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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Familial history of opium use and reported problems among opium addicts in Pakistan.

One-hundred and twenty-nine opiate addicts on a monthly maintenance regimen were studied. Subjects with a positive family history of opium use had an earlier age of onset than the subjects without a family history of opium use. Self-reported psychosocial problems resulting from opium use were documented in only seven subjects. Individuals who began opium use after 1979, when it became illegal to use the drug, had a significantly later age of onset than subjects who began before 1979, suggesting that negative legal sanctions can delay initiation of opium consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The iceberg of opium addiction. An epidemiological survey of opium addiction in a rural community.

As part of a medico-social survey in a rural population in the northern part of Iran, data concerning opium users was collected from randomly chosen households. The addiction rate was found to be 69/1000. The rate of registered addicts in the same population is 11/1000. The population in terms of registered addicts seems to be very small, but this is only the tip of the iceberg and does not reflect the true picture within the society. In view of the traditional use of opium in the country, the problem of addiction may become serious unless adequate and effective measures are taken.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. II. A study of matched pairs.

Fifty-one Asian heroin addicts in Laos were matched for sex, ethnicity, and age with 51 opium addicts. All subjects were voluntary patients at a treatment facility for addicts. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics, past narcotic history, current narcotic use, and readmission within 1 year following discharge from treatment. Heroin addicts took more doses of drug per day, spent more money per day on narcotic drugs, required higher detoxification doses of methadone, and sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. The two groups did not differ for duration of narcotic use prior to becoming addicted, or for rate of readmission following treatment. Demographic differences in occupation and employment reflected the urban distribution of heroin addicts, and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. These data suggest that heroin is not per se more or less apt to produce addiction (i.e., is not more "addictogenic") as compared to opium. The type of narcotic drug also does not appear to be an important factor in determining treatment outcome. However, heroin does appear to be more "pathogenic" than opium, since heroin addicts sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. This may have been due to economic factors (i. e., heroin addicts took more doses per day, spent more time in phases of intoxication and withdrawal, and spent less time in the middle phase with work and other coping behaviors). Opium addiction is not a "benign" or "social" form of addiction. In comparison to heroin, however, opium does cost less, requires fewer doses per day, and has a less toxic withdrawal (at least in the initial phase). Moreover, opium apparently takes longer to produce life crises that motivate the addict to seek treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Opium administration to infants in Peshawar region of Pakistan.

Use of opium for sedating infants in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan causes a grave public health problem. Among the infants hospitalized for opium overdosage, 22 were studied in detail, and their major clinical picture is presented in this paper. The effect of opium use on the nutritional status of these infants, or the relation of infant opium use to addiction in adult life, have not been assessed. It is, however, pointed out that opium overdosage of infants contributed to infant mortality. Despite emergency treatment, the lethality rate of opium overdosed infants was 40 per cent. It is emphasized that a preventive programme should be undertaken to educate parents who are ignorant of the dangers of opium administration to infants.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1977

Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. I. A comparative study.

Students of narcotic addiction have believed that heroin addiction is more debilitating than the "traditional" opium addiction. Access to both opium and heroin addicts in a Laotian treatment facility provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis. All subjects were volunteer narcotic addicts seeking treatment at an inpatient detoxification facility over a 12-month period. The research format consisted of five demographic characteristics, four aspects of past narcotic usage, and three aspects of current narcotic usage. Fifty-one heroin addicts were compared to 438 opium addicts. Many of the demographic differences in the two groups reflected the urban residence of most heroin addicts and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. Heroin addicts had more frequent daily doses of drug, spent considerably more money for their drug, and required higher initial methadone doses for detoxification. It also appeared that heroin addicts might have "deteriorated" faster and thus sought treatment earlier than opium addicts. Since the heroin and opium addicts in this study differed significantly on most demographic characteristics, it was difficult to know whether these observed differences were due to drug factors or demographic factors. Thus, a study of pairs matched for age, sex, and ethnicity was subsequently undertaken to test the hypotheses generated by this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Opium use in two communities of Pakistan ---a preliminary comparison of rural and urban patterns.

Interviews were conducted to clarify drug use patterns and characteristics of opium users in two communities. Because of the small number of subjects selected from only two communities, the results are not representative of the country as a whole. Nevertheless, in the city of Rawalpindi 90 users were studied and found to have a mean daily opium consumption of 0.9 grams at a cost of Rs. 1.00 ($US 0.10). Opium was taken by mouth once or twice daily. They were solitary users who first used opium as adults, most often for self-treatment of health disorders. The majority were employed males with no history of criminality. In the rural opium-producing village, 28 users were interviewed. They smoked opium three or four times a day in a social setting and reported a mean daily consumption of 11 grams. They were more likely to use the drug for its social and pleasure effects and to have addicts as close friends. The high dose was associated with adverse effects on work performance and with more severe withdrawal symptoms. The findings suggest different intervention strategies for the two populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Opium: a potential urinary bladder carcinogen in man.

Evidence is presented that opium addition is a risk factor for cancer of the bladder. A case-control study of 99 bladder cancer patients admitted to Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Iran was evaluated. Cancer patients and controls, matched by age and sex, were analyzed as to their opium and/or cigarette smoking habits. A high correlation between opium addiction and bladder cancer has been observed. This evidence significantly exceeded the one observed in relation to cigarette smoking only. The sex ratio for this cancer site, from hospitalized cases in Southern Iran, is estimated to be about nine male cases per one female case. This high male to female ratio was attributed to the greater addiction of males to opium. It was concluded that opium and, more likely, its pyrolysis derived fractions may represent potential bladder carcinogens in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Influence of opium availability on addiction rates in Laos.

Crude rates of opium addiction were determined in 1972-1974 in ten communities of Laos, representing eight different ethnic groups and three provinces. In six rural communities, data were obtained by a house-to-house survey, and in four urban communities by opium den registration. Communities raising opium poppy as a cash crop had highest crude rates of addiction (7.0-9.8 addicts per 100 people). Thos involved in opium commerce had intermediate rates (4.1-5.5). Where neither opium production nor commerce was present, the communities had the lowest rates of addiction (1.8-2.3).

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hill tribe opium addicts: a retrospective study of 1,382 patients.

This paper presents the results of a retrospective study of 1,382 patients admitted to the Narcotics Treatment Centre for Hill Tribes in Thailand, which was operated by the WHO/UN/Thai Programme for Drug Abuse Control. The study revealed widespread opium addiction among the hill tribes. Of these, the Karen were the largest group. Mean age on admission for treatment was 35 years. The male:female ratio was 7:1. Sixty-six per cent were heads of households. About one-third came from households with more than one addict. The mean duration of daily opium use before admission was 7.9 years. Over 90% of them were addicted to opium; there were eight heroin users. The mean amount of opium used daily was 3.9 g for males and 3.2 g for females. About three-quarters of them used salicylate analgesics with opium. Illness, in particular abdominal pain, was the most frequent cause of their addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns and prevalence of opium use in rural Punjab (India).

A household survey of opium use was carried out in three district of Punjab. Of the 1,400 randomly selected households, 1,276 were covered by the study. All members above the age of 15 years were individually interviewed. The survey included 2,064 men and 1,536 women. The percentage prevalence rate of opium use was 5.76, much higher among men than women. Because of the small number of women involved in opium use (0.5 per cent), the data on socio-demographic variables were analysed only for men. The male opium users were classified as past, experimental, regular and seasonal users, with 3.4, 0.8, 3.6 and 1.8 percentage prevalence rates respectively. The relationships between opium use and variables such as age, occupation, religion, education, marital status and per capita income are discussed as well as their implication on drug abuse control policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Opium addiction and cauliflower ears: a case report.

The case of an elderly Chinese male opium addict with cauliflower ears is discussed. He had no history of contact sports that could have led to auricular trauma resulting in deformed ears. Besides cauliflower ears, he had features of chronic bronchitis. The association between opium addiction and cauliflower ears was first described way back in 1932. It was attributed to the prolonged opium induced sleep on hard surface subjecting the ears to repeated pressure and trauma. With the changing pattern of drug abuse, opium abuse related cauliflower ears will become a vanishing sign.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

The pro-heroin effects of anti-opium laws in Asia.

Over 25 years anti-opium laws were enacted by three Asian governments in countries where opium use was traditional. Within months, heroin use suddenly appeared; and within a decade, heroin addiction surpassed opium addiction. The laws led to (1) increased price of narcotic drugs, (2) a heroin "industry," (3) corruption of the law enforcement system, and (4) major health problems involving parenteral drug use. The Asian experience indicates that antinarcotic laws can be effective only with careful preparations: (1) changing society's attitude toward the traditional drug from ambivalence to opposition; (2) mobilizing resources to treat and rehabilitate all addicts within a short period of time; (3) developing the social will to incarcerate all "recidivist" addicts for a prolonged period; and (4) preventing narcotic production or importation.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1979

Assay of major and minor constituents of opium samples and studies of their origin.

Samples of opium from different countries as well as from various regions of India were studied for their morphine and codeine content by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) as their silyl ethers in a single step. Non-phenolic alkaloids (thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) were extracted with dichloromethane for GLC after conversion of the meconic acid, morphine and codeine in opium into insoluble salts with lime water. The data on alkaloidal constituents have been utilised in a determination of the origin of seized opium samples in this preliminary study.

Alkaloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field and laboratory test for raw and prepared opium.

Two new colour tests for opium are described. These may be used alone, as field tests, or in combination with traditional tests rapidly to confirm raw or prepared opium. Absolute confirmation of opium by thin layer chromatography is also useful in the determination of origins. An alternative chromogen to the Dragedorff reagents is described, although iodoplatinate remains the preferred chromogen.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗