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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

Recent nonmetropolitan population change in fifty-year perspective.

Post-1970 nonmetropolitan population shifts are examined by dividing nonmetropolitan counties into ten cohorts based on the duration and direction of consistent population change since 1920. Analysis indicates that the post-1970 gains reported by Beale are pervasive in nonmetropolitan America, occurring even in a majority of the counties that lost population consistently from 1920 to 1970. Growth was greatest in countries adjacent to metropolitan areas but was more than urban spillover effect. In a clear break with traditional patterns, net inmigration contributed significantly to overall population gain and was particularly strong among countries without an urban center. The rate of natural increase continued to slow in the post-1970 period, with natural decrease becoming common among countries with protracted histories of population decline.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

The transition to nonmetropolitan population deconcentration.

A major aim of this study is to address our lack of understanding of rural-urban population change within nonmetropolitan counties of the United States. Specifically, we (a) examine trends between 1950 and 1975 in differential rural and urban growth rates within nonmetropolitan countries, and (b) examine the relationship between county location/function and within-county deconcentration. We show that the post-1970 period has not simply marked the net shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas, but has also ushered in a pattern of population deconcentration within most nonmetropolitan areas. It is also clear that traditional ecological base variables have been of diminishing utility in explaining deconcentration during the 1970s, suggesting that deconcentration is now evident in nonmetropolitan counties characterized by a broad spectrum of economic and sociodemographic traits.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Racial/ethnic diversification in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan population change in the United States: implications for health care provision in rural America.

The diversification of the rural population of the United States provides substantial challenges to the current and to future health care systems in rural areas. Because of a variety of historical, discriminatory, and other factors, minority populations have had lower levels of access to health care in rural as well as urban areas and higher rates of both mortality and morbidity than nonminority populations. Although minority health issues have often been seen as primarily urban issues, this article demonstrates that minority population growth has become a major component of total population growth in rural areas in the past several decades (accounting for nearly 62% of the net growth in the nonmetropolitan population of the United States in the 1980s and for nearly 42% in the 1990s), that future US population growth is likely to be largely a product of minority population growth (nearly 89% of US net population growth from 2000 to 2100 is projected to be due to minority population growth), and that the incidence of diseases and disorders in the US population will come to increasingly involve minority populations (by 2050 roughly 43% of all disease/disorder incidences would involve minority population members). The growth of younger minority populations with disproportionately impoverished socioeconomic characteristics will pose challenges for rural areas and health care systems, which also are likely to face health issues created by disproportionately older populations.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1985

The nonmetropolitan population turnaround.

From 1970-1980, US nonmetropolitan areas grew more rapidly than previously, achieving overall a faster growth rate than metropolitan areas, with more migrants going from metropolitan to nonmetropolian areas than in the opposite direction. This paper reviews the literature that has emerged in seeking to understand this new trend, which was contrary to expectations and became known as the nonmetropolitan turnaround. Work includes macroanalyses of changes in nonmetropolitan settlement structure, changes in the distribution of employment, migration streams and differentials, as well as research on residential preferences and migration decison making. This is a new trend in terms of population distribution processes, although evidence that it reflects a greater importance of noneconomic factors in migration is mixed. Nonmetropolitan growth slowed in the latter part of the 1970s and overall the turnaround reversed in the early 1980s, but a return to a generally concentrated settlement pattern appears unlikely. The amount of research accomplished over a short span of time as a consequence of the turnaround is noteworthy, and the findings have contributed to increased understanding of US population change.

Americas↗
PubMed1993

The changing concentration of the older nonmetropolitan population, 1960-90.

Changes in the absolute and relative size of the elderly population since 1960 are decomposed into the underlying demographic components for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas and for subregions of the United States. Specifically, we examine the components of net migration and natural increase for those aged 0-64 and those 65 or older. Generally, the natural increase component for those 65 and over has increased since 1960, whereas that for those under 65 has declined. Metropolitan areas have consistently lost, and nonmetropolitan areas gained elderly migrants. Trends in elderly population change are far from uniform across nonmetropolitan America. In general, the "aging" of the nonmetropolitan population was predominantly due to elderly migration during the 1970-80 decade, and to the loss of young people both before and afterward. Recent trends give little support for the view that the 1970s was the beginning of a new phase of deconcentrated settlement, even for elderly persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The geographic component of U.S. nonmetropolitan population change.

"The decade of the 1970s witnessed two new trends of major significance in U.S. population distribution, the concentration of 85 to 90 percent of the nation's population growth in the South and West, and the revival of growth in many nonmetropolitan parts of the country....However, the nonmetropolitan resurgence has relaxed somewhat in the 1980s. From 1980 to mid-1986, nonmetropolitan territory...had only a 4 percent growth in population compared with 6.4 percent for the nation as a whole and 7.2 percent for metropolitan territory. During the 1970s the same geographic areas had increases of 14.4, 11.4, and 10.5 percent respectively."

Americas↗
PubMed1998

Perceptions of well-being among the older metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations in the United States.

The relationships were examined between selected sociodemographic variables and perceptions of well-being among residents 60 years and older of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the United States. Multiple regression models were used in analyzing data from the 1982-1991 NORC General Social Survey. Such sociodemographic variables as gender, race, marital status, education, financial status, place of residence, religious membership, and religious attendance were independent variables. A composite score of perceptions of well-being was the dependent variable. Race, marital status, education, financial status, religious attendance, and place of residence were important to well-being; gender and religious membership were not significant. The effects of nonmetropolitan living also significantly enhanced perceptions of well-being. Other facets of mental health in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas were also examined.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan population trends in Canada, 1966-1982.

"The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recent dynamics of spatial population distribution in Canada. More specifically, we examine the effect of interregional migration flows on growth and decline in Canadian regions. Our analysis is based on an annual series of aggregate migration at the metropolitan level, which supplements the information available in existing census-year studies and further clarifies the impact of international migrants on recent spatial population trends in Canada." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the genital mycoplasmas in a nonmetropolitan population.

Results of cultures from patients with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) during a 4-year period were retrospectively analyzed. NSU cultures included chlamydiae and mycoplasmas. Seventy-five of 2,408 cultures run by the Missoula Community Hospital microbiology laboratory were positive for chlamydiae (3%). Seventy-five of 1,944 mycoplasma cultures were positive for Mycoplasma hominis (4%), 532 of 1,944 for Ureaplasma urealyticum (27%), and 305 of 1,944, for both (15%), for a total of 46% culture positive for any genital mycoplasma. Results of a prospective study of 40 NSU patients' cultures were tabulated separately. From these 40 patients, no chlamydiae were isolated, but the cultures were 15% positive for M. hominis, 42% positive for U. urealyticum, and 10% positive for both. These studies suggest that the prevalence of chlamydiae may vary with patient population and geographic area. In our population, the mycoplasmas appear to be over 15 times as common (3% vs. 46%).

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1997

The "clean break" revisited: is U.S. population again deconcentrating?

"The Hoover index, calculated across counties and larger spatial units, is again declining--signalling a renewal of population deconcentration in the United States. After increasing for several decades, the index declined in the 1970s when nonmetropolitan population growth surged past metropolitan-area growth, but the index rose in the 1980s as metropolitan population growth recovered and surpassed nonmetropolitan growth. We update these trends, introducing careful controls for changes in metropolitan-area boundaries, and we incorporate a ¿functional urban region' approach. Although the nonmetropolitan population growth rate is still below the metropolitan rate, we conclude that in the 1990s some features of the ¿turnaround' of the 1970s have returned."

Americas↗
PubMed1985

Biopsychosocial imperatives from the rural perspective.

Rural health issues are examined within a biopsychosocial framework by addressing three questions: what is meant by 'rural'? What are rural health needs? What factors must be considered in understanding and addressing these needs? Probably the single most important characteristic distinguishing rural from urban areas is low population density. This factor is particularly important in terms of its impact on (1) communication and transportation patterns, (2) one's 'sense of community' and (3) the availability of specialized services and complex organizations and institutions. For statistical purposes two different definitional dichotomies exist: rural-urban and metropolitan-nonmetropolitan. Although the rural and nonmetropolitan populations are not conterminous, approximately the same percentage of the nation's population is included in each of the two categories. A serious misconception is that of equating agriculture with rurality. While most farmers live and work in rural areas only a small fraction of rural Americans are engaged in agriculture. In terms of health needs, infant mortality tends to be higher in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas; and limitation of activity due to chronic conditions is more likely to occur among the nonmetropolitan than the metropolitan population. Similarly, the percent of people who perceive their health as either 'fair' or 'poor' is higher for the nonmetropolitan population. On the other hand, the incidence of acute conditions and disability days per person per year are lower for the nonmetropolitan population than for the metropolitan population. Limited data on mental health suggest that the halcyon picture of country life may be grossly distorted. Understanding and addressing rural health needs involves a close look at the social, economic and medical systems operating in rural America.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

Population trends of nonmetropolitan cities and villages in subregions of the United States.

This is a comparison of the 1950-1970 trends in population size of U.S. nonmetropolitan cities and villages among 26 homogeneous subregions. There are wide variations in the proportion of the nonmetropolitan population in incorporated places, and, though this proportion generally increased over the 1950-1970 period, decentralizing tendencies also are evident. There was most often a decline in the differential between the growth rate of incorporated places and of open country over the two decades. The positive association between initial size of place and growth, present in half of the subregions in the 1950s and indicative of population centralization, was found only in the Corn Belt, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain subregions in the 1960s. There were regionally distinctive differences in all variables considered; most notably, the percent of places growing ranged 50 percentage points over the 26 subregions. The extent of subregional variation revealed by this analysis indicates how differences in physiography, climate, history, and economy continue to be reflected in settlement trends which are obscured when larger regional groupings are used.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Availability and accessibility of rural health care.

The 1980s saw a retrenchment of the ideology that government intervention could solve the problems of inadequate access to health services in rural areas. Increased emphasis was placed on an ideology that promoted deregulation and competitive market solutions. During the 1980s, the gap in the availability of physicians in metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan areas widened. Also during that time period, the gap between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations' utilization of physician services widened. In addition, many indicators of the health status of nonmetropolitan residents versus metropolitan residents worsened during the 1980s. As we enter the 1990s, concern about equitable access to needed health care services and for the vulnerability and fragility of rural health systems has resurfaced. A number of national policies and a research agenda to improve accessibility and availability of health services in rural areas are being considered.

Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Residential differences in the use of pharmacies by older adults and their communication experiences with pharmacists.

This investigation compares adults (65 and older) living in two different types of communities on the characteristics of the pharmacies they use and their patterns of communicating with pharmacists. Telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample (N=400) of respondents, half residing in six nonmetropolitan counties (containing no towns of more than 4,000) and the other half in a single city (population approximately 130,000) located within a metropolitan county. Elders living in the sparsely populated nonmetropolitan areas were more apt to purchase their medications from an independent neighborhood pharmacy than their counterparts who lived in the large city. These pharmacies, however, were more likely to be located in another town. Differences between residential groups were also observed in the communication patterns that older patients had with their pharmacists. Elders residing in sparsely populated areas reported more frequent conversation with their pharmacists about general topics, although not about medicines or other health-related topics. The elders living in small and remote places also reported that they talked with their pharmacists longer, that communication about medications were more often initiated by the pharmacist, and that they were more likely to talk about their medications directly with their pharmacist rather than a non-pharmacist employee. The overall greater frequency of contact and communication between nonmetropolitan elders and their pharmacists would seem to be precursors to establishing a positive provider-client relationship and may increase the probability of more personal, medication-related discussions. Further research is needed, however, to determine if these potentials are transformed into realities and if they lead to more positive medical outcomes for older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Monitoring the metropolitanization process.

Alternative approaches have led to different interpretations of the metropolitanization process in the United States. We identify and illustrate several methods and procedures for monitoring metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population change using the 1950-1980 U.S. decennial censuses. Two basic approaches are compared: constant area approaches and component methods. In addition, we assess the effects of changing metropolitan definitions on metropolitan-nonmetropolitan growth. The results clearly reveal that the underlying mechanics of metropolitanization not only are complex but have changed substantially during the 1950-1980 period. We conclude with observations regarding the use of these procedures in future research.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Residential differences in the incidence of nursing home admissions across a six-year period.

Data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging are used to examine the incidence of nursing home admissions over a six-year period (1984-1990) among older adults (70+ at T1) living in four different residential contexts. Bivariate analysis identified significant differences between residence groups. Elders from less urbanized and thinly populated nonmetropolitan counties had the highest likelihood of admissions, while older residents of large metropolitan areas had the lowest. In multivariate models, differences by residence could not be accounted for by sociodemographic, health, and social support network characteristics that are known to influence admissions. Further research is needed to identify the specific community context factors that account for variation by place of residence in admissions experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Predicting nursing home admissions among incontinent older adults: a comparison of residential differences across six years.

Whether or not rates of nursing home admissions among elders with urinary incontinence varied by their place of residence was investigated. We also examined whether any observed residential differences could be accounted for by factors other than incontinence that are known to influence rates of institutionalization. Data from the Longitudinal Study on Aging (1984-1990) were used to examine a sample who at baseline lived in community settings and reported problems with urinary incontinence (n = 719). Analyses indicate that residents of less urbanized and thinly populated nonmetropolitan counties were more likely to have a nursing home admission than elders in any other residential context. More importantly, these residential differences persisted in multivariate logistic regression models after controls were introduced for sociodemographic characteristics, measures of health status, and indicators of the social support networks of the elders.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Accounting for two population turnarounds in nonmetropolitan America.

"The turnaround [in U.S. rural-to-urban migration] of the 1970s, the metropolitan resurgence of the 1980s, and the rural rebound of the 1990s [have been] described as three unanticipated changes in migration.... [This chapter] compares the magnitude of the three changes in net migration and contrasts the two nonmetropolitan turnarounds.... The results support a view of the 1970s turnaround as the outcome of long-term deconcentrating trends that were interrupted from the late 1970s to the late 1980s by circumstances that favored metropolitan areas. The return of nonmetropolitan territory to net in-migration in the 1990s appears to be due in part to favorable economic conditions that allow more people to act on preferences for smaller places."

Americas↗