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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Isolation and characterization of Actinopolyspora halophila, gen. et sp. nov., an extremely halophilic actinomycete.

An actinomycete, isolated as a contaminant of a culture medium containing 25% NaCl, has been classified as Actinopolyspora halophila gen. et sp. nov. in the family Nocardiaceae. The morphology and biochemical characteristics of this organism distinguish it from other members of the family Nocardiaceae and other genera possessing a type IV cell wall. It requires high NaCl concentrations for growth and can grow in saturated NaCl. The lowest concentration permitting growth in liquid medium is 12%, and on solid medium, 10%. Colonies developing at lower salt concentrations contain holes resembling viral plaques. No growth occurred in a medium containing 30% KCl instead of NaCl. This organism can grow in simple media with NH4+ salts as nitrogen source and different sugars and other compounds as carbon source. Though it has a salt requirement almost as great as the extremely halophilic rods and cocci, it differs from these in containing diaminopimelic acid and in sensitivity to lysozyme; both properties suggest that it has a mucopeptide cell wall. It also contains some phospholipids common to other actinomycetes, but does not contain any phytanyl ether linked lipids characteristic of other extremely halophilic bacteria.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1995

Phylogenetic analysis of mycolic acid-containing wall-chemotype IV actinomycetes and allied taxa by partial sequencing of ribosomal protein AT-L30.

The phylogenetic relationships among 30 mycolic acid-containing wall chemotype IV actinomycete strains and 12 strains belonging to allied taxa were examined by determining the amino acid sequences of the ribosomal AT-L30 proteins of these organisms. Sequencing 20 N-terminal amino acids of AT-L30 preparations revealed that the members of the genera containing mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes form two clusters; the first cluster contains the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Tsukamurella, and the second cluster contains the genera Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. The genus Nocardia was placed in a clade containing the genus Rhodococcus. The data showed that Tsukamurella paurometabolum is closely related phylogenetically to the genus Gordona. The phylogenetic clusters identified were entirely consistent with the proposal of Goodfellow that the family Nocardiaceae should encompass the mycolate-containing, cell wall type IV actinomycete genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Tsukamurella. The genera Actinomyces and Micrococcus exhibited AT-L30 amino acid sequence characteristics intermediate between those of actinomycetes and those of typical eubacteria. The genera Nocardia, Gordona, Mycobacterium, Actinoplanes, and Micromonospora were each a taxon that consisted of phylogenetically coherent species. In contrast, the genera Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium are taxa that consist of phylogenetically distantly related species. In general, my results are consistent with previous 16S rRNA sequencing results, but significant differences were also found. My data, together with previous AT-L30 sequencing data, show that phylogenetic relationships among taxa can be determined by using markers other than the ribosomal gene sequences.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1997

A proposal to reclassify Nocardia pinensis Blackall et al. as Skermania piniformis gen. nov., comb. nov.

The type strain of Nocardia pinensis was the subject of chemotaxonomic and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing studies. The resultant nucleotide sequence was aligned with the sequences of representatives of the genera Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Gordona, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Tsukamurella, and phylogenetic trees were generated by using the Fitch-Margoliash, maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and neighbor-joining methods. It was evident from the phylogenetic analyses that N. pinensis represents a distinct phyletic line that is most closely associated with the Gordona clade. This genealogical evidence, together with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data derived from this and previous studies, indicates that N. pinensis merits generic status within the family Nocardiaceae. Therefore, we propose that N. pinensis Blackall et al. 1989 be reclassified as Skermania piniformis gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of Skermania piniformis cleaved an array of conjugated substrates based on the fluorophores 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin and 4-methylumbelliferone.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Nocardia jejuensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a natural cave on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.

A novel actinomycete, strain N3-2T, was isolated from a natural cave on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, using a dilution method and was subjected to polyphasic taxonomy. The almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence was determined by direct sequencing of the purified PCR product and was compared with those of representatives of the genus Nocardia. It was revealed from the phylogenetic analysis that the organism forms a distinct clade between the Nocardia salmonicida cluster and the Nocardia alba branch within the evolutionary radius occupied by the genus Nocardia of the family Nocardiaceae. The organism showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.4% with its nearest phylogenetic neighbours, namely N. salmonicida and N. alba. The chemotaxonomic properties, such as the principal amino acid of peptidoglycan, predominant menaquinone and polar lipids, supported the classification in the genus Nocardia. The organism was readily differentiated from Nocardia species with validly published names by a broad set of phenotypic properties and its unique phylogenetic position; the name Nocardia jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed, with N3-2T (= JCM 13281T = NRRL B-24430T) as the type strain.

DNA, Ribosomal↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of amikacin combinations for nocardiosis.

We isolated five bacterial strains from patients diagnosed as having nocardiosis. Bacterial species were identified based on the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNAs. Three of the five strains were identified as Nocardia asteroids, but unexpectedly other two were Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Rothia dentocariosa. The latter two species are not members of the family Nocardiaceae. We investigated the susceptibilities of these five strains to the following nine antimicrobial agents: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), minocycline (MINO), erythromycin (EM), amikacin (AMK), cefotaxime (CTX), faropenem (FRPM), imipenem (IPM), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), and sparfloxacin (SPFX). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges (mg/ml) were as follows: TMP-SMX, 4- > 32; MINO, 0.125-8; EM, < or = 0.016- > 32; AMK, 1-2; CTX, 0.063- > 32; FRPM, 0.063-16; IPM, 0.125-2; CPFX, 4-32; and SPFX, 0.5-16. Moreover, the synergistic effects of AMK in combination with each of TMP-SMX, MINO, EM, CTX, IPM, and SPFX were investigated by checkerboard synergy testing. No antagonism was recognized for the three N. asteroides strains. Synergistic and additive effects were observed for the combinations of AMK with CTX, IPM, or SPFX.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Study on biodiversity of type I & II polyketide synthesis genes positive microorganisms].

Some soil samples were collected from different places in Yunnan Provinces, China. 876 bacteria or actinomycete strains were isolated using Glucose-Peptone-Yeast extract agar, Starch-Casein agar and Glycerol-Asparagine agar with these soil samples, of which about 100 strains belong to genus Streptomyces and the others belong to rare actinomycetes or bacteria. With polyketide synthesis gene screening, 75 strains were picked up as type I & II polyketide synthesis gene positive strains. Then 10 strains were chosen for 16S rDNA amplification and systematic analysis based on comparing results with their anti-bacteria activity, morphology, and physiological characteristics analysis. They were classified to be at least 7 families and 8 genera, such as genus Streptomyces of the family Streptomycetaceae, two genera Streptosporangium and Nonomuraea of the family Streptosporangiaceae, genus Mycobacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, genus Nocardia of the family Nocardiaceae, genus Achromobacter of the family, another two strains belong to the suborder Micrococcineae and the family Oxalobacteraceae', respectively. Eight of them were classified into six potential novel species and two new genera with polyphasic taxonomic methods. The results showed that designing new strategies for isolation and identification of microorganisms from natural environments was the key step to exploit microbial resources.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed1983

[Inhibition of the growth of bacterial populations by suspensions obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocinogenic strains].

Suspensions obtained from five Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocinogenic strains showed inhibitory and variable activity against bacterial strains belonging to the Nocardiaceae, Micrococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae families. Under special conditions, the same pyocinogenic P. aeruginosa strain can be affected by it own suspensions. These pyocinlike particles could be considered as a regulatory factor acting on the rate and size of the population growth.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1997

[Tsukamurella infections. Review of the literature apropos of a case].

The genus Tsukamurella belongs to the family Nocardiaceae, and is an environmental saprophyte. The type species is Tsukamurella paurometabola. Its microbiological identification and differentiation from the other species containing mycolic acids can be difficult. There has been a few cases of human infections reported, usually in patients with special conditions, such as chronic lung pathology, immuno-suppression (leukemia, solid tumors, maybe HIV-infection) or the long-term use of indwelling catheters. The treatment of choice, despite the lack of adequate guidelines, is an antibiotherapy combining a beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside; catheter removal appears to be essential for cure.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of JP-7 jet fuel degradation by the bacterium Nocardioides luteus strain BAFB.

In the fall of 1996, numerous bacteria capable of degrading JP-7 jet fuel were isolated from soil collected at Beale Air Force Base in northern California. The most prevalent organism, identified as Nocardioides luteus by16s rRNA sequencing (MIDI Labs, Inc.), was selected for further analysis. Analysis of JP-7 following inoculation with N. luteus demonstrated degradation of the C(11) alkane component of the fuel. Growth rates of N. luteus were determined with alkanes of various lengths as the sole carbon and energy source. The organism grew best on shorter length alkanes (C(8) and C(10)). Growth was measurably slower on C(11), and minimal on C(12), C(13), and C(14).

Alkanes↗
PubMed1978

Fermentation, isolation, and biological activity of maduramycin: a new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra.

In a continuing search for new antibiotics, the species Actinomadura rubra (Sveshnikova et al.) J. Meyer et M. Sveshnikova 1974 (strain IMET 13001) was found to produce a red pigment with indicator properties, designated maduramycin. The pigment (C28H22O10; m.w. 518 m/e-; m.p. 305--310 degrees C (dec.); UVmax 225.307 nm) possesses a strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including strains which produce inactivating enzymes for some commercial antibiotics. Maduramycin forms a complex with serum albumin, but no complex formation with DNA was observed using absorption spectroscopic and polarographic methods. Maduramycin additionally inhibits the action of some enzymes. The LC50 of maduramycin in mice was greater than 250 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. Fermentation, isolation, and some of the chemical and biological properties of this new antibiotic are described.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Analysis of morphogenesis of the nocardioform organism Oerskovia xanthineolytica.

Depending on the nutritional and physicochemical conditions of growth the shape of Oerskovia xanthineolytica varied within a broad range. In different exponentially growing cultures five morphological types could be distinguished. In liquid cultures with increasing growth rate Oerskovia grew either as rods, filaments or branched filaments, whereas for the agar-microcultures pseudomycelia, but under reduced aeration mycelia were typical. The morphogenetic parameters of each type were determined, such as frequencies of septation and cell separation and - since wall extension was found to occur by the synthesizing activity of elongation sites (e-sites), their frequency, position and elongation rate as well. The cell length varied between 1 and about 20 micron, roughly correlated to the specific growth rate, but was also influenced by the composition and the consistence of the medium. The longest cells were found within the faster growing cultures, forming branched filaments, mycelia or pseudomycelia. During transition to the stationary growth phase these forms fragmented into rods by increase of the frequency of septation and cell separation. Increased cell length was accompanied by a reduced frequency of e-site formation which was compensated by an enhancement of their synthesizing activity. The rate of envelope synthesis varied with the morphological type from 0.12 to 9.60 micron/h. In agar-microcultures these values were much higher than in liquid media. In liquid cultures the e-sites preferentially were situated at one (rod) or the 2 cell poles (filaments), but during faster growth additional e-sites were formed within the cylindrical part of the envelope, thus leading to branching. In pseudomycelia the e-sites were formed laterally at the poles. In mycelia the poles did not receive e-site-activity, which instead occurred remote from the cell poles, also causing branching. This means that branching is either the result of the formation of more than two (up to 7) e-sites per cell (fast growing liquid cultures) or of a specific lack of transforming the poles into e-sites, (weakly aerated agar-cultures). The separation of sister cells was correlated to the transformation of poles into e-sites.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of bacteriophage O2 with strains of the genus Oerskovia.

Bacteriophage O2 multiplies normally on Oerskovia turbata IMET 47 153. It has a burst size of about 100 p.f.u. per infected cell and a latent period of 100 min at 30 degrees C. On Oerskovia xanthineolytica IMET 47 383 clear spots were formed after addition of high phage concentrations onto agar top layers. By phase contrast observation, and measurement of the optical density of infected cultures, it was found that the clearing effect on strain IMET 47 383 was due to lysis-from-without. Phage O2 adsorbs and injects its DNA into cells of strain IMET 47 383 but phage multiplication does not occur, and the phage DNA becomes degraded. Inhibition of phage DNA injection by the combined action of xanthotoxin -- u.v. irradiation abolished the clearing activity of phage lysates. Therefore, both adsorption and DNA injection seem to be prerequisites for the release of a lytic activity out of the phage particle, which is responsible for the clearing effect on strain IMET 47 383.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1992

Determination of the acyl moieties of the antibiotic complex A40926 and their relation with the membrane lipids of the producer strain.

Structures of the fatty acid residues characterizing the various components of A40926 were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry on the methyl esters obtained by methanolysis of the complex. The results confirm the residues previously assigned to Factor A (n-undecanoic acid) and B (10-methyl-undecanoic acid) and establish the residues of Factor A1 (9-methyl-decanoic acid), B1 (n-dodecanoic acid), RS1 (8-methyl-nonanoic acid), RS2 (n-decanoic acid), and RS3 (n-tridecanoic acid). As the Actinomadura species contain in their mycelia large quantities of C15-C17 fatty acid residues as membrane phospholipids, these mycelia were saponified and the fatty acids obtained were analyzed as above. There is a close correlation between the fatty acid content of A40926 complex and that of the longer homologues in the producer mycelia.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Survey of human pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi in soil from Rome and other Italian areas.

As part of a study sponsored by the Ministry of Health of Italy, a research program on pathogenic actinomycetes, keratinophilic and pathogenic fungi in soil was carried out. Two hundred soil samples, collected from different areas of the city of Rome, Calabria, Emilia Romagna, Latium, Apulia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany and Umbria, were examined by several techniques to detect the widest possible variety of pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi. Seven isolates of Nocardia asteroides, four of Actinomadura madurae and one of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei were isolated for the first time from soil in Italy. In addition, numerous isolates of Petriellidium boydii, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and keratinophilic fungi of the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Chrysosporium were also recovered.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1990

CP-82,996, a novel diglycoside polyether antibiotic related to monensin and produced by Actinomadura sp.

A new polyether antibiotic CP-82,996 (C50H86O16) was isolated by solvent extraction from the fermentation broth of Actinomadura sp. (ATCC 53764). Following purification by silica gel column chromatography and crystallization, the structure of CP-82,996 was determined by a single crystal X-ray analysis. The structure is closely related to monensin, but is unique in that it contains two sugar groups, whereas monensin has none. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts and assignments for CP-82,996 were elucidated, and they were compared with those determined previously for monensin. CP-82,996 is active against certain Gram-positive bacteria, and is a very potent anticoccidial agent. It effectively controlled chicken coccidiosis caused by several Eimeria species at 5-10 ppm in feed, and is 10-20 times more potent than monensin.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Anthracyclines.

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Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2004

Physiological and molecular genetic analyses of vinyl chloride and ethene biodegradation in Nocardioides sp. strain JS614.

Nocardioides sp. strain JS614 utilizes vinyl chloride and ethene as carbon and energy sources. JS614 could be influential in natural attenuation and biogeochemical ethene cycling, and useful for bioremediation, biocatalysis and metabolic engineering, but a fundamental understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of vinyl chloride and ethene assimilation in strain JS614 is required. Alkene monooxygenase (AkMO) activity was demonstrated in whole-cell assays and epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase (EaCoMT) activity was detected in JS614 cell-free extracts. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a 290-kb plasmid (pNoc614) in JS614. Curing experiments and PCR indicated that pNoc614 encodes vinyl chloride/ethene-degradation genes. JS614 vinyl chloride/ethene catabolic genes and flanking DNA (34.8 kb) were retrieved from a fosmid clone. AkMO and EaCoMT genes were found in a putative operon that included CoA transferase, acyl-CoA synthetase, dehydrogenase, and reductase genes. Adjacent to this gene cluster was a divergently transcribed gene cluster that encoded possible coenzyme M biosynthesis enzymes. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated the vinyl chloride- and ethene-inducible nature of several genes. Genes encoding possible plasmid conjugation, integration, and partitioning functions were also discovered on the fosmid clone.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The structure of the menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain.

Menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain of Oerskovia turbata and Brevibacterium lipolyticum were cyclized to the chromenyl acetate derivatives, which were then submitted to ozonolysis, followed by reduction with dimethylsulfide. The mass-spectrometric analyses of the ozonolysis products revealed the ion peaks at m/e 464 (M+), 449, 422, 407, 267 and 225. These results suggest that the two saturated double bonds are located continuously in the second and third units of the chain starting from the quinone ring, and the menaquinones are designated as 2-methyl-3-II,III-tetrahydromultiprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.

Brevibacterium↗