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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Blending of palm oil, palm stearin and palm kernel oil in the preparation of table and pastry margarine.

Palm oil (PO ; iodin value = 52), palm stearin (POs1; i.v. = 32 and POs2; i.v. = 40) and palm kernel oil (PKO; i.v. = 17) were blended in ternary systems. The blends were then studied for their physical properties such as melting point (m.p.), solid fat content (SFC), and cooling curve. Results showed that palm stearin increased the blends melting point while palm kernel oil reduced it. To produce table margarine with melting point (m.p.) below 40 degrees C, the POs1 should be added at level of < or = 16%, while POs2 at level of < or = 20%. At 10 degrees C, eutectic interaction occur between PO and PKO which reach their maximum at about 60:40 blending ratio. Within the eutectic region, to maintain the SFC at 10 degrees C to be < or = 50%, POs1 may be added at level of < or = 7%, while POs2 at level of < or = 12%. The addition of palm stearin increased the blends solidification Tmin and Tmax values, while PKO reduced them. Blends which contained high amount of palm stearin showed melting point and cooling curves quite similar to that of pastry margarine.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2006

Acute postprandial effect of hydrogenated fish oil, palm oil and lard on plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in normocholesterolaemic males.

The majority of research has focused on the association between trans unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) from hydrogenated vegetable oils and heart disease even though TUFA are also produced from hydrogenated fish oil. We compared the acute effect of three solid fats on postprandial cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and NEFA concentrations in normocholesterolaemic males. Eight healthy male volunteers consumed each of the three 40 g fat meals (partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO), palm oil and lard) in random order and blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h thereafter for lipid analysis. The postprandial response in plasma TAG, TAG-rich lipoprotein-TAG (TRL-TAG), total cholesterol and plasma NEFA, measured as the area under the postprandial curve, was not significantly different between the three meals (P>0.05), which varied in MUFA, PUFA and TUFA content. There was no marked elevation of longer-chain fatty acids (C20-22, cis or trans isomers) into the TRL-TAG fraction following the PHFO meal even though they provided 40 % of the total fatty acids in the PHFO meal. The postprandial TRL-TAG response to PHFO was expected to be higher, as it is higher in TUFA, lower in PUFA and similar in saturated fatty acid composition compared with the lard and palm oil test meals. The absence of a higher postprandial response following ingestion of PHFO could be as a result of reduced absorption and increased oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (both cis and trans isomers).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Corn oil, palm oil and butterfat fractions affect postprandial lipemia and lipoprotein lipase in meal-fed rats.

Our objective was to investigate the time course of postprandial lipemia and lipolytic activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to eat meals containing butterfat fractions, palm oil or corn oil. Baseline and postprandial blood samples were obtained via a carotid cannula in rats fed the experimental diets for 4 wk. Rats fed saturated fats compared with corn oil showed a significantly greater peak increase in postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations. Corn oil ingestion resulted in significantly lower concentrations of cholesterol and triacylglycerol in plasma and significantly less triacylglycerol accumulation (millimoles per liter per 24 h) compared with ingestion of saturated fats. Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and plasma insulin concentration were generally greater with ingestion of corn oil compared with palm oil or butterfat. Palm oil ingestion resulted in a biphasic plasma triacylglycerol response curve and greater postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity compared with butterfat ingestion, suggesting differential effects of saturated fats on postprandial lipemia. Our results indicate that greater postprandial lipemia with ingestion of saturated fats compared with corn oil may be due in part to slower plasma triacylglycerol clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Regioisomerism of triacylglycerols in lard, tallow, yolk, chicken skin, palm oil, palm olein, palm stearin, and a transesterified blend of palm stearin and coconut oil analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry.

Triacylglycerols (TAG) of lard, tallow, egg yolk, chicken skin, palm oil, palm olein, palm stearin, and a transesterified blend of palm stearin and coconut oil (82:18) were investigated by chemical ionization and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Accurate molecular level information of the regioisomeric structures of individual TAGs was achieved. When existing in a TAG molecule of lard, palmitic acid occupied 90-100% of the sn-2 position. Within the major fatty acid combinations in tallow TAGs, the secondary position sn-2 was preferentially occupied in the decreasing order by oleoyl > palmitoyl > stearoyl residues, the order in saturated TAGs being myristoyl > stearoyl = palmitoyl. TAGs in egg yolk were more asymmetric than in chicken skin, with linoleic acid highly specifically attached in the yolk sn-2 carbon. Nearly 50% of yolk TAGs contained 52 carbon atoms with two or three double bonds. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were in the sn-2 location in decreasing quantities in palm oil and its fractions. Triacylglycerols of equal molecular weight behaved similarly in the fractionation process. Randomization of the parent oil TAGs was seen in the transesterified oil. The tandem mass spectrometric analysis applied provided detailed information of the distribution of fatty acids in individual combinations in TAGs.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed2005

Different edible oil beneficial effects (canola oil, fish oil, palm oil, olive oil, and soybean oil) on spontaneously hypertensive rat glomerular enlargement and glomeruli number.

We have tested the different edible oil effects on the blood pressure (BP) control and the following glomerular protection. Six groups of 12-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (n = 5), have received different edible oils (fish, canola, palm, olive, and soybean) or a placebo by gavage for 13 weeks. Renal cortex was analyzed through light microscopy and stereology. Usual BP increase, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular enlargement, and glomeruli loss in SHR has been prevented (fish, canola and palm oils) or attenuated (olive and soybean oils) by these oil long-term administration. The most favorable effect has been seen in the fish oil administration (source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), followed by both canola and palm oils (source of n-3 PUFA plus n-9 monounsaturated, MUFA, and saturated fatty acid, respectively), and finally both olive and soybean oils (source of n-9 MUFA and n-6 PUFA, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)--effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources.

Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed four diets containing different oils as the sole lipid source, i.e., capelin oil, oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil, a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of capelin oil and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil, and palm oil (PO). The beta-oxidation capacity, protein utilization, digestibility of dietary fatty acids and fatty acid composition of lipoproteins, plasma, liver, belly flap, red and white muscle were measured. Further, the lipid class and protein levels in the lipoproteins were analyzed. The different dietary fatty acid compositions did not significantly affect protein utilization or beta-oxidation capacity in red muscle. The levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and protein in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and plasma were not significantly affected by the dietary fatty acids. VLDL, LDL, and HDL fatty acid compositions were decreasingly affected by dietary fatty acid composition. Dietary fatty acid composition significantly affected both the relative fatty acid composition and the amount of fatty acids (mg fatty acid per g tissue, wet weight) in belly flap, liver, red and white muscle. Apparent digestibility of the fatty acids, measured by adding yttrium oxide as inert marker, was significantly lower in fish fed the PO diet compared to the other three diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Renal cortex remodeling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with olive oil, palm oil and fish oil from Menhaden.

We studied the effects of edible oils intake on the renal cortical structure of streptozotocin-induced diabetic (Db) and non-diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR divided into 5 groups were studied during 6 weeks: one non-diabetic SHR group and four diabetic SHR groups (three groups received by gavage olive, palm or fish oil). Kidneys were analyzed by light microscopy and stereology. Oils intake did not change the plasma glucose levels. The blood pressure (BP) was lower in SHR-Db than in SHR, but SHR-Db-fish oil showed the lowest BP. Creatinine clearance was different between diabetic SHR and non-diabetic SHR, but not between treated SHR-Db and untreated SHR-Db. The renal cortex showed scars surrounding obsolete glomeruli with inflammatory infiltrate mainly in untreated SHR-Db. The olive oil, palm oil and mainly fish oil intake retard the usual loss of glomeruli and attenuate the renal cortex adverse remodeling of Db and non-Db SHR.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Differential effects of fish oil, safflower oil and palm oil on fatty acid oxidation and glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver.

Studies were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which dietary fish oil decreases hepatic triglyceride secretion. Forty-five rats (15/group) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat as either fish oil, safflower oil or palm oil for 10 d. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowest in the fish oil-fed group followed by the groups fed safflower oil and palm oil. The liver's capacity to oxidize fatty acids was assessed by assays of mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathways in whole homogenates. Additionally, key enzymatic activities in the biosynthesis of triglyceride (diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate hydrolysis) and phosphatidylcholine (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) were assayed. Compared with those fed palm oil the fish oil-fed animals showed 25% greater mitochondrial beta-oxidation but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). Fish oil feeding led to 45% greater (P less than 0.05) peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was unaffected by the type of dietary fat and slightly (13%) but significantly (P less than 0.02) lower cytidylyltransferase activity due to fish oil feeding was observed. More strikingly, both fish oil and safflower oil diets significantly lowered phosphatidate hydrolysis by 37 and 22%, respectively, compared with the palm oil diet. This activity directly correlated (r = 0.68; P less than 0.001) with plasma triglyceride concentration. Thus, dietary fish oil might suppress triglyceride secretion by decreasing glycerolipid synthesis, an effect mediated by changes in one or more enzymes involved in phosphatidate catabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The plasma level of triacylglycerols in horses fed high-fat diets containing either soybean oil or palm oil.

The influence of dietary soybean oil versus palm oil on the plasma level of triacylglycerols was determined in a crossover experiment with four horses. Based on published data for humans and laboratory animals it was expected that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids in the form of soybean oil compared to saturated fatty acids in the form of palm oil would lower the plasma triacylglycerol level. The feeding of soybean oil versus palm oil for a period of four weeks did not change the level of plasma triacylglycerols in horses. Mean levels of triacylglycerol, free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate were 0.17 (SE, 0.04), 0.44 (SE, 0.063) and 0.16 (SE, 0.008) mmol/l, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the plasma triacylglycerols reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The activity of lipoprotein lipase was not different between the treatments. It is concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, the feeding of soybean oil to horses does not affect triacylglycerol secretion into plasma and thus does not influence the concentration of plasma triacylgycerols, when compared to the feeding of palm oil.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2005

Palm oil and palm olein frying applications.

Several million tones of palm oil and palm olein are used annually in the world for frying. This paper will discuss their frying performances in three major applications - industrial production of potato chips/crisps, industrial production of pre-fried frozen French fries and in fast food outlets. In the first study, about four tones of potato chips were continuously fried 8 hours a day and five days a week. The palm olein used (with proper management) performed well and was still in excellent condition and usable at the end of the trial. This was reflected in its low free fatty acid (FFA) content of around 0.23%, peroxide value of 4 meq/kg, anisidine value of 16, low polar and polymer contents of 10% and 2%, respectively, induction period (OSI) of 21 hours and high content of tocopehrols and tocotrienols of 530 ppm even after >1900 hours. In the second study in which an average 12 tones pre-fried frozen French fries were continuously fried a day for 5 days a week, palm oil performed excellently as reflected by its low FFA of 0.34%, food oil sensor reading of 1.1, low polar and polymer contents of 17% and 2.8%, respectively, over the 12 days of trial. In the third study in which palm shortening, palm oil and palm olein were simultaneously used to intermittently fry chicken parts in the laboratory simulating the conditions in fast food outlets, the three frying oils also performed very satisfactorily as reflected by their reasonably low FFA of <1%, smoke points of >180 degrees C, and polar and polymer contents of <25% and <6%, respectively, after 5 days of consecutive frying. All the quality indicators did not exceed the maximum discard points for frying oils/fats in the three applications, while the fried food product was well accepted by the in-house train sensory panel using a-nine point hedonic score.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Effect of dietary palm oil and its fractions on rat plasma and high density lipoprotein lipids.

Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed semipurified diets containing 20% fat for 15 weeks. The dietary fats were corn oil, soybean oil, palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin. No differences in the body and organ weights of rats fed the various diets were evident. Plasma cholesterol levels of rats fed soybean oil were significantly lower than those of rats fed corn oil, palm oil, palm olein or palm stearin. Significant differences between the plasma cholesterol content of rats fed corn oil and rats fed the three palm oils were not evident. HDL cholesterol was raised in rats fed the three palm oil diets compared to the rats fed either corn oil or soybean oil. The cholesterol-phospholipid molar ratio of rat platelets was not influenced by the dietary fat type. The formation of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly enhanced in palm oil-fed rats compared to all other dietary treatments. Fatty acid compositional changes in the plasma cholesterol esters and plasma triglycerides were diet regulated with significant differences between rats fed the polyunsaturated corn and soybean oil compared to the three palm oils.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The effects of olive oil, hydrogenated palm oil, and omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diets on megakaryocytes and platelets.

Unsaturated fatty acids are thought to prevent thrombotic and arteriosclerotic disease, whereas saturated fatty acids are thought to increase the incidence of these disorders. However, the effects of these diets on megakaryocytes and platelets are not well understood. We compared the effects of diets enriched with 8.4% olive oil, 8.4% hydrogenated palm oil, or 10.2% omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters on guinea pig megakaryocytes and platelets. In plasma, changes in fatty acid composition reflected the composition of each diet. However, in platelets and megakaryocytes, hydrogenated palm oil induced a decrease in 16:0 and an increase in 18:2 while the olive oil diet caused a marked increase in 18:1 and a decrease in most other fatty acids. The differences in the effects of the diets on cellular versus plasma fatty acids suggest that megakaryocytes and platelets have an extensive capacity to regulate their fatty acid composition. Thrombocytosis occurred with the omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diet: 12.9 +/- 1.78 x 10(5) compared with 7.45 +/- 1.08 x 10(5) platelets per microliter of platelet-rich plasma in control animals. There was an increase in megakaryocyte size, ploidy, and morphological stage (cytoplasmic maturation) with the omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diet but not with the other diets. The omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diet decreased platelet thromboxane production while the other diets had no effect. Platelet hypersensitivity was suggested in collagen aggregation studies with olive oil but not with the hydrogenated palm oil diet. Although saturated fatty acid diets are thought to be atherogenic, this diet had no affect on platelet function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal.

There is increasing evidence that the degree of postprandial lipaemia may be of importance in the development of atherosclerosis and IHD. Postprandial lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were investigated in eleven healthy young males after randomized ingestion of meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without a glucose drink. On six occasions each subject consumed consecutive meals (separated by 1.75 h) containing 70 g (15 g and 55 g respectively) of each oil. On one occasion with each oil 50 g glucose was taken with the first meal. One fasting and fifteen postprandial blood samples were taken over 9 h. There were no statistically significant differences in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein responses after rapeseed, sunflower and palm oils, whereas insulin responses were lower after sunflower oil than after rapeseed oil (ANOVA, P = 0.04). The NEFA and triacylglycerol concentrations at 1.5 h were reduced when 50 g glucose was taken with the first meal (ANOVA, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05 respectively), regardless of meal fatty acid composition. In conclusion, the consumption of glucose with a mixed meal containing either rapeseed, sunflower or palm oil influenced the immediate triacylglycerol and NEFA responses compared with the same meal without glucose, whereas no significant effect on postprandial lipaemia after a subsequent meal was observed. The fatty acid composition of the meal did not significantly affect the lipid and lipoprotein responses, whereas an effect on insulin responses was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Replacement of partially hydrogenated soybean oil by palm oil in margarine without unfavorable effects on serum lipoproteins.

We have compared the effects of three different margarines, one based on palm oil (PALM-margarine), one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TRANS-margarine) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-margarine), on serum lipids in 27 young women. The main purpose of the study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids in margarine by palmitic acid results in unfavorable effects on serum lipids. The sum of saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) was 36.3% of total fatty acids in the PALM-diet, the same as the sum of saturated (12:0, 14:0, 16:0) (12.5%) and trans (23.1%) fatty acids in the TRANS-diet. This sum was 20.7% in the PUFA-diet. The content of oleic acid was 37.9, 35.2, and 38.6%, respectively, in the three diets, whereas linoleic acid amounted to 16, 13.5, and 27.3%, respectively. Total fat provided 30-31% and the test margarines 26% of total energy in all three diets. The subjects consumed each of the diets for 17 d in a Latin-square crossover design. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) between the TRANS- and the PALM-diets. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apoA-1 were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet whereas the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol was lower, although not significantly (P = 0.077) on the PALM-diet. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets. HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diets but it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA diet. Compared to the PUFA-diet the ratio of LDL- to HDL-cholesterol was higher on both the PALM- and the TRANS-diets whereas apoA-1 was not different. Triglycerides and lipoprotein (a) were not significantly different among the three diets. We concluded that nutritionally, palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids. A palm oil-based margarine is, however, less favorable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Adsorption of residue oil from palm oil mill effluent using powder and flake chitosan: equilibrium and kinetic studies.

The adsorption of residue oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using chitosan powder and flake has been investigated. POME contains about 2g/l of residue oil, which has to be treated efficiently before it can be discharged. Experiments were carried out as a function of different initial concentrations of residue oil, weight dosage, contact time and pH of chitosan in powder and flake form to obtain the optimum conditions for the adsorption of residue oil from POME. The powder form of chitosan exhibited a greater rate compared to the flake type. The results obtained showed that chitosan powder, at a dosage of 0.5g/l, 15min of contact time and a pH value of 5.0, presented the most suitable conditions for the adsorption of residue oil from POME. The adsorption process performed almost 99% of residue oil removal from POME. Equilibrium studies have been carried out to determine the capacity of chitosan for the adsorption of residue oil from POME using the optimum conditions from the flocculation at different initial concentrations of residue oil. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the experimental isotherms and isotherm constants. Equilibrium data fitted very well with the Freundlich model. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the second-order kinetic model, which indicates that the chemical sorption is the rate-limiting step, i.e. chemisorption between residue oil and chitosan. The significant uptake of residue oil on chitosan was further proved by BET surface area analysis and SEM micrographs.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Differential effects of chylomicron remnants derived from corn oil or palm oil on bile acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes.

The effects of chylomicron remnants derived from corn oil (rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) and palm oil (rich in long chain saturated fatty acids) on bile acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes were studied. Incubation of the cells with corn oil remnants led to increased bile acid production, while the secretion of lipid in very low density lipoprotein remained unchanged. In contrast, addition of palm oil remnants to the medium did not affect bile acid synthesis, but resulted in the secretion of cholesterol-rich very low density lipoprotein. These findings show that chylomicron remnants of different fatty acid composition have differential effects on cholesterol metabolism in liver cells, and provide part of the explanation for the hyper- and hypocholesterolaemic effects of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparative effects of dietary corn oil, safflower oil, fish oil and palm oil on metabolism of ethanol and carnitine in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: This study was launched to determine comparative effects of corn oil (CO), safflower oil (SO), fish oil (FO) and palm oil (PO) on carnitine status and ethanol metabolism in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g bw) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) and fed a semisynthetic diets containing fat as oils listed above. Blood and 24 hour urine samples were collected before and after dietary treatment and acute ethanol administration. Samples were analyzed for blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) and carnitine species. RESULTS: The diets containing FO and PO retarded ethanol metabolism compared to the diets containing CO and SO. The effect of these dietary fats on carnitine species in plasma and urine was varied before and after dietary treatment and following a single oral ethanol dose. The liver carnitine content was higher in the PO group after dietary and ethanol treatment. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that attenuation of ethanol clearance was related to unique fatty acid makeup of the oils that in part may be attributed to the composite ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the oils.

Analysis of Variance↗