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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of glaucoma in northern Europe.

PURPOSE: To survey glaucoma epidemiology in Northern Europe. RESULTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Open-angle glaucoma is defined here as the simple and capsular types taken together. On this basis open-angle glaucoma makes up by far the largest group of glaucoma in Northern Europe. These are the target groups of this study, and pigmentary glaucoma is excluded because of the small numbers. CONCLUSION: Open-angle glaucoma is less frequent in Southern Sweden and Denmark than in Finland, Middle Sweden, Norway, and iceland. This may to some extent be explained by the suggested low prevalence of pseudoexfoliation in the southern areas, but other factors are presumed to be of importance as well.

Exfoliation Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Mitochondrial haplotype diversity among Portuguese brown trout Salmo trutta L. populations: relevance to the post-pleistocene recolonization of northern Europe.

Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in seven Portuguese populations of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., was investigated by sequencing the 5' end of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Five new haplotypes were described for this species, each two to three mutational steps distant from the common north Atlantic haplotype. Significant population subdivision of mtDNA haplotypes was also apparent. Based on these results, as well as on published data describing the distribution of both mtDNA haplotypes and allozyme alleles throughout Europe, the postglacial recolonization of northern Europe was re-evaluated. It is argued that the available data do not support the contribution of two major glacial refugia (southwest Atlantic and Ponto-Caspian Basin) to this postglacial recolonization, as proposed in a recently published model. The unique genetic architecture of Portuguese brown trout within the Atlantic-basin clade of this species represents a highly valuable genetic resource that should be protected from introgression with nonendemic strains of hatchery fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the eating and cooking habits of northern Europe and the Mediterranean countries in the past, present and future.

It was already possible to demonstrate in the 50s that the Mediterranean countries have significantly less coronary heart disease than northern Europe and the USA and that this correlated closely with the diets of people in the Mediterranean region. Consequently, the traditional Mediterranean corresponds to the ideas of dietetics about a preventive diet with its high percentage of fruit, vegetables, cereal products legumes, olive oil and its slight share of animal products. However, an increase of the share of animal products can be detected in the diet of the Mediterranean populations with increasing wealth to the detriment of basic foodstuffs on a vegetable basis and their positive effects. This is reducing the preventive effect of the diet. The dietary situation is also becoming worse in northern Europe, which was already found to be unfavorable in the 60s. The reasons for this development can be found in the substantial socioeconomic changes throughout all of Europe over the past 40 years. A return or reversal to the Mediterranean way of eating would be desirable due to its positive effects. But the strong trend to convenience products and eating out is in opposition to this.

Cooking↗
PubMed1996

Evidence for HIV type 1 strains of U.S. intravenous drug users as founders of AIDS epidemic among intravenous drug users in northern Europe.

To establish an epidemiological link between HIV-1 epidemics in U.S. and European homosexual men and intravenous drug users (IVDUs) we analyzed the HIV-1 gp120 V3 sequences in both risk groups. Signature pattern analysis revealed that the V3 sequences of viruses from IVDUs in Northern Europe are distinguishable from those of homosexual men on the basis of one amino acid and two synonymous nucleotide substitutions, which the most conserved was a synonymous nucleotide substitution in the second glycine codon at the tip of the gp120 V3 loop (GGC). This substitution was seen in 17 of 20 (85%) viruses of IVDUs in Northern Europe, in none of 41 homosexual men in either Europe or the United States, and in 5 of 11 (45%) U.S. IVDUs sequences analyzed. Subsequent phylogenetic and multivariate principal coordinate (PCOORD) analyses showed that 16 of 20 (80%) of the Northern European IVDU sequences clustered together with the 5 U.S. IVDU sequences carrying the GGC substitution and away from the sequences of homosexual men from either Europe or the United States. Taken together with the higher level of heterogeneity of U.S. IVDU sequences compared to the Dutch IVDU sequences taken at the same time, these data present suggestive evidence for a U.S. instead of a European origin of the AIDS epidemic among Northern European IVDUs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Isolation, biochemical and serological characterisation of Plesiomonas shigelloides from freshwater in Northern Europe.

Isolation and characterisation of Plesiomonas shigelloides from fresh water in Northern Europe is reported in this study. The organisms were isolated from two lakes and a river in Sweden. All isolates of P. shigelloides showed an identical biochemical profile and belonged to different serotypes, namely, O18, O23, O26, O58 and O60. The study indicates that P. shigelloides may occur in the aquatic environment of cold climates and as a result, it is likely to be associated with human infections caused by waterborne pathogens in geographical areas with similar climatic conditions.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2000

Differences in glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide hormone and hepatic lipase in subjects of southern and northern Europe: implications for postprandial lipemia.

BACKGROUND: This study was an extension of a previous study that showed different lipemic responses to standard test meals in subjects from southern and northern Europe. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine in 32 healthy young men from northern and southern Europe whether differences in the secretion of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) might explain these findings through the actions of these hormones on lipoprotein lipase. DESIGN: We investigated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study the effects of 2 test meals of identical macronutrient composition but different saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents on postprandial GIP, insulin, the ratio of incremental triacylglycerol to apolipoprotein B-48 (a marker of chylomicron size), and the activity of postheparin lipases. RESULTS: Fasting and postprandial GIP concentrations and postheparin hepatic lipase activities were significantly higher in the southern Europeans (P < 0.001 and P < 0.02, respectively). Lipoprotein lipase activity after the SFA-rich meal was significantly higher in the northern Europeans (P < 0.01). HL activity 9 h after the SFA-rich meal and the area under the curve (AUC) for the postprandial insulin response correlated with the AUC for the postprandial GIP response [r = 0.44 (P < 0.04) and r = 0.46 (P < 0.05), respectively]. There were no significant differences in chylomicron size between the 2 groups for either meal, but when the groups were combined there was a significant difference in chylomicron size between the SFA- and MUFA-rich meals (P < 0.05), which could be due to the formation of larger chylomicrons after the MUFA-rich meal. CONCLUSION: The significantly higher GIP and insulin responses and HL activities in southern Europeans may provide an explanation for our previous report of attenuated postprandial triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein B-48 responses in them.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Network analyses of Y-chromosomal types in Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia reveal specific patterns of geographic distribution.

In a study of 908 males from Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, the variation of four Y-linked dinucleotide microsatellites was analyzed within three "frames" that are defined by mutations that are nonrecurrent, or nearly so. The rapid generation and extinction of new dinucleotide length variants causes the haplotypes within each lineage to diverge from one another. We constructed networks of "adjacent" haplotypes within each frame, by assuming changes of a single dinucleotide unit. Two small and six large networks were obtained, the latter including 94.9% of the sampled Y chromosomes. We show that the phenetic relationships among haplotypes, represented as a network, result largely from common descent and subsequent molecular radiation. The grouping of haplotypes of the same network thus fits an evolutionarily relevant criterion. Notably, this method allows the total diversity within a sample to be partitioned. Networks can be considered optimal markers for population studies, because reliable frequency estimates can be obtained in small samples. We present synthetic maps describing the incidence of different Y-chromosomal lineages in the extant human populations of the surveyed areas. Dinucleotide diversity also was used to infer time intervals for the coalescence of each network.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1993

Current and future prospects for control of ostertagiasis in northern Europe--examples from Denmark.

This review primarily discusses the status and prospects for control of bovine ostertagiasis in northern Europe, with examples from Denmark. There are different ongoing developments in agricultural systems and practices, and methods and possibilities for practical control depend on the intensity and specialisation of these; the modern dairy farm remains at highest risk of parasitism, owing to increasing stocking densities and limited natural control elements at hand. Epidemiology and course of infections are significantly influenced by the gradual build-up of acquired immunity, which usually contributes to prevent loss-producing effects in second season and older animals. It may be of doubtful value to exaggerate worm control in first season animals, because this may reduce development of immunity with the risk of translocating parasite problems from the young to the older, economically more important age categories of animals. A number of reasons for adopting an overall consideration on worm control and performance throughout adolescence is emphasised. Control by management relies on a fairly detailed insight into local transmission factors of Ostertagia ostertagi and related trichostrongyles. No doubt future investigations will provide important additional knowledge in this area. Anthelmintics will continue to constitute a major control measure, but it is unlikely that there will be any acceleration in the rate of commercial release of new compounds. However, ongoing modifications and new formulations of existing anthelmintics will continue to be produced, and implementation at the farm level of the proper use of anthelmintics and other control measures will be one of the important tasks of the coming century. Until now, the development of anthelmintic resistance in cattle has been negligible, but it may possibly pose a potential risk over the coming decades. With regard to some new anthelmintics that have environmental concerns related to their faecal excretion, this should be carefully examined in the future. Control in the form of vaccination or biological control by microfungi or others would be attractive alternatives that should be given a high research priority. Yet, at present it is not easy to predict which of these may lead to feasible, practical control.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Haemogregarines of the genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) in rodents from northern Europe.

We studied the prevalence and distribution of Hepatozoon infections in small rodents from Finland and other areas in northern Europe. Hepatozoon infections were more common in voles (Arvicolinae) than mice (Murinae) and more prevalent in voles of the genus Clethrionomys than in voles of the genus Microtus. Transmission electron microscopical examination of Hepatozoon erhardovae Krampitz, 1964 from bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber) showed that intracellular lung meronts were located in alveolar septa. Meronts consisted of varying numbers of merozoites packed with amylopectin vacuoles inside electron-lucent parasitophorous vacuole. The size of the meronts was approximately 19 x 14 microm. Monozoic or dizoic cysts were frequent findings in the lung alveoles; the size of cysts was approximately 10 x 6 microm. Gametocytes were found inside eosinophilic granulocytes in the capillaries of lung tissue. Ultrastructurally, micronemes, microtubules, mitochondria, nuclei and lipid droplets were visible.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Distribution of TPM in Northern Europe.

Total particulate mercury (TPM) in air has been measured during five 2-week campaigns at five measurement sites in Northern Europe. The measurements covered four seasons and the result constitutes a unique TPM data set from this region. Evidence for transport of TPM on a regional scale is reported as well as the historical trend of TPM in south of Sweden. All TPM measurements were made using a new mini particulate sampler. The device consists of a quartz fibre filter contained in a quarts glass filter holder and is a modified version of the MiniSamplr. This approach proves to be reliable and more cost efficient in comparison to alternative methods. Tests made to evaluate the performance of the sampler in terms of precision and comparability with sampling on Teflon membrane filters are also reported.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Genetic diversity amongst landraces of rye (Secale cereale L.) from northern Europe.

Genetic variation and diversity were estimated for three improved varieties and 18 landraces of Secale cereale, originating from the northern Europe. This material was compared with eight improved varieties and 16 landraces from Sweden, which were analysed before. The analysis used starch gel electrophoresis with the enzymes ACO, GPI, MDH, PGD and PGM and resulted in one fixed locus and seven polymorphic loci. Most of the genetic diversity was found within the accessions and it was very small between accessions. The results show that the landraces from Germany and Norway have a low genetic variation compared to the other landraces in this study. This can possibly be explained with a small original sample size of some accessions. However, in the dendrogram these accessions are well separated. The landraces from Sweden and Finland showed a high genetic variation, which is almost the same for all these accessions. In the dendrogram all of the Finnish landraces and 11 of the Swedish ones were grouped together with a very small diversity index; they can almost be considered as part of the same accession. This is probably due to the fact that a high number of Finnish immigrants arrived in Sweden during the 17th century bringing their own rye material. The early Finnish rye landraces may have the same original source. The data also show that landraces as well as improved varieties have a high heterozygosity but they are separated in the dendrogram into different clusters. The currently used varieties show a large genetic distance variation, different from that in the landraces.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2001

Postglacial colonization of Northern Europe by distinct phylogeographic lineages of the bullhead, Cottus gobio.

Three major phylogeographic lineages of the cottid fish Cottus gobio (bullhead) were identified in northern Europe from mitochondrial DNA sequences and allozyme data. The largely separate freshwater distributions of the lineages demonstrate distinct postglacial colonization histories. West of the Baltic Sea, Swedish lakes were invaded from the southwest (Germany). Another, eastern lineage has colonized the inland waters northeast and east of the Baltic, from refugia in northwest Russia; this lineage comprises a distinct subgroup found only from Estonia. The third lineage, found south and southeast of the Baltic, probably descended from rivers draining to the Black Sea from the north (e.g. Dnepr). In coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, and in near-coast inland waters, the lineages are now found intermixed in various combinations. The alternating fresh- and saltwater phases of the Baltic basin have variously enabled and disabled the use of coastal waters as colonization routes. Hypotheses on the chronology of dispersal and lineage mixing can be based on the distribution of the marker genes and the paleohydrographical record. The diversity of the Fennoscandian bullhead thus comprises anciently diverged (probably mid-Pleistocene) refugial lineages that in their freshwater range constitute distinct evolutionarily significant units. The thorough mixing of the various genomic origins in and around the Baltic, however, refutes the controversial view of distinct species status for the western and eastern ('Cottus koshewnikowi') bullheads. The postglacial contact of the lineages has created new diversity that cannot be interpreted in a conventional hierarchical framework of taxonomic or conservation units.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Recent influenza A (H1N1) infections of pigs and turkeys in northern Europe.

The most recent introduction of an avian influenza A virus without reassortment into mammals occurred in 1979 when H1N1 strains could be isolated from diseased pigs in northern Europe. This newly introduced avian virus formed a stable lineage in pigs and, in the meantime, spread all over Europe. In 1991 highly pathogenic H1N1 strains closely related to a contemporary swine virus were isolated from turkeys of a breeding farm near Bremen, Germany. Outbreaks in several farms in Germany, France, and the Netherlands indicate that the "avian-like" swine viruses can easily be reintroduced into an avian population causing severe economical losses.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Some epidemiological approaches to the control of aphid-borne virus diseases in seed potato crops in northern Europe.

An account is given of progress during the last 30 years in knowledge of the epidemiology of diseases caused by aphid-borne viruses in seed potato production areas of northern Europe. During this period, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and strains of Potato virus Y (PVY(O), PVY(N)) were consistently the most prevalent and harmful. The main factors influencing spread involve the amount of initial virus inoculum in seed crops, agricultural practices in relation to seed potato production, the status of aphids as colonising or transient vectors in the crop, variation in their life cycles and behaviour, effects of environmental factors on aphid population dynamics, and the interaction between aphid phenology and mature plant resistance. Lessons have been drawn from comparisons of the causes of outbreaks of PLRV and PVY, and various comprehensive models have been designed to predict virus spread and optimise control. The accuracy and reliability of virus detection, and chemical control of aphids have been considerably improved, but use of the latter has been severely affected by the development in Myzus persicae of resistance to most types of insecticide. It is suggested that more attention should be given to breeding virus-resistant cultivars that would lead to decreased pesticide use and thus promote more integrated environment-friendly strategies for control.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

129I from the nuclear reprocessing facilities traced in precipitation and runoff in northern Europe.

A huge amount of radioactive 129I has been released into the environment from the nuclear energy industry, atomic weapon tests, and nuclear accidents. In this study, we present weekly and seasonal data on 129I measured in precipitation and runoff of northern Europe during 1998 and 1999. The 129I concentration is at 10(8)-10(9) atoms/L in precipitation and (2-5) x 10(8) atoms/L in runoff water, and it is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than in the prenuclear era. Snow shows lower 129I concentration than rain, and there is apparently a positive correlation between surface air temperature and 129I. Precipitation chemistry, expressed as the content of Cl, SO4, and NO3 and atmospheric ozone, exhibits weak negative correlation with 129I values. Our 129I data on precipitation suggest significant influence of the northern European atmosphere by the discharges from the nuclear reprocessing facilities at Sellafield and La Hague.

Europe↗
PubMed2001

Extent and patterns of RAPD variation in landraces and cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L.) from northern Europe.

Little is known about the extent and patterns of distribution of RAPD diversity in outcrossing species. This study is the first step in using RAPD markers to quantify the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and between accessions of 9 landraces and 3 cultivars of cultivated rye from Northern Europe. A high level of RAPD variation was detected, demonstrating the utility of RAPDs for genetic characterisation in rye. The results show that: (1) landraces and improved cultivars maintain roughly the same high levels of RAPD variation, (2) landraces from Norway, Germany and Finland showed the lowest level of variation, probably because of a small amount of seeds from the original samples, (3) most of the RAPD variation was found within rather than between the accessions, which is consistent with the pattern expected for a cross pollinated crop. Both the cluster and the principal coordinates analyses displayed the same pattern of genetic relationship among the accessions studied.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Molecular polymorphism of the lyme disease agent Borrelia garinii in northern Europe is influenced by a novel enzootic Borrelia focus in the North Atlantic.

Lyme disease Borrelia species are distributed in temperate areas of North America and Eurasia. To elucidate the distribution of borreliae in subarctic regions, strains isolated from Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes uriae ticks found on islands in the northern Atlantic and Baltic Sea were molecularly characterized. All isolates were verified as Borrelia garinii by 16S rRNA gene analysis and immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies specific for the outer surface proteins A and C. Three ribotypes (RTs) of B. garinii were delineated. I. ricinus complex-associated RT1 was phenotypically most heterogeneous. Two newly identified ribotypes were shared by different tick species and conformed to two established OspA serotypes. RT2 was restricted to the islands in the northern Baltic Sea, whereas RT3 was recovered also from ticks found in the North Atlantic. In conclusion, molecular polymorphism of the studied borrelia isolates suggests a complex enzootic potential of B. garinii in northern Europe and implies a novel, seabird tick I. uriae-associated enzootic focus of Lyme disease borreliae in the North Atlantic.

Animals↗