The evaluation of Old Age Assistance medical care programs.
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This research is concerned with patterns of mortality and related risk conditions among noninstitutionalized recipients of old-age assistance. Survival status was determined by followup interviews in the 1974 Survey of the Low Income Aged and Disabled. Data obtained in initial interviews a year earlier were used as antecedent variables in the analysis. The general hypothesis that the overall death rate of recipients would be higher than the rate of persons aged 65 or older in the general population was not supported. Older white men had a significantly lower death rate than their population contemporaries. The opposite pattern was observed for older men other than white who had higher rates than their population contemporaries. Factors with significant association with mortality that were suggested by logit analysis included previous employment in construction industries, advanced age, greater household density, male sex, cancer, and heart trouble. Recipients who had lost the capacity to dress and were isolated from local support were also more likely to die. Survival factors included previous occupation as a farm operator, functional activity, and the ability to bathe and to care for self when ill.
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According to the census, more than 100,000 foreign-born people over 65 years of age now live in Sweden. They represent nearly eight per cent of the elderly population, and come from over a hundred different countries. During the 1990s many ethnically and religiously based old-age and health-care services have been developed for this population. The experiences of these services and their importance in the planning of care facilities are discussed in the article; research and scientific evaluations comparing health and social conditions of the foreign-born and Swedish elderly populations are also reviewed.
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Since antiquity, the exemplum can be proven in numerous types of texts, as it fulfills a notable didactic and rhetorical function: On the one hand it serves to a deductive illustration of common doctrines; on the other it is until the Enlightenment the scientific basis of cognition: in the view of medieval artistotelists, of who FRANCIS BACON was (in a special sense) one of the last champions, the exemplum takes on an inductive function: the sensual perception of the exampla generates the understanding of the universal, as the exemplum always refers to the exemplar, to the original form. Regarding the eminent deductive/inductive significance of the exempla, it is not surprising that they are an essential factor in dietetic literature. Whereas such exemples were very rare in the general literature on health care written by physicians and in specific papers of old-age assistance, they formed an integral part of texts composed for a large public by medical laymen such as (Ps.-) ROGER BACON, MARSILIO FICINO, ALVISE CORNARO or FRANCIS BACON. In these studies, the issue of a natural limit of human life was discussed intensively. In this context the "historical" sources were of high importance, even if, from a todays point of view, their use was completely non-historical. Often their crude instrumentalization and new interpretations can only be understood in the scholarly context of the time: E.g. in debates of specialists with outsiders or when serving as argument for physiological theories and therapeutical regimes. Not until late Renaissance, the historical exemple was replaced by the individual experience. It is striking that most of all historical exemples found in dietetic papers were positive. This humanistic and Christian ideal concept of old age, which completely contradicts the medical reality, had obviously a stronger fascination on the authors of early modern times than the inductive function of negative exempla (which are very important for a rational reasoning). Besides the scientific exemple, it is the idealizing one which, in the dietetic texts, gradually assumes the moral function of not discouraging the often aged readers, but of encouraging them to a constructive way of living.