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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Haplotype-resolved genome of Forsythia suspensa reveals the reticulate evolution in Oleaceae and a novel gene cluster regulating stamen development.

The olive family (Oleaceae) comprises numerous species of economic, horticultural, and medicinal importance. Despite its significance, the evolutionary history of this complex family remains enigmatic. Here, we generated a high-quality haplotype-resolved genome of Forsythia suspensa, a distylous species that occupies a key phylogenetic position in Oleaceae. The 2 haplotypes exhibit significant allelic divergence with potential allele-specific regulation. We reconstructed the polyploidization history of Oleaceae by confirming and precisely dating a shared whole-genome triplication and an independent whole-genome duplication event. We revealed a complex reticulate evolution that gave rise to the tribe Oleeae: an initial hybridization between Forsythieae (♂) and Jasmineae (♀), a subsequent backcrossing event, and a final whole-genome duplication. We identified a novel tandemly duplicated pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene cluster that regulates filament length and pollen size via restricting cell elongation in the long-styled morph. Dosage augmentation via stepwise cluster formation (0.99 to 3.83 Mya) may contribute to maintaining stamen traits of the long-styled morph. These FsPMEIs are co-expressed with many cell wall-related genes, suggesting a functional link in cell wall modification. Our study reveals the reticulate evolution in Oleaceae and a novel gene cluster controlling stamen development in F. suspensa and provides valuable haplotype-resolved genomic resources for heterostylous species, offering novel framework and molecular pathways to understand plant adaptive evolution.

Forsythia↗
PubMed1985

Allergy in the Mediterranean area. III: Cross reactivity among Oleaceae pollens.

Pollens of closely related species often share common antigens and allergens although this is not always the case. Four species of Oleaceae pollens commonly found in the Mediterranean area were investigated for cross-reactivity: olive (Olea europaea), ash (Fraxinus exselsior), privet (Ligustrum vulgare) and Phillyrea angustifolia, a common bush. Twenty individual sera of patients allergic to Oleaceae were investigated for specific IgE antibodies against the four species of Oleaceae pollens. The results indicated a high degree of correlation between RAST titres of Oleaceae pollens but three gave a particular emphasis on one species only. Cross-reactivity among these four pollen species was sought by means of RAST inhibition, iso-electric focusing and tandem cross-immunoelectrophoresis. All tests revealed a high degree of cross reactivity although there is no total identity among these four pollen species.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1996

Oleaceae pollinosis: a review.

In the Oleaceae family, the most allergenic pollen is produced by Olea europaea, the olive tree, which in the Mediterranean area has been recognized as one of the most important cause of seasonal respiratory allergy. The olive pollination season lasts from May to the end of June and sometimes causes severe symptoms (oculorhinitis and/or bronchial asthma). Olive pollinosis is quite rare in the form of monosensitization. Although adults are affected the most, olive sensitization can be recognized in children, too. However, it is not easy to be sure about the clinical relevance of allergic sensitization to olive, even in patients with positivity to this pollen, as results from allergological tests in vivo and/or in vitro, because positivity to Olea pollen is not equivalent to clinical responsibility, above all in patients without seasonal respiratory symptomatology. Studies on the allergenic content of O. europaea pollen are currently in progress. In Northern and Central Europe, where there are no olive trees, there are two commonly occurring genera of the Oleaceae family, namely Fraxinus and Ligustrum, but these have a low frequency of allergic sensitization. A fourth anemophilous member of the Oleaceae, Phillyrea, has a more regional distribution in some parts of the Mediterranean. Other nonanemophilous and usually not allergenic Oleaceae genera are Forsythia, Jasminum and Syringa.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1988

City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). VII. Oleaceae (Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Olea).

In this paper we present the results of volumetric sampling of the airborne pollen grains of the Oleaceae family (Fraxinus, Ligustrum and Olea) in some European towns, in the period from 1982 to 1986. The sampling and appraisal of pollen content in the air is of particular interest to clinicians and allergic patients in order to assess exposure to the various pollen types in relation to allergy. In the Oleaceae family, the most allergenic pollen is produced by Olea europaea, the olive tree, which in the Mediterranean area has a pollination period lasting from May to the end of June and sometimes causes severe symptoms of pollinosis. In Northern and Central Europe, where there are no olive trees, there are two other commonly occurring genera of the Oleaceae family, namely Fraxinus and Ligustrum, but these have a low frequency of allergic sensitization.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2002

Chemotaxonomy of the Oleaceae: iridoids as taxonomic markers.

The distribution and biosynthesis of iridoid glucosides in the Oleaceae is reviewed and five distinct biosynthetic pathways to iridoids have been identified in the family, deoxyloganic acid apparently being a common intermediate. Likewise, the distributions of caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides (CPGs), i.e. verbascoside and its analogues, as well as cornoside are listed. Iridoid glucoside data exist for 17 genera of Oleaceae and the occurrence of iridoids from the different biosynthetic pathways correlate extremely well with the phylogenetic classification inferred from recent chloroplast DNA sequence data. Thus the tribe Fontanesieae (Fontanesia) contains "normal" secoiridoids, Forsythieae (Abeliophyllum, Forsythia) contains cornoside and/or iridoids from the forsythide pathway, Myxopyreae (Myxopyrum, Nyctanthes) have iridoids from the myxopyroside pathway, and finally, the two tribes Jasmineae and Oleeae (the remaining genera) both contain iridoids from the oleoside pathway. Within Jasmineae, one group of Jasminum sp. is characterized by the presence of jasminin or similar compounds, while another group of Jasminum species and Menodora display derivatives of 10-hydroxyoleoside, compounds not present in the other group. CPGs are reported from about half of the species investigated. With regard to taxonomy at the order level, the chemical data might support a position within or close to Lamiales due to the common presence of CPGs, the iridoids being of less significance since they are of a type that are barely found elsewhere.

Classification↗
PubMed2006

The major allergen of olive pollen Ole e 1 is a diagnostic marker for sensitization to Oleaceae.

BACKGROUND: Trees of the family Oleaceae are important allergen sources, with a strongly varying geographic distribution. For example, olive pollen is an important allergen source in Mediterranean countries, whereas ash pollen dominates in Northern and Central Europe and North America. The aim of this study was to compare the profiles of olive and ash pollen allergens and to study the degree of cross-reactivity using populations of allergic patients selectively exposed to olive or ash pollen. METHODS: Olive and ash pollen extracts were analyzed by IgE immunoblotting using sera from Spanish patients highly exposed to olive pollen and Austrian patients without olive but ash pollen exposure. IgE cross-reactivity was studied by qualitative immunoblot inhibition assays and semiquantitative ELISA inhibitions using olive, ash, birch, mugwort, timothy grass pollen extracts and the major olive pollen allergen, Ole e 1. RESULTS: Spanish and Austrian patients exhibited an almost identical IgE-binding profile to olive and ash pollen allergens, with major reactivity directed against Ole e 1, and its homologous ash counterpart, Fra e 1. IgE inhibition experiments demonstrated extensive cross-reactivity between olive and ash pollen allergens. However, whereas cross-reactions between profilins and calcium-binding allergens also occurred between unrelated plant species, cross-reactivity to Ole e 1 was confined to plants belonging to the Oleaceae. CONCLUSIONS: Ole e 1 is a marker allergen for the diagnosis of olive and ash pollen allergy.

Allergens↗
PubMed1997

Cross-reactivity of Olea europaea with other Oleaceae species in allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma.

Cross-reactivity between pollen extracts of four species of Oleaceae was studied: olive (Olea europaea), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), privet (Ligustrum vulgare), and lilac (Syringa vulgaris). Thus, 51 patients and 13 atopic controls were studied, by means of intracutaneous skin tests, histamine-release tests against the four extracts, and specific IgE to O. europaea. The proteic content of the four extracts was assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and similarity of all the extracts studied was observed after electrophoresis and immunodetection. Six common bands were found to be responsible for the cross-reactivity, with apparent molecular weights of 49.6, 40, 36.7, 19.7, 16.7, and 14 kDa, respectively. The cross-reactivity was also corroborated by immunoblotting inhibition and FEIA inhibition. The patients had a similar response to the four allergenic extracts used, although the response to Olea was greatest. When the patients were compared by their geographic origin (northern or southern Spain, according to the distribution of areas of olive pollen influence), there were no significant differences between the two groups in skin reactivity, but a higher histamine release was observed for the four extracts in the southern group, although it was significant only for Fraxinus and Ligustrum. This work corroborated the practicality of the diagnostic methods used and the cross-reactivity between the four species studied, as demonstrated by the different methods used. Therefore, we suggest that only O. europaea extract be used in diagnosis and immunotherapy in Oleaceae pollen allergy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ole e I: epitope mapping, cross-reactivity with other Oleaceae pollens and ultrastructural localization.

Ole e I is the major allergen derived from olive tree pollen (Olea europaea) and it is composed of two polypeptides with molecular weights (MWs) of 18 and 20 kD. A panel of six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been prepared and used to map antigenic determinants on this molecule. Four epitope determinants have been identified on Ole e I. Using the purified mAbs produced against Ole e I, we have analyzed the common epitope determinants in olive (O. europaea) and different Oleaceae pollens: ash (Fraxinus excelsior); privet (Ligustrum vulgare); lilac (Syringa vulgaris), and forsythia (Forsythia suspensa). ELISA showed three reactivity groups depending on the recognition of monoclonal antibodies: (1) olive and ash; (2) olive, ash, privet and lilac; and (3) olive, ash, privet, lilac and forsythia. Immunoblotting studies on Oleaceae pollen extracts with these mAbs showed a very similar cross-reactivity pattern. The 18- and 20-kD MW proteins were present in each pollen, except in the case of forsythia. In this case the reactivity pattern was associated with 50- to 55-kD protein bands. This band was recognized by a pool of sera from olive-allergic patients. Finally, ultrastructural localization of Ole e I antigen was performed on the mature olive pollen grain. Ole e I was located in association with dilated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Pollen grain walls, nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles were totally devoid of the allergen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Phylogeny and classification of Oleaceae based on rps16 and trnL-F sequence data.

Phylogenetic relationships among 76 species of Oleaceae, representing all 25 recognized genera of the family, were assessed by a cladistic analysis of DNA sequences from two noncoding chloroplast loci, the rps16 intron and the trnL-F region. Consensus trees from separate and combined analyses are congruent and agree well with nonmolecular data (chromosome numbers, fruit and wood anatomy, leaf glycosides, and iridoids). The two debated genera Dimetra and Nyctanthes, previously suggested to belong to Verbenaceae (sensu lato) or Nyctanthaceae, are shown to belong to Oleaceae, sister to the hitherto genus incertae sedis Myxopyrum. This clade is also supported by anatomical and chemical data. The subfamily Jasminoideae is paraphyletic, and a new classification is presented. The subfamily level is abandoned, and the former Jasminoideae is split into four tribes: Myxopyreae (Myxopyrum, Nyctanthes, and Dimetra), Fontanesieae (Fontanesia), Forsythieae (Abeliophyllum and Forsythia), and Jasmineae (Jasminum and Menodora). The tribe Oleeae (previous subfamily Oleoideae) is clearly monophyletic, comprising the subtribes Ligustrinae (Syringa and Ligustrum), Schreberinae status novus (Schrebera and Comoranthus), Fraxininae status novus (Fraxinus), and Oleinae (12 drupaceous genera). An rps16 sequence obtained from Hesperelaea, known only from the type specimen collected in 1875, confirmed the placement of this extinct taxon in the subtribe Oleinae.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of serum specific IgE and skin responsiveness to allergenic extracts of Oleaceae pollens (Olea europaea, Fraxinus excelsior and Ligustrum vulgare) "in patients with respiratory allergy.

In the last few years an increasing interest for Olea europaea (O.e.) pollen has been developed in many countries. Several authors have studied the aerobiological, allergenic, epidemiological and clinical features of this pollinosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate cutaenous and serological responses to other oleaceae pollens allergens (Ligustrum vulgare (L.v.) and Fraxinus excelsior (F.e.) in patients with skin positivity to Olea europaea pollen extract. Twenty-three atopic rhinitis and/or asthmatic patients living in Naples area and with immediate positive skin reaction only to O.e. pollen extract were examined. Patients were tested by skin prick test (SPT) for O.e., F.e. and L.v. with glycerinated allergenic extracts. Serum enzyme immunoassay for the same allergens was also performed. We found a statistically significant correlation between the results of SPT and of specific IgE assay for Oleaceae pollens as well as between the results of the in vivo vs in vitro tests. We suggests the utility, in patients with O.e. pollinosis who travel in Northern europe, to plan SPT and/or specific IgE determinations also with F.e. and L.v. allergenic extracts for the possibility of developing a nasal and/or bronchial symptomatology after the inhalation of these pollen grains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An investigation of the seasonal pattern of mannitol content in deciduous and evergreen species of the oleaceae growing in northern Sicily.

In several species of the Oleaceae, mannitol, already present at considerable levels, accumulates in response to stress. This family comprises both deciduous and evergreen species, and we investigated the role of mannitol in deciduous malacophyll and evergreen sclerophyll species growing under the same conditions in the field. The relationship between mannitol content and changes in rainfall or temperature was also studied. The mannitol content of leaves of Fraxinus ornus L., F. angustifolia Vahl., Olea europaea L. and Phillyrea media L. was determined by gas chromatography. Leaf samples were collected once a month for 1 year. In the two ash species, the seasonal pattern of mannitol content appeared the same: a gradual increase in spring, peaking in summer, followed by a gradual decrease. The mannitol content was similar in both species, ranging between 260 and 720 micromol g(-1) d. wt. The seasonal pattern of mannitol content in Olea and Phillyrea was similar for both species, but unlike that of Fraxinus did not show a summer peak. Rainfall was negatively correlated with the seasonal increase of mannitol content in ash. Mannitol content increased gradually during drought, reaching a maximum value at the end of the dry season. Temperature did not have a direct influence on mannitol content. In Olea and Phillyrea, variations in mannitol content were poorly correlated with rainfall or temperature, indicating that mannitol does not have a primary role in the response of these species to the hot, dry summer conditions.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Studies on anti-complementary activity of extracts and isolated flavones from Ligustrum vulgare and Phillyrea latifolia leaves (Oleaceae).

Polar fractions and flavones isolated from methanolic extracts of the leaves of Ligustrum vulgare and Phillyrea latifolia (Oleaceae), whose popular use as an anti-inflammatory is well-known in Mediterranean historical medicine and ethnobotany, showed significant in vitro complement inhibiting effect on the classical pathway of the complement system. Among the isolated flavonoidic structures, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-4'-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and ligustroflavone presented remarkable activity.

Apigenin↗
PubMed2000

HPLC analysis of flavonoids and secoiridoids in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae).

Identification and quantification of flavonol glycosides and secoiridoids was carried out on leaves of Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae) by means of HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analysis. In addition to previously reported secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligustaloside A, ligustaloside B, and ligstroside) four kaempferol glycosides (kaempferol 3-O-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3, 7-O-dirhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside) and two quercetin glycosides (quercetin 3-O-glucoside 7-O-rhamnoside and quercetin 3,7-O-dirhamnoside) were present in leaves of L. vulgare L. Although secoiridoids accounted for nearly the 76% of the total leaf polyphenols content (with ligustaloside A as the main component), kaempferol glycosides were also accumulated in the leaves of L. vulgare L. to a relatively high extent (23%). Contribution of quercetin derivatives was minor under our experimental conditions. Our findings suggest that flavonol glycosides may have a central role in both the ecology and the biology of L. vulgare L.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1970

Metabolically active glucosides in oleaceae seeds: I. The effects of germination, growth, and hormone treatments.

The seeds of six woody species of Oleaceae representing three genera, contain high concentrations of water-soluble glucosides, with major absorption maxima below 240 nanometers. In Fraxinus americana seeds three of these compounds, designated GL-3, GL-5, and GL-6, account for almost 10% of the dry weight. They are found in the endosperm and embryo but not in the pericarp. While the level of GL-5 is not particularly influenced by the physiological state of the embryo, that of GL-3 and GL-6 decreases as a result of germination and growth during a 10-day period. As the concentrations of GL-3 and GL-6 decrease, new ultraviolet-absorbing compounds are formed. The changes in the concentration of the ultraviolet-absorbing glucosides during cold temperature after-ripening, prior to germination, are small. When germination of dormant embryos is induced with gibberellic acid, the concentrations of GL-3 and GL-6 decrease in a manner similar to that observed with nondormant embryos. In the presence of abscisic acid no losses of GL-3 and GL-6 were observed. It is suggested that GL-3 and GL-6 fulfill some definite functions in the germination and growth of F. americana embryos, and that gibberellic acid and abscisic acid can exert a regulatory effect on the metabolism of these glucosides.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

The main allergen of Olea europaea (Ole e I) is also present in other species of the Oleaceae family.

Three major pollen allergens from Fraxinus excelsior, Ligustrum vulgare and Syringa vulgaris belonging to the Oleaceae family were purified. Monoclonal antibodies previously raised against the main allergen of Olea europaea (Ole e I) were used for their purification by affinity chromatography. The three new purified allergens were able to bind human IgE from serum of olive-allergic patients in a way analogous to Ole e I. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of the four allergens, using anti-olive extract rabbit serum, showed a unique immunoprecipitation arc with the same characteristics. The four purified proteins had similar molecular weights on SDS-PAGE and the N-terminal sequences for the first 20 amino acids were identical. Furthermore, the concentration of the allergens could be determined using a two-side solid phase assay previously developed for the allergen Ole e I. Our results indicate that the four purified proteins share, to a great extent, antigenic and allergenic epitopes leading to cross-reactivities which could cause common clinical manifestations. We propose for the newly purified allergens the nomenclature of Fra e I, Lig v I and Syr v I.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of European ashes, Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae): roles of hybridization and life history traits.

We investigated range-wide phylogeographic variation in three European ash species (Fraxinus sp., Oleaceae). Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) microsatellites were typed in the thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia and Fraxinus ornus and the observed haplotypes and the geographic distribution of diversity were compared to cpDNA data previously obtained in the more cold-tolerant Fraxinus excelsior. We found wide-ranging haplotype sharing between the phylogenetically close F. angustifolia and F. excelsior, suggesting hybridization (i) in common glacial refuges in the Iberian Peninsula, northern Italy, the eastern and/or Dinaric Alps and the Balkan Peninsula, and/or (ii) during postglacial recolonization. The data allowed us to propose additional glacial refuges for F. angustifolia in southern Italy and in Turkey, and populations from the latter region were particularly polymorphic. There was evidence for refuge areas in Italy, the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey for F. ornus, which did not share any single chloroplast haplotype with the other species. In both F. angustifolia and F. ornus, cpDNA diversity (h(S) = 0.027 and h(S) = 0.009, respectively) was lower and fixation levels (G(ST) = 0.964 and G(ST) = 0.983, respectively) higher than in sympatric F. excelsior (h(S) = 0.096, G(ST) = 0.870). These diversity patterns could be due to temperature tolerance or the demographic history.

DNA, Chloroplast↗
PubMed1996

Immunogold probes for light and electron microscopic localization of Ole e I in several Oleaceae pollens.

We investigated the immunolocalization of the olive major allergen Ole e I and Ole e I-like proteins in pollen from several Oleaceae species [olive (Olea europaea), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), privet (Ligustrum vulgaris), lilac (Syringa vulgare), and forsythia (Forsythia suspensa)]. Crossreactions among different pollens were found in enzyme immunoassays. For immunolocalization with light microscopy we used the silver enhancement technique with three monoclonal antibodies (1D8, 10H1, and 16G2) that recognize three different epitopes of the allergen Ole e I. Our findings show that the silver enhancement technique is very useful when several antibodies are to be used for rapid screening of different materials. MAb 10H1 gave the most precise results and was selected for further immunolocalization studies with transmission electron microscopy. The epitope recognized by this MAb was localized exclusively in the endoplasmic reticulum in olive pollen. In lilac, privet, and ash pollen, most of the reactivity was also seen in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, the 10H1 epitope was not detected in forsythia pollen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2026

Chloroplast genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic relationships of 15 Syringa species (Oleaceae).

Syringa is a crucial shrub genus in the family Oleaceae, which has significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value. However, research on the chloroplast genome (CPG) phylogeny and lineage diversification of this genus remains limited. In this study, all 15 Syringa CPGs exhibited a characteristic quadripartite structure, with genome lengths ranging from 154,019-158,020 bp. These CPGs were highly conserved and moderately differentiated, each containing 130-132 genes. Analysis of inverted repeat (IR) boundaries indicated structural conservation, with six genes: rps19, rpl2, ycf1, trnN, ndhF, and trnH present at the IR/single-copy (SC) junctions. The small single copy (SSC) region displayed greater sequence variability than the IR regions. ycf1, ndhH, trnL-rpl32, ndhF-ycf1, and rbcL-accD were identified as potential molecular markers and rps11, ycf2, and ycf4 may have contributed to the adaptive evolution of Syringa. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on whole CPG data supported the monophyly of the 15 species, which were divided into three distinct subclades. Molecular dating estimated that Syringa diverged from its sister genus approximately 58 million years ago, with most Syringa species diversifying further approximately 47.49 million years ago during the Eocene. Our findings will hopefully stimulate further studies on this genus that may enhance biodiversity knowledge.

Journal Article↗