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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Factors associated with ex-nuptial birth.

The paper examines the background to 210 live exnuptial births studied in the first phase of the Christ-church Child Development Study. The results show: 1. That nearly half of the children had been conceived within cohabiting situations. 2. That nearly one in five ex-nuptial children was the result of a planned pregnancy. 3. Maternal reactions to the birth and pregnancy varied with the mother's situation: cohabiting mothers reported considerably less adverse reaction to the birth than did non-cohabiting mothers. 4. Overall, mothers of ex-nuptial children had a fairly sophisticated appreciation of contraceptive methods. 5. One quarter of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were the result of contraceptive failure and three-quarters were the result of contraceptive non-usage. 6. In common with previous findings for nuptial pregnancies, about 35 percent of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were ascribed to a breakdown in the mother's pattern of usage of the contraceptive pill.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Occupations, migration, sex ratios, and nuptiality in nineteenth century English communities: a model of relationships.

Two effects of occupational structure on nuptiality levels are examined: a direct functional effect related to the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on the feasibility and desirability of marriage, and an indirect structural effect related to nuptiality levels via sex selective migration patterns and population sex ratios. Our analysis shows that nuptiality levels in nineteenth century English and Welsh districts were responsive to occupational variation and that both direct and indirect effects were significant. Our results suggest that socioeconomic factors, often overlooked in favor of cultural explanation, must be considered in the analysis of nuptiality.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed1997

Laboratory observations of nuptial flights of the ant Polyrhachis laboriosa.

Ethology of Polyrhachis laboriosa, an ant species from equatorial Africa, is little known. No field observation of a nuptial flight of these ants was ever made. We describe two nuptial flights observed in a laboratory colony of P. laboriosa at a 3 days interval. They both occurred in the morning while the nest was kept in near darkness (less than 2 lux of daylight). Flying activity of the alates was suppressed within 1 h by their exposure to daylight of about 140 lux, and within several minutes by their exposure to a lamp emitting white light of 3,000 lux and acting as a source of heat. On the day following the first flight the alates and the workers showed exceptionally high level of mutual grooming. The alates, in particular the males, were transported by workers to the brood chambers whenever they strayed outside and after the nuptial flights.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nuptiality and fertility in the Dominican Republic.

Women in marital unions had more live births than those in consensual unions. The relationship between cumulative fertility and the number of fertile sexual unions is positive for the early childbearing years and negative for the later ones. There is no consistent pattern of relationship between fertility and the sociocultural independent variables for different subgroups according to nuptiality pattern. The relationship between fertility and nuptiality in the Dominican Republic is consistent with that for the Caribbean region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fine structure of nuptial pad surface of male ranid frogs.

The nuptial pad, a cutaneous secondary sexual characteristic, developed on the ventrolateral aspect of the first digit (the thumb) of the male ranid frogs was observed. Under scanning electron microscopy, numerous small elevations were observed rising above the pad's surface; they were rounded in Rana brevipoda porosa and R. rugosa, conical in R. nigromaculata, and rather tall and gradually tapering in R. ornativentris. These elevations were densely crowded, and in some cases several elevations were seen to have fused to form ridges in the R. rugosa pads. Accessory microprocesses completely covered the outermost layer of cells of the elevations. Numerous pile-like microprocesses gradually shortened from the top toward the side of the elevation in R. ornativentris and R. nigromaculata. Those on the top were noticeably longer than those on the side in R. rugosa. The bundles of thick processes radically projected above the top in R. brevipoda porosa. In R. brevipoda porosa nuptial pads were observed under transmission electron microscopy, and the outermost monolayer cells of an elevation were usually keratinized, devoid of organelles and containing closely packed, fine filaments within a dense matrix. The accessory processes also contained dense fibrous matrices.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sensory exploitation as an evolutionary origin to nuptial food gifts in insects.

Nuptial food gifts given by males to females at mating are widespread in insects, but their evolutionary origin remains obscure. Such gifts may arise as a form of sensory trap that exploits the normal gustatory responses of females, favouring the selective retention of sperm of gift-giving males. I tested this hypothesis by offering foreign food gifts, synthesized by males of one cricket species, to females of three non-gift-giving species. Females provisioned with novel food gifts were 'fooled' into accepting more sperm than they otherwise would in the absence of a gift. These results support the hypothesis that nuptial food gifts and post-copulatory female mating preferences coevolve through a unique form of sensory exploitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table.

The "problem of the sexes" has been one of trying to reconcile inconsistent male and female demographic rates. The present paper deals with that question in the context of a two-sex nuptiality-mortality life table. A "rectangular" population, with equal numbers of persons in each age-sex group, is introduced as a standard, and a standardization relationship expressed in equation (9) relates changes in rectangular population rates to changes in age-sex composition. The standardization relationship is shown to satisfy a number of desirable properties and produce a realistic two-sex model. The standardization approach is then applied to data from Sweden for 1973, and the results and their implications are discussed. In particular, it is seen that the total number of marriages in a two-sex population neither is nor should be bounded by the total numbers of marriages in the associated male and female one-sex nuptiality-mortality tables.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Chemical defense: bestowal of a nuptial alkaloidal garment by a male moth on its mate.

Males of the moth Cosmosoma myrodora (Arctiidae) acquire pyrrolizidine alkaloid by feeding on the excrescent fluids of certain plants (for instance, Eupatorium capillifolium). They incorporate the alkaloid systemically and as a result are protected against spiders. The males have a pair of abdominal pouches, densely packed with fine cuticular filaments, which in alkaloid-fed males are alkaloid laden. The males discharge the filaments on the female in bursts during courtship, embellishing her with alkaloid as a result. The topical investiture protects the female against spiders. Alkaloid-free filaments, from alkaloid-deprived males, convey no such protection. The males also transmit alkaloid to the female by seminal infusion. The systemic alkaloid thus received, which itself may contribute to the female's defense against spiders, is bestowed in part by the female on the eggs. Although paternal contribution to egg defense had previously been demonstrated for several arctiid moths, protective nuptial festooning of a female by its mate, such as is practiced by C. myrodora, appears to be without parallel among insects.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Nuptiality pattern in Saudi Arabia.

The data of this work are based on the 'Saudi Maternal and Child Health Survey' conducted in 1991. This was a nationwide house to house field survey. The study included 6294 ever-married Saudi female in the childbearing age who represent the target population. They were randomly selected from both urban and rural settings of the five geographical areas of Saudi Arabia. The mean current age of the sample of ever-married women was 31 years and the mean age at first marriage was 17 and 16 years for urban and rural females, respectively. Education was associated with upward shift of the age at first marriage. About 20 per cent of the sampled ever-married Saudi females got married before their 15th birthday and 83 per cent before reaching 20 years of age. These percentages are even higher in rural than urban settings. The overall percentage of women who were currently married at the time of the survey was 96 per cent. The divorced and widowed women of childbearing age were 2 and 3 per cent, respectively, of the total. Husband's educational level had positive impact on the frequency of divorce. The latter was highest among women married to illiterate husbands with a dose response pattern. Comparison has been made with the situation 4 years ago. An increase in literacy rates among Saudi ever-married women and their husbands was observed, however, a significant (P < 0.05) difference still exists between female and male literacy rates (38 and 71 per cent, respectively). The events of early marriage, before the age of 15 years, became less frequent. There is an overall decline in teenage marriages which explains a large part of the recent changes observed in nuptiality and pattern of birth in Saudi Arabia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The spawning pheromone cysteine-glutathione disulfide ('nereithione') arouses a multicomponent nuptial behavior and electrophysiological activity in Nereis succinea males.

The pheromone nereithione (cysteine-glutathione disulfide), which is released by swimming females of the polychaete Nereis succinea to activate spawning behavior of N. succinea males, has recently been identified and synthesized. Nereithione activates sperm release at less than 10(-6) M, one to two orders of magnitude less than oxidized glutathione or any other glutathione derivative tested. The glutathione fragment gamma-glu-cys inhibited sperm release. Nereithione aroused three components of the male nuptial behavior: circling, sperm release, and accelerated swimming. Electrophysiological activity elicited by nereithione near the sperm release site consisted of initial large spikes, cyclic bursting activity, and small spikes lasting up to a minute and was dose dependent, rapid, reversible, and repeatable. This preparation is an excellent model system for characterizing the receptors and functions of a marine pheromone.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Nuptial gifts and the use of body resources for reproduction in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi.

Reproduction in butterflies, as in many holometabolous insects, is usually constrained by the amount of nutrients the animals can collect as juveniles. In polyandric species the females can also supplement their larval-derived reserves with protein-rich donations, so-called nuptial gifts, delivered by the males at mating. Recent findings also indicate that females have access to nitrogen from the histolysis of flight muscles in the thorax. This field study examined how butterflies of the polyandric gift-giving species Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) use body resources in their reproduction and how the male donations affect the females use of stored reserves. The results support earlier studies, indicating that females use resources from the breakdown of thorax muscles to increase their reproductive potential and the results also indicate that males also use thorax material in their reproduction. The study also supports recent findings that the male donation increases the breakdown of body resources and thereby boosts the reproductive output of the female.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Choreography of the squid's "nuptial dance".

A mass spawning of squid resembles, at first glance, a chaotic "nuptial dance" (1). But for the first time, we have applied 3-D, radio-linked acoustic positioning (RAP) to this confusing process, and our early results now reveal a choreography that is, in fact, well organized in time and space. Remote tracking with RAP of individual Loligo vulgaris reynaudii off South Africa has provided insights into the daily sequence of behaviours that lead these animals to aggregate for sexual selection. Each dawn, the squid navigate for several kilometers, towards the shore, to small, well-defined zones near egg beds on the substrate. After several hours of circling above the egg beds, a pelagic, 3-D lek-like aggregation of large males forms: females are drawn in, and the aggregation condenses as the females and males pair, mate, and lay eggs. Smaller "sneaker males" remain on the periphery of the mating arena and, from this station, attempt extra-pair copulations (EPCs). The mating system of squids is thus unexpectedly complex, rivaling those of mammals and birds (2, 3). Commercial squid-jigging fishermen in South Africa have recently been attracted to the spawning grounds, and they have been successful. Moreover, their activities may be selective for large males. Thus, attention should be devoted to ensuring that such targeted fishing does not alter the characteristics of squid population genetics. Remote tracking and video observations, in combination with genetic analyses, may offer a new opportunity to monitor mating effort and reproductive success, and thus to manage the fishery.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Factors associated with planned and unplanned nuptial births.

The incidence of unplanned pregnancy in a cohort of 1038 mothers of nuptial children was examined. The major findings were: (1) about one third of the pregnancies were unplanned but there was little evidence that unplanned children were unwanted; (2) there was no evidence to suggest that unplanned birth was related to poor education, low socio-economic status or lack of knowledge of contraception; (3) 40 percent of unplanned births were the result of contraceptive failure; (4) a common denominator in 38 percent of unplanned births was failure or breakdown in the woman's usage of the contraceptive pill.

Contraception↗
PubMed1993

Urban nuptiality patterns and marital fertility in Nigeria.

This study indicates that urban marital patterns in nine Nigerian cities influence fertility. Fertility is also influenced by age at marriage, region of residence, ethnicity and religion; education and employment lead to marriage delay and tend to conflict with childbearing by enhancing the status of women.

Adolescent↗