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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Organization of retinal axons within the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and the innervation of multiple central nervous system targets Rana pipiens.

Light microscopic analysis of the optic nerve, chiasm, and optic tracts of Rana pipiens after the anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase has shown that retinal ganglion-cell axons reach the optic nerve head in chronotopically organized fascicles that form bands across the intraocular optic nerve. These bands of fascicles are divided along the midline in a "zone of reorganization" to create two full maps of the retinal surface; however, this map is discontinuous in that nasal and temporal quadrants are adjacent to one another. In the intracranial portion of the optic nerve, axons undergo another reorganization such that peripheral retinal axons shift position and become localized laterally and ventrally, whereas centrally placed axons become localized dorsally. Within this reorganization, the nerve is reconfigured into laminae of axons, and each lamina consists of age-related axons organized into two retinal maps. In the ipsilateral chiasm, axons diverge to form three central, optic tracts: the medial optic tract, the projection to the corpus geniculatum, and the basal optic root. Ipsilateral axons leave the chiasm at the same level of the chiasm as do their contralateral counterparts. The remaining axons converge in the lateral diencephalon to form a fourth fascicle, the marginal optic tract. Thus, within the optic chiasm, a sequence of positional transformations occur that result in the formation of multiple optic pathways. The various changes in axonal trajectory always coincide with changes in the orientation of cell groups that lie within the nerve and optic chiasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Review of diseases of the optic nerve, optic tract, and visual cortex: 1975-76.

The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, the optic tracts, and the visual cortex was reviewed for the period November 1975 through November 1976. Twenty-nine papers on topics of interest to optometrists were abstracted. The main areas of interest include: papilledema and optic atrophy (with ophthalmoscopic signs of both optic atrophy and papilledema); giant-cell arteritis; papillitis; interesting malformations of the face, palate, and orbital position that occur in conjunction with microphthalmus, situs inversus, and hypoplasia and aplasia of the optic nerve; the proposed association of myopia with unusual eyebrows; myelinated nerve fibers at the nerve head; pigment anomalies; the continuing discussion of nerve-head blood supply; an unexpected cause for nerve-head neovascularization; the importance of the swinging-flashlight test in the diagnosis of glaucoma; an unusual type of glaucomatous cupping; doubts about the peripapillary "halo" as a sign of glaucoma; new uses for old field tests; and new methods of ocular photography.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1992

Effects of lesions of the optic nerve, optic tectum and nervus terminalis on rod precursor proliferation in the goldfish retina.

Teleost retinas grow throughout life by proliferation of neuroblasts at the retinal margin and dedicated rod precursors in the outer nuclear layer. Mechanisms regulating this proliferation are largely unknown. Previous investigators observed that rod precursor replication, as detected by incorporation of radioactive thymidine into cells of the outer nuclear layer, is enhanced after optic nerve crush. We attempted to determine whether this was due to severing of the retinopetal (nervus terminalis, n.t.) or retinofugal (retinal ganglion cell) axons in the optic nerve of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. In the first series of experiments, we ablated unilaterally the optic nerve, olfactory bulb (containing n.t. ganglia), or optic tectum (containing retinal ganglion cell axons and n.t. collaterals). Rod precursor proliferation increased dramatically in both retinas as soon as 5 days after surgery; in addition, the numbers of dividing cells were greater in the ipsilateral retina 10-15 days after optic nerve crush or tectal ablation and in the contralateral retina 20-25 days after olfactory bulb ablation. These observations are not accounted for by the known projections of retinal ganglion cells, but are consistent with the projections of the n.t. In the second series of experiments, n.t. projections to the brain and retina were severed bilaterally 7-8 weeks before the unilateral optic nerve crush or hemitectal ablation. Rod precursor proliferation increased as before, but the quantities of dividing cells were always equal in both retinas. We conclude that the n.t. may modulate rod proliferation locally and that injury to (some) brain regions may cause release of mitogens that affect rod precursors in both retinas.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Neuron-like differentiation of PC12 cells treated with media conditioned by either sciatic nerves, optic nerves, or Schwann cells.

In previous works we reported the finding of neurotrophic activity in a serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium conditioned by rat sciatic nerves, previously maintained in culture for 11 days. This medium produces rapid neuron-like differentiation of cultured PC12 cells, as revealed by an increase in the size of the cell body and by the extension of short and/or long neurites by most of the cells. Neuregulin present in the conditioned medium was demonstrated to play a key role in the observed differentiation. In the present work, taking into consideration those latter results, the neurotrophic activity of conditioned media prepared with sciatic and optic nerves cultured during days 1-4 and 9-12 were studied. Evaluation of the trophic activities of those media revealed an opposite timing in the activities of sciatic and optic nerves conditioned media. The activity of the sciatic nerve was not observed in the 1-4-day period, increasing then up to the 9-12-day period. On the contrary, the optic nerve conditioned medium was active in the 1-4-day period, decreasing down to the 9-12-day period. These results led us to explore the contribution of the different cellular constituents of those nerves to their neurotrophic properties. As a first step in that direction we also investigated the neurotrophic activity of media conditioned during 12 days by cultured Schwann cells isolated from rat sciatic nerves. The Schwann cell conditioned media did produce a rapid differentiation of the PC12 cells similar to that caused by the sciatic nerve conditioned medium, though of a lower magnitude. Variations in the trophic activities of the conditioned media used in the present work is discussed taking into consideration the production of trophic and inhibitory factors by the peripheral and central glial cells. The role played by the optic nerve glia and myelin is being investigated at present.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Presence of LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) fibers in the optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract of the adult rat.

In mammals LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) is synthesized and released by a set of neurons that have their embryonic origin in the olfactory placode. We have observed that, besides their classical location, LHRH fibers can also be seen in the optic nerve and optic chiasm. Some LHRH fibers could also be traced in the optic tract. The possible course of these projections, and their functional significance are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Autoantibodies in patients with glaucoma: a comparison of IgG serum antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the entire IgG autoantibody patterns against different ocular antigens (retina, optic nerve, and optic nerve head) in sera of glaucoma patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Sixty-six patients were included in this study: healthy volunteers without any ocular disorders (CO, n=30), patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, n=19), and patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG, n=17). The sera were tested for antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head tissues. Immunodetection was performed using 4-chloro-1-naphthol staining. The autoantibody patterns were digitized and subsequently analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques. RESULTS: All patients showed a complex repertoire of IgG antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens. The analysis of discriminance revealed a statistically significant differences between the patterns of all three groups. Our multivariate approach could quantify the differences in immunoreactivities of patient sera against the three antigens. The POAG group had the most significant difference against retinal antigens (P=0.0021) compared with the other antigens. In the NTG group the highest reactivity appeared against optic nerve head (P=0.00053) and optic nerve (P=0.0025). CONCLUSIONS: All groups showed different and complex antibody patterns against the three ocular tissues. These autoantibodies are highly specific for each patient group. The analysis of these patterns could provide further information about possible autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Screening for differentially expressed genes in the rat inner retina and optic nerve after optic nerve crush.

Limited optic nerve crush is a model of diffuse mechanical axon injury, the most prevalent cause of secondary neurodegeneration after closed head neurotrauma. In this report, a protocol is presented which allows for the rapid screening of differential gene expression in the inner retina, as well as the optic nerve, in response to partial nerve crush. To prove the reliability of the method, prototypically, the differential expression profiles of three candidate genes (kinesin light chain, ferritin, RYB-A) were verified. The method seems to be suitable to address the question of how differential gene expression contributes to degeneration, survival and axonal repair after partial nerve crush.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Idiopathic inflammation of the optic nerve simulating optic nerve sheath meningioma].

A case of idiopathic inflammation of the optic nerve (perioptic neuritis) which simulated optic nerve sheath meningioma is reported and the literature reviewed. In this case, idiopathic inflammation of the optic nerve caused enlargement of the nerve and its sheath, showing a tubular diffuse thickening with a central hypodense area (tram-tracking sign). thus mimickling the cancers morphology idiopathic perioptic neuritis is an important condition for, the differential diagnosis of visual loss when CT demonstrates enlargement of the optic nerve.

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

[Automated imaging of the optic nerve and optic nerve fibers is essential to daily clinical practice].

Chronic open-angle glaucoma is a progressive optical neuropathy. Automated imaging of the optic disc and optic nerve fibers provides reliable analysis of the optic nerve as well as long-term follow-up of neuropathy patients. HRT, GDX-VCC, and OCT, which analyze the optic disc and optical fibers, provide indisputable assistance in improving screening techniques and the follow-up of progressive glaucoma.

Chronic Disease↗