risk women (P <.05). However, after the consultation, 76.3% of the "low"-risk women did not perceive their family as "low"-risk families, and 21.9% of the moderate-risk women were still definitely sure there was a genetic risk running in their family. The consultation did not affect the family risk perception of the high risk women (n = 171): the risk was thought to be very high both before (87.7%) and after (89.5%) the consultation (NS); however 10.5% of this group still perceived their family as being unlikely to be at risk after the consultation. In the low- and moderate-risk groups after multivariate adjustment, the inaccurate perceptions varied, depending on the clinics and on the psychosocial context of the consultation: they increased when the consultee was personally affected by cancer, and decreased when the consultee had a health occupation. Cancer genetic consultations had only marginal effects on the perception of family risk on the whole, although they were significant in the case of low- and moderate-risk women. The question arises as to whether a more comprehensive approach should be implemented and how to go about providing efficient cancer risk information in the context of health care systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Transition from student to physical therapist. Changes in perceptions of professional role and relationship between perceptions and job satisfaction.

A longitudinal study of 15 entry-level postbaccalaureate degree graduates was conducted to determine whether their perceptions of the professional role of the physical therapist and of self in that role changed after employment had begun and whether a relationship exists between these perceptions and job satisfaction. Data were collected by mail using a semantic differential test for measuring role perceptions and a questionnaire that included items related to job satisfaction and to demographic data. The return rate was 93%. At the time of data collection, the graduates had been employed for 12 to 18 months. The data on role perceptions were compared with data previously reported by Fincher Corb et al that had been collected on these same subjects when they entered the physical therapy education program and when they completed the program. Kendall's coefficient of concordance revealed significant differences (p less than .05) in three concepts relating to the professional role of the physical therapist and in one concept relating to self in that role. In each instance, the role perception score was lower after 12 to 18 months of employment. Job satisfaction scores were relatively high among the subjects. Spearman correlation coefficients calculated between job satisfaction and role perception scores revealed a positive and direct relationship between three role concepts and job satisfaction. Results of this study provide information about the professional socialization process in physical therapy.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Categorical perception--phenomenon or epiphenomenon: evidence from experiments in the perception of melodic musical intervals.

Categorical perception was investigated in a series of experiments on the perception of melodic musical intervals (sequential frequency ratios). When procedures equivalent to those typically used in speech-perception experiments were employed, i.e., determination of identification and discrimination functions for stimuli separated by equal physical increments), musical intervals were perceived categorically by trained musicians. When a variable-step-size (adaptive) discrimination procedure was used, evidence of categorical perception (in the form of smaller interval-width DL's for ratios at identification category boundaries than for ratios within categories), although present initially, largely disappeared after subjects had reached asymptotic performance. However, equal-step-size discrimination functions obtained after observers had reached asymptotic performance in the adaptive paradigm were not substantially different from those initially obtained. The results of other experiments imply that this dependence of categorical perception on procedure may be related to differences in stimulus uncertainty between the procedures. An experiment on the perception of melodic intervals by musically untrained observers showed no evidence for the existence of "natural" categories for musical intervals.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The independence of size perception and distance perception.

Research on distance perception has focused on environmental sources of information, which have been well documented; in contrast, size perception research has focused on familiarity or has relied on distance information. An analysis of these two parallel bodies of work reveals their lack of equivalence. Furthermore, definitions of familiarity need environmental grounding, specifically concerning the amount of size variation among different tokens of an object. To demonstrate the independence of size and distance perception, subjects in two experiments were asked to estimate the sizes of common objects from memory and then to estimate both the sizes and the distances of a subset of such objects displayed in front of them. The experiments found that token variation was a critical variable in the accuracy of size estimations, whether from memory or with vision, and that distance had no impact at all on size perception. Furthermore, when distance information was good, size had no effect on distance estimation; in contrast, at far distances, the distances to token variable or unknown objects were estimated with less accuracy. The results suggest that size perception has been misconceptualized, so that the relevant research to understand its properties has not been undertaken. The size-distance invariance hypothesis was shown to be inadequate for both areas of research.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

What does infant perception tell us about theories of perception?

The article begins with a summary of eight well-substantiated conclusions drawn from research on perception in infants that have implications for theories of perception. The following section examines several traditional and modern theories of perception in the light of these conclusions. Finally, some "big issues" that have divided perceptual and cognitive theories are discussed, with the suggestion that research on infants can help reconcile the divided camps. Research on perception in young infants not only flourishes but also presents a challenge to all theories of perception.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of phoneme perception errors by listeners with cochlear implants as a function of overall speech perception ability.

Many studies have noted great variability in speech perception ability among postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants. This study examined phoneme misperceptions for 30 cochlear implant listeners using either the Nucleus-22 or Clarion version 1.2 device to examine whether listeners with better overall speech perception differed qualitatively from poorer listeners in their perception of vowel and consonant features. In the first analysis, simple regressions were used to predict the mean percent-correct scores for consonants and vowels for the better group of listeners from those of the poorer group. A strong relationship between the two groups was found for consonant identification, and a weak, nonsignificant relationship was found for vowel identification. In the second analysis, it was found that less information was transmitted for consonant and vowel features to the poorer listeners than to the better listeners; however, the pattern of information transmission was similar across groups. Taken together, results suggest that the performance difference between the two groups is primarily quantitative. The results underscore the importance of examining individuals' perception of individual phoneme features when attempting to relate speech perception to other predictor variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Sound-producing sources as objects of perception: rate normalization and nonspeech perception.

In a variety of experiments and paradigms, researchers have attempted to determine whether or not speech perception is specialized by comparing perception of speech syllables to perception of nonspeech analogs. While nonspeech analogs appear optimal as comparisons to speech because they are acoustically similar without being recognized as speechlike, it is argued that the comparison they offer is confounded and uninterpretable. Two experiments are designed to show that, in auditory perception generally where acoustic signals are causal consequences of mechanical events, perceptual experiences are of the mechanical events themselves, not of the acoustic signal. This has two consequences. One is that there is a confounding in comparisons of speech with sine wave analogs that, whereas the one perceived as speech also has a definite causal source, the other, perceived as nonspeech, has an indeterminate or ambiguous source. A second is that response patterns in classification tasks such as those used in the literature comparing speech to nonspeech will reflect properties of the perceived sound-producing event; they will not provide a clear window on auditory system processes used to recover event properties. Experiment 3 is designed to show that perception of many acoustic-signal-producing events can appear to be special by the logic of speech-sine wave comparisons--even events that cannot plausibly be supposed to involve a specialization.

Adult↗