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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Role of the ocular surface in destructive corneal disease.

Corneal destructive disease is related to the ocular surface in at least three ways. Firstly, the maintenance of surface integrity seems to protect the corneal stroma from ulceration. Such integrity is jeopardized if the corneal epithelial cells fail to replicate themselves, or if they fail to adhere tightly to the underlying stroma. Secondly, the ocular surface plays a role in ulceration. Elaboration of collagenolytic enzymes may occur in the abnormal ocular surface epithelial cells themselves. In addition, the surface may modulate the leucocytic response in the stroma, the leucocytes themselves being responsible for the ulceration of the stroma. Finally, the ocular surface appears to play a role in superficial vascularization of the cornea. When all of the corneal epithelium is lost, as is the case in widespread chemical injury, sluggish metabolic transformation of conjunctival cells is associated with vascularization.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1979

Ocular surface manifestations of the major viruses.

The ocular surface is often the first site of involvement by viral infections. Background information, clinical presentations, and current treatment of three major viruses--herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and adenovirus, have been presented in detail in this chapter. The effects of adenoviruses are usually transient and may be regarded as a nuisance. Infection with herpes simplex or varicella-zoster may lead to prolonged activity of the disease and life-long treatment with occasional loss of useful vision. It is apparent that our understanding of the clinical behavior of the major viruses has increased in recent years. Therapeutic criteria and modalities have also improved for some of the complications of the viruses. Much work needs to be done for some of the other manifestations, i.e., failure of reepithelialization, stromal melting, scarring, vascularization, and inflammation.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1979

Tear osmolarity and ocular surface disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Tear osmolarity and Rose Bengal staining were studied in a group of patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) before and after treatment with isotonic and one-half isotonic saline to compare treatment with these two solutions and to ascertain whether tear film osmolarity could be correlated with ocular surface disease. When 20 KCS eyes were treated with isotonic saline drops every three hours for one week, the average (+/-SD) tear osmolarity decreased from 365 +/- 77 mOsm/L to 329 +/- 47 mOsm/L, and the average (+/-SD) Rose Bengal staining score decreased from 4.1 +/- 3.1 to 3.6 +/- 3.3. There was no objective difference between treatment with isotonic and one-half isotonic solutions, in a double-masked comparison, however, four of five patients with diagnostically significant Rose Bengal staining preferred the half isotonic solution. There was a significant positive correlation between tear film osmolarity and Rose Bengal staining.

Aged↗
PubMed2025

Aging and Corneal Nerve Health: Mechanisms of Degeneration and Emerging Therapies for the Cornea.

Corneal nerves play a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis by supporting the functional integrity of corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells; modulating tear secretion; and facilitating sensory responses essential for overall ocular health. With advancing age, these highly specialized peripheral sensory fibers undergo progressive attrition and morphologic distortion driven by the canonical hallmarks of aging including genomic instability, impaired proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation. The resulting neuro-immune dysregulation reduces trophic support, delays wound healing, and predisposes older adults to dry-eye disease, neurotrophic keratopathy, and postsurgical hypoesthesia. Age-exacerbating cofactors including diabetes, dyslipidemia, neurodegenerative disorders, topical preservatives, chronic contact-lens wear, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and ocular-surface hypoxia further accelerate sub-basal nerve rarefaction and functional decline. This review provides an overview of age-related physiological alterations in ocular surface nerves, with a particular emphasis on corneal innervation. It also discusses risk factors that speed up these changes. Given the inherently limited regenerative capacity of corneal nerves and their inability to fully restore to baseline conditions following injury or degeneration, it is critical to identify and develop effective strategies aimed at mitigating or delaying physiological nerve degeneration and promoting nerve regeneration. This review also brings up emerging therapeutic strategies, including regenerative medicine, neuroprotective agents, and lifestyle interventions aimed at mitigating age-related corneal nerve degeneration.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

wbp-encoded LPS O-antigen architecture as a prognostic and therapeutic target in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis can progress rapidly to vision-threatening disease, even with intensive therapy. Virulence-associated genes are key determinants of ocular-surface pathogenesis. We therefore sought to develop a composite wbp-exo genotyping framework for risk stratification and to guide wbp-dependent, LPS-directed, levofloxacin-polymyxin B (LVX-POL) combination therapy for high-risk corneal infections. METHODS: A well-characterised clinical P. aeruginosa keratitis cohort was integrated with whole-genome sequencing. Based on comprehensive virulence-gene identification and annotation, the relationship between strain-level genetic features and clinical prognosis was analysed. The differences between WBP1 strains and WBP2 strains in adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation in corneal epithelial cells were further evaluated. To establish biological plausibility, wbp genotypes were correlated with LPS O-antigen electrophoretic profiles and in vivo corneal inflammatory phenotypes in murine infection, including the observation of leucocyte recruitment and cytokine responses. To further confirm the key role of wbp gene status and LPS O-antigen in pathogenicity, wbpL knockout and reconstitution strains were constructed. Their appearances in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. Finally, a mechanistic rationale for an LPS-directed LVX-POL regimen was tested in a high-risk WBP1 P. aeruginosa murine keratitis. FINDINGS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 46 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates and identified an average of 332 virulence- and fitness-associated genes per strain. The exo and wbp gene families were significantly associated with patient prognosis. A fusion model (AUC = 0.86) outperformed single-gene-family models (EXO: 0.66; WBP: 0.72) for predicting clinical outcomes. Intact wbp cassettes were enriched in poor-outcome isolates, and electrophoretic LPS profiles indicated that WBP1 strains produce highly polymerised O-antigen associated with sustained neutrophil recruitment and cytokine production. Murine experiments further implicated wbp genes in clinical pathogenesis, showing stronger immune responses and higher expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, p65, p-p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β throughout the inflammatory course. After knocking out wbpL gene, the WBP1 strain got stronger in biofilm formation and adhesion but weaker in inflammation and ocular surface survival. In the high-risk WBP1 P. aeruginosa keratitis model, LVX-POL combinations achieved complete ulcer resolution and markedly improved stromal infiltration and hypopyon, outperforming LVX monotherapy. INTERPRETATION: The wbp gene family was identified as a key genetic factor that contributes to the LPS O-antigen structure, inflammatory intensity, bacterial ocular surface survival and poor prognosis in P. aeruginosa keratitis. A WBP1-targeted, LPS-directed LVX-POL regimen was proposed as a mechanistically informed option for high-risk strains. FUNDING: This research was supported by Beijing Public Health High-level Talent Training Program (Phase III-03-14), Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2026ZD01909300) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation "QiYan" Undergraduate Research Fund (QY26496).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa↗
PubMed2015

Dry eye symptoms align more closely to non-ocular conditions than to tear film parameters.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between dry eye symptoms, non-ocular conditions and tear film parameters. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: The study population consisted of patients who were seen in the Miami Veterans Affairs eye clinic. Patients filled out standardised questionnaires assessing dry eye symptoms (dry eye questionnaire 5 (DEQ5) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI)), non-ocular pain, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and also underwent measurement of tear film parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations between dry eye symptoms and non-ocular conditions as compared with tear film parameters. RESULTS: 136 patients with a mean age of 65 (SD 11) years participated in the study. All correlations between the dry eye questionnaire scores (DEQ5 and OSDI) and (A) self-reported non-ocular pain measures (numerical rating scale and pain history), (B) depression and (C) PTSD were significant and moderate in strength (Pearson's coefficient 0.24 to 0.60, p<0.01 for all). All correlations between the dry eye questionnaires and tear film measures were weak (Pearson's coefficient -0.10 to 0.18) and most were not significant. Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed that PTSD and non-ocular pain more closely associated with dry eye symptoms than did tear film parameters. Specifically, non-ocular pain and PTSD accounted for approximately 36% of the variability in DEQ5 scores (R=0.60) and approximately 40% of variability in OSDI scores (R=0.64). Of note, none of the tear parameters remained significantly associated with dry eye symptoms in either model. CONCLUSIONS: Dry eye symptoms more closely align to non-ocular pain, depression and PTSD than to tear film parameters.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Spatial arrangement and inner wall surface of ocular vessels. Scanning electronmicroscopy of vascular casts (author's transl)].

Vascular corrosion casts of the rabbit eye vessels were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with light micrescopy, this method provides great depth of field and better contrast. Thus the pictures are more informative and documentation is easier. The high resolving power of scanning electron microscopy of suitable vascular casts allows the study of structures of the inner vessel wall. Such information could not be retrieved from these replicas until now.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Clinical Outcomes and Genomic Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis.

PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical features, management, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and genomic epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis at two North American centers. DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series combined with laboratory investigation PARTICIPANTS: Seventy eyes of 67 patients presenting laboratory-confirmed MRSA keratitis were included METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective case series of patients with culture-proven MRSA keratitis treated between 2005 and 2022. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted, and multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to &#x2265;3 antibiotic classes. A subset of isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing with core genome multilocus sequence typing. Vancomycin susceptibility, heteroresistance screening, and tolerance testing were performed on available isolates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Antimicrobial susceptibility and multidrug resistance rates, vancomycin phenotypic profiles, MRSA genotypic distribution, and final best-corrected visual acuity RESULTS: Median age was 63.5 years, and 61.4% were female. Ocular surface disease (67.7%) and prior ocular surgery (65.2%) were common. Only 25.4% had significant healthcare exposure in the preceding year. Most isolates (85.7%) were MDR. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was low (moxifloxacin 19.7%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MIC&#x2089;&#x2080; 2 &#xb5;g/mL), and no vancomycin-intermediate, heteroresistant, or tolerant phenotypes were identified. Whole genome sequencing (n = 41) demonstrated predominance of clonal complexes 5 (68.3%) and 8 (29.2%). Visual outcomes were poor, with most patients (85.2%) having a final visual acuity worse than 20/60 among those with follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: MRSA keratitis is associated with high rates of multidrug resistance and poor visual outcomes despite guideline-based therapy. Infections were predominantly caused by CC5 MDR strains despite limited recent healthcare exposure. These findings highlight the persistence of highly resistant MRSA lineages in community-associated corneal infection and underscore the need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance and optimized treatment strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Canine Tear Proteomics: A New Frontier in Veterinary Ophthalmology.

Canine tear proteomics is an emerging field with significant potential for advancing both veterinary ophthalmology and comparative biomedical research. Tears are a readily accessible, non-invasive biofluid that contain a mixture of proteins involved in ocular surface protection, immune defense, and intercellular signaling. In dogs, tear proteomics studies have revealed biomarkers associated with various ocular and non-ocular diseases including keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), glaucoma, neoplasia, and diabetes mellitus. This review compiles all previous studies conducted on the comprehensive canine tear proteome and highlights some of the key tear proteomic studies in human biomedical research. Tear film composition, study design, technological advancements, and select tear proteins are discussed along with key protein alterations and their use as potential biomarkers of disease. Fundamental challenges, clinical implications, and future directions of this rapidly growing field are discussed in detail. As proteomic technology and analytical techniques continue to evolve, canine tear proteomics will become a valuable tool for the veterinary ophthalmologist, enabling the early identification and diagnosis of ocular disease as well as providing a means for monitoring treatment outcomes, disease progression, and overall prognosis for the canine patient.

Animals↗