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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Positive association of opium addiction and cancer of the bladder. Results of urine cytology in 3,500 opium addicts.

In order to prove the association of opium addiction and cancer of the bladder, an extensive prospective case-control study with urine cytology in all registered opium addicts of Fars province in southern Iran was started in 1975. The urine cytology of the first 3,500 registered opium addicts revealed 15 cases of transitional cell carcinoma, and no cancer was detected among the 1,750 control cases. The crude incidence rate of bladder carcinoma in the general population over 20 years of age in Fars province is 6.6 per 100,000 males per year. The incidence rate among the opium addicts exceeded our expectations; thus, we decided to report the preliminary results of this study. The role of opium as a carcinogen in the bladder and the need for further investigation are discussed. The results of this study strongly suggest the use of routine urine cytology for opium addicts and long-term users of opiate alkaloid for the early detection of carcinoma of the bladder.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Familial history of opium use and reported problems among opium addicts in Pakistan.

One-hundred and twenty-nine opiate addicts on a monthly maintenance regimen were studied. Subjects with a positive family history of opium use had an earlier age of onset than the subjects without a family history of opium use. Self-reported psychosocial problems resulting from opium use were documented in only seven subjects. Individuals who began opium use after 1979, when it became illegal to use the drug, had a significantly later age of onset than subjects who began before 1979, suggesting that negative legal sanctions can delay initiation of opium consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Detection and measurement of opium alkaloids and metabolites in urine of opium eaters by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for eight opium alkaloids in human urine following opium ingestion is described. The compounds were extracted from urine with methylene chloride-isopropanol (7:3, v/v) at pH 9.5, evaporated, derivatized with Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by methane chemical ionization mass fragmentography. The method in sensitive to ca. 0.01 microgram/ml for morphine and codeine and ca. 0.05 microgram/ml for the other compounds. Adsorption problems on the gas chromatography column prevented obtaining reproducible results for the measurement of noscapine. Extraction efficiencies over the pH range of 8-11 for the eight compounds are reported. Retention times of the opium alkaloids were determined using five different liquid phases (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh) and two column lengths (36 cm and 183 cm). The 36-cm column packed with OV-210 was selected for use in the assay. Ions were selected for monitoring for each component from their methane chemical ionization spectrum to provide the needed sensitivity and specificity for analysis of a multi-component mixture. The assay was used for the analysis of an "opium eater's" urine. Morphine, codeine, nomorphine, norcodeine and noscapine were detected; however, no evidence was obtained for thebaine, papaverine or oripavine. Unconjugated morphine (0.64 microgram/ml) was present at nearly twice the concentration of codeine (0.37 microgram/ml) and normorphine and norcodeine were present in equal amounts (ca. 0.15 microgram/ml).

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2000

From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in north-eastern Afghanistan.

This paper examines the recent growth of the opium economy in north-eastern Afghanistan. A detailed analysis of one village in Badakshan Province reveals profound changes in the local economy and social institutions. The paper describes two major shifts in the local economy: first, the switch from wheat to poppy cultivation; and second, the shift from the livestock trade to the opium trade. It then examines the underlying causes and impacts of the opium economy on social relations in the village. Although a case study of a community living on the margins of the global economy, it is argued that these changes have important implications for international policymakers. The emergence of the opium economy in north-eastern Afghanistan is symptomatic of new and expanding forms of trans-border trade associated with the restructuring of the global political economy.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1988

The detection and estimation of (A) arsenic in opium, and (B) strychnine in opium and heroin, as a means of identification of their respective sources.

Samples of opium with arsenic as an adulterant, and both opium and heroin with strychnine as an adulterant are not infrequently encountered in the local drug scene. The paper describes a method for the possible identification of the sources of opium and heroin in the local market on the basis of an accurate quantitation of the adulterant arsenic and strychnine contents of the respective samples. A possible extension of this concept, would be the possibility of a similar identification of sources outside the country with a view to establishing channels of entry from abroad. Arsenic is determined by the Gutzeit method while strychnine is estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Arsenic↗
PubMed1997

Opium and oesophageal cancer: effect of morphine and opium on the metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine in the rat.

The high incidence of oesophageal cancer in Northern Iran has been associated with opium. N-Nitrosamines are the only carcinogens known to induce oesophageal cancer in animals. Ethanol, which is the major influence on oesophageal cancer incidence in the West, inhibits the first pass clearance of N-nitrosodimethylamine in animals and increases the alkylation of oesophageal DNA by oesophageal cancer-inducing N-nitrosamines. The experiments now reported were to test whether opium or morphine, which is the major alkaloid in opium, have a similar effect. It is shown that administration of morphine to rats does increase the ethylation of oesophageal DNA by N-nitrosodiethylamine and may reduce the first pass clearance of N-nitrosodimethylamine by the liver, but only at high doses of morphine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

The iceberg of opium addiction. An epidemiological survey of opium addiction in a rural community.

As part of a medico-social survey in a rural population in the northern part of Iran, data concerning opium users was collected from randomly chosen households. The addiction rate was found to be 69/1000. The rate of registered addicts in the same population is 11/1000. The population in terms of registered addicts seems to be very small, but this is only the tip of the iceberg and does not reflect the true picture within the society. In view of the traditional use of opium in the country, the problem of addiction may become serious unless adequate and effective measures are taken.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Determination of opium alkaloids in crude opium using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis.

A method for the quantitative determination of the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine in crude opium and in drug preparations based on non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis has been developed. The non-aqueous mode provides high separation selectivity and new possibilities for regulating the selectivity in capillary electrophoresis. The nature of the organic solvent, the acidity of the electrolytes as well as the temperature surrounding the capillary exhibit a major influence on the separation selectivity.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide↗