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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Simultaneous detection of centromere-specific probes and chromosome painting libraries by a combination of primed in situ labelling and chromosome painting (PRINS-painting).

In situ techniques for the detection of specific chromosomes using centromeric probes and the decoration of entire chromosomes using chromosome painting are well established. However, in the deciphering of complex chromosomal aberrations it is valuable to be able to detect the centromere and the entire DNA of a specific chromosome in different colours simultaneously on the same metaphase. In this report we describe a combination of the primed in situ labelling (PRINS) technique and chromosome painting for simultaneous visualization of centromere-specific oligonucleotides and chromosome painting libraries. A key feature is that the denaturation step in the PRINS reaction is sufficient to keep the chromosomes denatured for chromosome painting. This means that PRINS and consecutive chromosome painting can be performed as a single procedure (PRINS-painting).

Centromere↗
PubMed2005

An experimental study to investigate the feasibility to classify paints according to neurotoxicological risks: occupational air requirement (OAR) and indoor use of alkyd paints.

The concept of occupational air requirement (OAR), representing the quantity of air required to dilute the vapor concentration in the work environment resulting from 1 l product to a concentration below the occupational exposure limit (OEL), was considered to have potential to discriminate between paints that can and cannot be used safely. The OAR is a simple algorithm with the concentration of volatile organic compound (VOC) in the paint, a discrete evaporation factor and the neurotoxicological effects-based OEL. Conceptually, OAR categories of paints for construction and maintenance applications could be identified that can be applied manually without exceeding OELs with no appreciable room ventilation. Five painters volunteered in an exposure study aimed at testing the OAR approach in practice. Total exposure to VOC was assessed in 30 experiments during the application of 0.5 l of paint in a defined 'standard indoor paint job'. Fifteen paints were prepared, reflecting differences in solvents (percentage, volatility, toxicity) with a range of OAR levels from 43 to 819 m(3)/l. Exposure was assessed by personal air sampling (PAS). In addition, real-time air monitoring was performed. All tests were conducted at minimum ventilation rate (< or=0.33 h(-1)). PAS results were expressed as percentage of the nominal OEL and ranged from 8 to 93% for high solids and from 38 to 168% for conventional paints. In general, higher VOC contents resulted in higher exposure. High volatile paints showed a statistically significant faster increase of VOC concentration with time compared with paints containing low volatile solvents. A significant relationship between OAR value and exposure was observed (R(2) = 0.73). The experiments indicate that OAR-based classification of paints predicts and discriminates risk levels for exposure to neurotoxic paint-solvents in indoor painting fairly well.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Increased persistence of antifouling paint biocides when associated with paint particles.

Current regulatory risk assessment procedures only assess the impact of antifouling paint biocides that are released through leaching from a painted surface. Hull cleaning activities can lead to particles of antifouling paint containing biocides to enter the environment. Comparative pseudo-first order anaerobic degradation rate constants and half-lives were determined for a selection of common antifouling paint booster biocides, their degradation products, and associated with paint particles. Anaerobic half-lives of <0.5 days were calculated for chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and SeaNine 211, between 1 and 3 days for DCPMU and DCPU, between 14 and 35 days for diuron and CPDU, and over 226 days for GS26575 and Irgarol 1051. Increased persistence was observed when the compounds were introduced to sediments associated with antifouling paint particles. When present as antifouling paint particles, an increased half-life of 9.9 days for SeaNine 211 and 1.4 days was calculated for dichlofluanid, no significant degradation was observed for diuron. It is suspected that this is due to much of the biocide being initially bound within the matrix of the paint particle that is slowly released through dissolution processes into the sediment pore water prior to degradation. The release of booster biocides associated with paint particles into marinas has the potential to lead to their accumulation unless activities such as hull cleaning are strictly regulated.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Multiple metal contamination from house paints: consequences of power sanding and paint scraping in New Orleans.

Power sanding exterior paint is a common practice during repainting of old houses in New Orleans, Louisiana, that triggers lead poisoning and releases more than Pb. In this study we quantified the Pb, zinc, cadmium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium, and vanadium in exterior paint samples collected from New Orleans homes (n = 31). We used interior dust wipes to compare two exterior house-painting projects. House 1 was measured in response to the plight of a family after a paint contractor power sanded all exterior paint from the weatherboards. The Pb content (approximately 130,000 microg Pb/g) was first realized when the family pet died; the children were hospitalized, the family was displaced, and cleanup costs were high. To determine the quantity of dust generated by power sanding and the benefits of reducing Pb-contaminated dust, we tested a case study house (house 2) for Pb (approximately 90,000 microg/g) before the project was started; the house was then dry scraped and the paint chips were collected. Although the hazards of Pb-based paints are well known, there are other problems as well, because other toxic metals exist in old paints. If house 2 had been power sanded to bare wood like house 1, the repainting project would have released as dust about 7.4 kg Pb, 3.5 kg Zn, 9.7 g Cd, 14.8 g Cu, 8.8 g Mn, 1.5 g Ni, 5.4 g Co, 2.4 g Cr, and 0.3 g V. The total tolerable daily intake (TTDI) for a child under 6 years of age is 6 microg Pb from all sources. Converting 7.4 kg Pb to this scale is vexing--more than 1 billion (10(9)) times the TTDI. Also for perspective, the one-time release of 7.4 x 10(9) microg of Pb dust from sanding compares to 50 x 10(9) microg of Pb dust emitted annually per 0.1 mile (0.16 km) from street traffic during the peak use of leaded gasoline. In this paper, we broaden the discussion to include an array of metals in paint and underscore the need and possibilities for curtailing the release of metal dust.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2004

Imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry of a paint cross section taken from an early Netherlandish painting by Rogier van der Weyden.

Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is introduced as an analytical technique for the examination of paint cross sections to obtain simultaneous information about the nature and distribution of pigments and the binding medium from a single sample. A sample taken from the virgin's blue robe in the panel painting The Descent from the Cross (Museo del Prado, Madrid) of the Early Netherlandish painter Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400-1464) was selected for investigation. Data were compared with reference compounds and reference lead white linseed oil paint and egg tempera paint. The static SIMS technique gave position-sensitive mass spectra that were used to image the elemental distribution of pigments and the molecular signature of components of the oleaginous binding medium. SIMS ion images of sodium and aluminum superimposed with the blue pigment ultramarine and those of copper, lead, and calcium with the position of the mineral pigments of azurite, lead white, and chalk, respectively. Preserved monocarboxylic acids of palmitic and stearic acids present as fatty acids and fatty acid lead soaps pointed to the use of linseed oil as a binding medium. Images from the oleaginous binding medium fatty acids show a correlation with the three main paint layers. The observed palmitic/stearic acid ratios for the two ultramarine layers and azurite layers are 1.3, 1.4, and 1.8, respectively. Fatty acids and fatty acid soaps show highest ion yields near lead white, a mineral pigment that serves as a natural chemical drier and is proposed to act as a template for the initial grafting of the polyunsaturated triglycerides of the linseed oil. Almost no fatty acids were detected in other layers visible by light microscopy. The fatty acid lead soaps point toward a mature ionomeric oil paint system that developed over centuries. SIMS evidence for egg tempera, still used in the 15th century, is not detected in the paint cross section. SIMS images correlate well with SEM/EDX, FT-IR and light microscopic images and the SIMS spectral data additionally support the identification of pigment particles, lead soaps, and other binding medium components.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Chromosome painting in biological dosimetry: assessment of the ability to score stable chromosome aberrations using different pairs of paint probes.

We exposed human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro to 0.3 and 1 Gy of 60Co gamma rays to evaluate whether the ability and sensitivity to detect chromosomal aberrations by chromosome painting is independent or not to the specific paint probes. To detect structural aberrations (translocations), we painted chromosome spreads simultaneously with two whole-chromosome libraries for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, and 18. To compare the rate of chromosome translocations detected by the different pairs of chromosomes, data were normalized according to the fraction of genome painted and evaluated by unconditional logistic regression. Our results show that any combination of paint probes can be used to score induced chromosomal aberrations. We observed that the amounts of translocations are dose dependent and quite homogeneous within each dose of radiation, independently of chromosomes painted. However, the use of small chromosome probes is not recommended because of the high number of cells to be analyzed due to the small amount of genome painted and because it is more difficult to detect translocations in small chromosomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Deliberate metallic paint inhalation and cultural marginality: paint sniffing among acculturating central California youth.

Deliberate metallic paint inhalation, paint sniffing, has recently become the focus of community concern in central California, as numbers of recalcitrant young abusers have entered the overloaded Mental Health and Juvenile Justice systems. This study, based on an extension of psychological, sociological and anthropological explanations of inhalant abuse, describes the adolescent paint sniffer and proposes that a combination of interacting factors both differentiates him/her from other-drug abusing youth, and predisposes him/her to inhalant use. The experimental hypothesis was tested by a stepwise discriminant analysis performed on 50 subjects, equally divided into two groups, paint and other-drug. Six variables, in combination, were found to significantly differentiate the groups, and the derived function accounted for 56% of the between group differences. The following conclusions can be drawn from this investigation. Firstly, the adolescent paint sniffer is demonstrably and meaningfully different as discriminated by a combination of personal, familial and sociocultural variables. Secondly, these identified factors have predisposed the sniffer to abuse, and cannot be considered simply the consequence of said abuse. Finally, it can be concluded that the paint sniffer is a youth disengaged from the symbols and traditions of his/her culture of origin and concomitantly rejected by the majority culture. Inhalant intoxication provides a "cheap" and effective escape from his/her isolation. Recommendations for prevention, early intervention and treatment are addressed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

Occupational exposure to organic solvents during paint stripping and painting operations in the aeronautical industry.

The exposure of workers to methylene chloride and phenol in an aeronautical workshop was measured during stripping of paint from a Boeing B 747. Methylene chloride exposure was measured during two work days by personal air sampling, while area sampling was used for phenol. During paint stripping operations, methylene chloride air concentrations ranged from 299.2 mg/m3 (83.1 ppm) to 1888.9 mg/m3 (524.7 ppm). The exposures to methylene chloride calculated for an 8-h work day ranged from 86 mg/m3 (23.9 ppm) to 1239.5 mg/m3 (344.3 ppm). In another aeronautical workshop, exposure to organic solvents, especially ethylene glycol monoethylether acetate (EGEEA), was controlled during the painting of an Airbus A 320. The external exposure to solvents and EGEEA was measured by means of individual air sampling. The estimation of internal exposure to EGEEA was made by measuring its urinary metabolite, ethoxyacetic acid (EAA). Both measurements were made during the course of 3 days. The biological samples were taken pre- and post-shift. During painting operations, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, n-butyl acetate, ethylbenzene, xylenes and EGEEA were detected in working atmospheres. For these solvents, air concentrations ranged from 0.1 ppm to 69.1 ppm. EGEEA concentrations ranged from 29.2 mg/m3 (5.4 ppm) to 150.1 mg/m3 (27.8 ppm). For biological samples, the average concentrations of EAA were 108.4 mg/g creatinine in pre-shift and 139.4 mg/g creatinine in post-shift samples. Despite the fact that workers wore protective respiratory equipment during paint spraying operations, EEA urinary concentrations are high and suggest that percutaneous uptake is the main route of exposure for EGEEA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Collaborative study for the quality control of trace element determinations in paint coatings. Part 2. Certification of alkyd resin paint reference materials for the migratable contents of trace elements (CRMs 620 and 623).

This paper describes the preparation, homogeneity studies and certification of a series of two paint reference materials (mild steel coated with alkyd resin paint, CRM620, and comminuted paint from alkyd resin paint, CRM623) which have been produced in support of the EU Toy Safety Directive (88/378/EEC). The reference materials have been certified for levels of toxic element migration using the method specified in European Standard EN71-3:1994 published by the European Committee for Standardization. As such, the certified values, indicative values and range data quoted for the reference materials in this paper are method specific and relate only to European Standard EN71-3:1994. The paper summarizes the analytical work carried out and gives a description of the analytical methods used to measure As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb and Se, the 8 toxic elements specified in European Standard EN71-3:1994, in the sample extracts. Descriptions of the reference materials, certified values, indicative values together with their associated uncertainties or range of laboratory means as appropriate are given. The preparation of a (not certified) reference material (beechwood coated with nitrocellulose paint, RM621) is also described and assigned values for As, Ba, Cd and Se are given. The Hg content could not be certified in any of the reference materials, owing to a high dispersion of results.

Certification↗
PubMed2002

Exposures in the painting trades and paint manufacturing industry and risk of cancer among men and women in Sweden.

Using data from the 1960 and 1970 Swedish censuses and the Swedish Cancer Register for 1971 to 1989, this study investigated variations in cancer risk by gender associated with employment in painting trades and paint manufacturing. Among men, standardized incidence ratios were significantly increased for lung cancer among painters and lacquerers; bladder cancer among artists; and pancreas cancer, lung cancer, and nonlymphocytic leukemia among paint and varnish plant workers. Risks for women were elevated for cancers of the esophagus, larynx, and oral cavity among lacquerers and for oral cancer among glaziers. These findings are consistent with the report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer that classified painting as an occupationally related cause of cancer and provide further evidence that the risk of certain cancers is increased by exposures in the paint manufacturing process.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Aggression in painting - painting as a means of release of aggression.

Painting is a primordial expression. It is not as rigidly defined, edited and criticized as verbal expression. On the other hand, society is more tolerant of painting, and subjects otherwise taboo, like sex, are not rejected. Through painting, aggression can be expressed in different ways, by using piercing and sharp forms; colors that clash; color can be put on the canvas with anger, used as a material. Aggression can also be expressed in the content of the painting, like in a story with an aggression plot. When we encourage individuals to channel their aggression in socially tolerated ways, we teach the aggressive person to release his aggression without jeopardizing his place in society and help him to accept socially approved values and attitudes. We can define this achievement as a step towards the social rehabilitation of the aggressive individuals. The paintings, 16 in all, of 8 mental patients are analyzed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Biological availability of lead in a paint aerosol. 2. Absorption, distribution and excretion of intratracheally instilled lead paint particles in the rat.

Four groups of rats received by intratracheal instillation (1) a lead chromate paint particulate suspension, (2) lead tetraoxide suspension, (3) lead acetate solution, or (4) saline. Lead-dosed animals received an equivalent dose of 1 mg lead/kg body weight. Distribution of lead was monitored through assays of urine, feces, and tissues (lung, bone, muscle kidney, liver) obtained at post-mortem 5 weeks after exposure. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity was measured to determine the effect of lead on heme biosynthesis. The vast majority of the dosed lead in the paint matrix remained in the lung. In contrast, in the lead acetate-dosed animals, little remained in the lung, but significant elevations were found in bone and kidney. Blood ADA-D was significantly depressed in the lead acetate-treated animals, but was not significantly different from control animals in the animals dosed with lead paint or lead tetraoxide. These findings suggest that lead chromate in an alkyd resin paint matrix is poorly absorbed from the lung compared with lead acetate and lead tetraoxide.

Absorption↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of X-ray dose-response curves obtained by chromosome painting using conventional and PAINT nomenclatures.

PURPOSE: The compare the suitability of PAINT and conventional nomenclature systems for the construction of chromosome aberration dose-effect curves for X-rays using FISH techniques, and to compare these curves with those based on solid-stained dicentrics analysed in first division metaphases by the FPG technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were irradiated at 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Gy 180 kV X-rays. FISH painting was performed using probes for chromosomes 1, 4 and 11 in combination with a pan-centromeric probe. RESULTS: Translocations showed a higher background frequency than dicentrics. This influences the ratio of translocations:dicentrics at the lower doses and the uncertainties of dose-effect curves for translocations. The dose-effect curves for dicentrics obtained by FISH and solid stain were in close agreement. CONCLUSION: For short-term biological dosimetry purposes by FISH, the use of dic(BA) (PAINT nomenclature) or total dicentrics (conventional nomenclature) should give similar dose estimates. For dose reconstruction, the use of total or complete translocations result in similar uncertainties.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Comparative chromosome painting of chicken autosomal paints 1-9 in nine different bird species.

In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. This comparative approach allows tracing of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during bird evolution. Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. Furthermore, in the pheasants fission of the ancestral galliform chromosome 2 could be documented. Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Paint and tape: collection and storage of microtraces of paint in adhesive tape.

The collection and preservation of microtrace evidence with the aid of an adhesive tape is a method of choice in forensic science. This technique is rapid and easy and allows the concentration of microtraces on a carrier, which facilitates further investigations in the laboratory. Adhesive tapes are currently used to secure microtraces of fibers and glass, but hardly for traces of automotive paint and other lacquers for fear of interference with the analysis of binders. A collection of automotive paint consisting of original and repair lacquers collected by tape has been evaluated. After various times of storage within the tape, these samples were compared with untreated references by microscope FT-IR and microspectrophotometry (MSP). Another set of paints was collected in 1984, stored within the tape until 1995, and examined the same way. About 170 layers of lacquer with various types of binder were examined. With the exception of one clear lacquer no difference between treated samples and references was detected. This small difference observed could be correlated to the exposure to xylene (extractant) and was not caused by the storage within the adhesive tape.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Biological availability of lead in a paint aerosol. 1. Physical and chemical characterization of a lead paint aerosol.

This study was conducted to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of an aerosol of lead-based paint, generated in an industrial spray operation, that might influence the biological availability of lead present in inhaled aerosols. Paint aerosols were collected, and mass-size distribution was determined using a portable cascade impactor under actual occupational conditions. Approx. 2% of the particulate mass collected was in the respirable range (less than 10 micron mean aerodynamic diameter), although the maximum airborne concentration of lead was found to be 2-3 mg/m3. The lead concentration in a dried aerosol was very resistant to chemical digestion. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy showed approx. 11% lead by dry weight, although the wet weight concentration of lead reported by the manufacturer was 12.8%.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2002

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the monoblastic cell line U937. karyotype clarification by G-banding, whole chromosome painting, microdissection and reverse painting, and comparative genomic hybridization.

Previous reports on the analysis of the human monoblastic cell line U937 had described several sublines containing unidentified rearrangements and marker chromosomes. In order to determine the true nature of the rearrangements, conventional banding analysis was carried out with various combinations of molecular cytogenetic techniques: comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome painting probes, and microdissection and reverse painting FISH. The origins of the marker chromosomes were identified and the composite karyotype is described.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1981

[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 6. Communication: Experimental examination of chlorcaoutchouc paints under working conditions and in laboratory tests (author's transl)].

Five different chlorcaoutchouc coating materials were microbiologically tested. All materials showed a visible microbial growth on the surface. The amount of slime decreased with the increase of age of the coat of paint. After a period of 1 to 1 1/2 years no visible microbial growth could be observed. The decrease of microbial growth on the coat of paint is independent on having been in contact with water or air before. One can say that the main compound of the coating material does not itself produce the visible microbial growth, but additions like volatile compounds.

Bacteria↗