Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Nitroblue Tetrazolium”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1982

Specific staining of the thyroid follicular cell apical membrane by nitroblue tetrazolium.

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) has been widely used to demonstrate redox systems, particularly in phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Based on the striking similarities between redox metabolism in leukocytes and in the thyroid, we studied NBT reduction by microscopic techniques and NBT effects in thyroid metabolism in dog-thyroid slices in vitro. We observed specific localization of NBT reduction product along the apical membrane of the follicular cell. Hence, NBT is a potentially useful market of thyroid-cell polarity.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detection of urinary tract infections by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium.

BACKGROUND: Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction to formazan has been used as a marker for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Since inducible NOS activity is elevated in urine from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), we investigated the accuracy of NBT reduction as an early predictor of UTIs and quantified the relationship between inducible NOS and NBT. METHODS: Urine samples from 434 patients were screened for the presence of UTIs with leukocyte-esterase and nitrite dipsticks and with NBT reduction. The rapid screening results from each test were compared to urine culture results. In addition, NBT reduction parameters were measured in urine pellet at 595 nm after incubation with one of four factors: NOS cofactors, NOS inhibitors, NADH, or superoxide dismutase/catalase. RESULTS: As a urine screening test for UTIs, NBT reduction was more sensitive with a higher negative predictive accuracy than the nitrite dipstick. NBT reduction also was more specific with a higher positive predictive accuracy and negative predictive accuracy than the leukocyte-esterase dipstick. In infected urine pellet, both NADPH, a NOS cofactor, and NADH increased NBT reduction. Superoxide dismutase/catalase decreased NBT reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Although NOS may not be the only NBT reducing enzyme, rapid, visible reduction of NBT is induced in urine from patients with UTIs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Induction of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in mouse peritoneal macrophages by tumour promoters and inhibition of the induced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by some inhibitors.

Two polyacetates, aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, as well as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), mezerein and teleocidin enhance nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The ED50 values for NBT reduction of these 5 TPA-type tumor promoters were 4.2 ng/ml for TPA, 36 ng/ml for mezerein, 0.53 ng/ml for teleocidin, 1.5 ng/ml for aplysiatoxin and 108 ng/ml for debromoaplysiatoxin. The NBT reduction induced by the 5 tumor promoters is inhibited by 2 inhibitors of tumor promotion, retinoic acid and dibromoacetophenone. The possibility that tumor promotion by TPA-type tumor promoters involves similar mechanisms such as superoxide anion radicals release in cell membranes is discussed.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1975

Cell damage and dye reduction in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test.

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) is toxic to neutrophils; an effect which is greatly enhanced by endotoxin and latex particles. Cell damage, measured by the release of the cytoplasmic marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), was closely related to dye reduction. This suggests that, in this test, dye reduction occurs largely as a result of contact between intracellular reducing compounds and NBT following damage of the outer cell membrane. The expression of dye reduction as a function of LDH release should enhance the sensitivity of the quantitative NBT test by correcting for the observed intersubject variation in cell damage. The relationship between cell damage and dye reduction is a measure of the reducing capacity of the cell. This was normal in immature, bone marrow neutrophils, but diminished in neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

Bone Marrow Cells↗
PubMed1974

A further application of the nitroblue tetrazolium test.

The nitroblue tetrazolium (N.B.T.) test was performed on patients in whom a differential diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism or lobar pneumonia existed. The mean N.B.T. score in healthy subjects was 6.4% (range 1%-15%). Patients with uncomplicated pulmonary thromboembolism showed a mean N.B.T. value of 7.5% (range 3%-12%). In patients with lobar pneumonia the mean N.B.T. score was 42.4% (range 21%-85%). These results suggest that the N.B.T. test is of value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism and lobar pneumonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Lipoprotein pre-staining: comparison of nitroblue tetrazolium and Sudan Black B.

Nitroblue tetrazolium and Sudan Black B have been compared as pre-staining agents for human serum lipoproteins, using acrylamide gel gradients. Results from Nitroblue tetrazolium staining should be used with caution for low and very low density lipoproteins, and further work appears necessary on the reaction with alpha-lipoproteins.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1995

Superoxide from glucose oxidase or from nitroblue tetrazolium?

Glucose oxidase reduces nitroblue tetrazolium, or ferricytochrome c, faster anaerobically than aerobically. This result is inconsistent with the conclusion that GO2 can reduce O2 to O2- which is then responsible for the reduction of NBT and of cytochrome c. Nevertheless, the aerobic reductions are partially inhibitable by superoxide dismutase. A scheme of reactions is proposed which explains why these electron acceptors cause an O2- production which does not occur in their absence when O2 is the sole electron acceptor.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Value of the test of spontaneous reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium in diabetes decompensation.

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was performed in forty-four diabetic patients of both sexes ranging in age from 15 to 64 years. Some of the patients were tested both before and after diabetes compensation. In cases of decompensated diabetes caused by dietary errors or by inadequate dosage of the antidiabetic drugs, NBT results were within normal range. Significantly higher values were observed in decompensation of diabetes caused by bacterial infection. This observation may be used to detect the real cause of diabetes decompensation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional evaluation of human neutrophils. Is the bactericidal activity correlated with nitroblue tetrazolium reduction?

The cytochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test continues to be used in clinical laboratories to detect defects in the oxidative metabolism of phagocytes. However, the specificity of the test is controversial, and it is not clear whether NBT reduction really reflects the microbicidal activity of these cells. In the present study, we evaluated the killing of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils from healthy adult individuals and from patients with phagocyte dysfunctions using a fluorochrome phagocytic assay, and compared the results with those obtained with a cytochemical NBT test performed simultaneously. The ability of neutrophils to reduce NBT (expressed as percent reducing neutrophils) with or without a lipopolysaccharide stimulus was not correlated with the bactericidal activity of these cells (expressed as percent killed bacteria per 100 neutrophils). The age and sex of the healthy adults did not influence the results of either assay. It seems that the superoxide anion played a small role in NBT reduction by normal neutrophils, since superoxide dismutase did not significantly inhibit this reaction. Only the absolute absence of NBT reduction reflected the low bactericidal activity of neutrophils, as seen in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We conclude that the only clinical usefulness of the NBT test is for the screening of CGD, and that bacterial phagocytic assays are more appropriate for assessing the microbicidal function of neutrophils.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Oxidation of hemoglobin and the enhancement produced by nitroblue tetrazolium.

The autoxidation of hemoglobin as a function of oxygen pressure and the effect of added nitroblue tetrazolium have been studied. It has been shown that the enhanced autoxidation at intermediate oxygen pressures can only be partially explained by the outer-sphere reaction of oxygen with deoxygenated chains. An additional enhancement associated with the properties of partially oxygenated hemoglobins has been attributed to the mobility on the distal side of the heme which facilitates the nucleophilic displacement of bound oxygen by the distal histidine. Nitroblue tetrazolium, in addition to reacting with the superoxide formed during autoxidation, is shown to oxidize directly both deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin in two steps, proceeding through the one-electron reduced intermediate, a tetrazolinyl radical. Even though the oxygenated chains are oxidized by nitroblue tetrazolium, much less overall reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium is observed at high oxygen pressures. This phenomenon is attributed to the reoxidation by oxygen of both the tetrazolinyl radical and the formazan. The reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium is also found to contribute to enhanced oxidation at intermediate oxygen pressures. This behavior is explained by the two-electron reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium and the oxygen dependence of the various processes involved in the reaction of nitroblue tetrazolium.

Hemoglobins↗
PubMed1976

Effects of preventive antibiotics on neutrophil phagocytosis as measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test.

White blood cell counts and nitroblue tetrazolium dye tests were performed in three groups of dogs before and after the injection of Escherichia coli using colistimethate sodium and cephalothin sodium in the second and third groups, respectively, prior to the induction of sepsis. The response was a diminished white blood count and increased nitroblue tetrazolium dye test percentage in all groups. When antibiotic administration was performed prior to the induction of sepsis, the increase in the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction dye test was much more evident despite the overwhelming dose of bacteria given, suggesting that antibiotics given preoperatively will prevent the toxic effects of bacteria on the neutrophil and will enhance the phagocytic activity of the neutrophil.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Factors influencing the entry of dye into neutrophil leucocytes in the Nitroblue Tetrazolium test.

1. The Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) test is a measure of the phagocytosis of particulate complexes of NBT and heparin and/or fibrinogen by neutrophil leucocytes. 2. Humoral factors in the plasma of ill patients stimulate neutrophil leucocytes of normal subjects to ingest these complexes. 3. The acute phase protein, orosomucoid and endotoxin stimulate reduction of NBT in vitro and could be responsible for some positive NBT tests in vivo. 4. The effect of factors promoting phagocytosis may be masked by an inability of neutrophil leucocytes to respond to stimulation. 5. This defective neutrophil function could result from the replacement of circulating neutrophil leucocytes by less mature, less actively phagocytic cells or by the presence of circulating immune complexes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1995

Effect of nitroblue tetrazolium on NO synthase and motor function of opossum esophagus.

Nitric oxide mediates neuromuscular events in the opossum esophagus. The NADPH diaphorase stain is used to localize nitric oxide synthase-containing enteric neurons. Cells stain by the NADPH diaphorase technique because they reduce nitroblue tetrazolium to the visible formazan. The effects of nitroblue tetrazolium on neuromuscular function and nitric oxide synthase of esophageal muscle were studied. The NADPH diaphorase stain was performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium inhibited lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, abolished the latency gradient of the off response, and inhibited nitric oxide synthase. The NADPH diaphorase technique stained myenteric plexus nerve cell bodies and nerve processes. Nitroblue tetrazolium is not a nonspecific muscle or nerve toxin, as nerve-mediated cholinergic responses, responses to exogenous nitric oxide, and responses to myogenic stimulation were maintained after nitroblue tetrazolium abolished the off response and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Nitroblue tetrazolium inhibits nitric oxide-mediated events and nitric oxide synthase. It stains neurons in the esophageal myenteric plexus.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Heterogeneity in chronic granulomatous disease detected with an improved nitroblue tetrazolium slide test.

The microscopic nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) slide test, used to score the ability of individual phagocytic leukocytes to produce superoxide, was improved according to the following procedure. Purified granulocyte suspensions are incubated with NBT and fixed in suspension, thereafter centrifuged on microscope slides and stained with nuclear fast red. This method precludes stimulation and selection of cells by adherence and washing. The number of formazan grains per cell can be judged in a semiquantitative way. In parallel incubations, the cells are stained with May-Grünwald/Giemsa, allowing identification of formazan-positive and -negative cells. The test discriminates well between cells from normal individuals, cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and cells from heterozygotes for the X-linked form of CGD. Several patients and heterozygotes with an autosomal or variant form of CGD were detected with decreased NBT-reducing activity in their neutrophils and/or eosinophils. The relation between NBT-reductase activity of the phagocytes and the clinical situation is discussed.

Cytochrome b Group↗
PubMed1988

Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by leukocytes in the cervix of pregnant women.

We examined nitroblue tetrazolium reduction activity in leukocytes from cervical mucus as well as peripheral blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women by histochemical methods. More than 90% of the cells examined were polymorphonuclear cells. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in polymorphonuclear cells from peripheral venous blood was significantly enhanced in pregnant women compared with that in nonpregnant women. However, there was no difference in activity between pregnancy periods. On the other hand, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in cervical polymorphonuclear cells excluding women with cervicitis was also greater in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women. Moreover, activity in cervical polymorphonuclear cells gradually increased as pregnancy progressed. This enhanced activity in polymorphonuclear cells may be involved not only in the defense mechanism but also in cervical ripening in pregnancy.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed2006

A fast and easy nitroblue tetrazolium method for carrier screening and prenatal detection of chronic granulomatous disease.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the functional activity of neutrophils is of great importance in the differential diagnosis of patients with recurrent bacterial infections. It has long been established that stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes reduce nitroblue tetrazolium. Application of a simple and reliable nitroblue tetrazolium method that clearly differentiates the chronic granulomatous disease patients and heterozygote carriers in some groups suspected to have chronic granulomatous disease was investigated. METHODS: This study consisted of 197 samples taken from 100 children (2 - 24-month-old) and 81 neonates (aged < 2 months) referred to our center either due to a suspected bacterial infection or suspected immunodeficiency. The sample also included 16 cord blood samples. Fifty healthy adult individuals were enrolled in this study and were diagnosed as normal control. Neutrophil reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium can be stimulated in vitro by protein kinase agonists such as phorbol myristate acetate, resulting in release of superoxide anion. RESULTS: Phorbol myristate acetate is an exceptionally powerful stimulant and when used in conjunction with glass adherence, caused nearly all normal neutrophils to become transformed and reduced nitroblue tetrazolium to formazan deposits. Of 197 blood samples, 9 were diagnosed as having unrelated chronic granulomatous disease and 7 were carriers of X-linked or autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease. The carriers had a range of 15 - 75% stimulated neutrophils. CONCLUSION: We have established a phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium test for detection of chronic granulomatous disease patients, which clearly differentiates the chronic granulomatous disease patients from heterozygote carriers. The results in cord fetal blood indicate that this test may be used for antenatal diagnosis of affected boys, carrier females, and autosomal recessive variants of chronic granulomatous disease. The technique is simple, fast, inexpensive, and requires only a few microliters of blood.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Differential effects of nitroblue tetrazolium on the hemodynamic responses elicited by activation of alpha1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors in conscious rats.

This study determined the effects of the lipophobic electron acceptor, nitroblue tetrazolium (5 micromol/kg, i.v.) on the vasoconstrictor responses elicited by the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist, alpha-methyl-5-HT (5-50 microg/kg, i.v.) and the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (2.5-20 microg/kg, i.v.) in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. The systemic injection of nitroblue tetrazolium elicited pronounced hemodynamic responses that subsided by 10-15 min. Prior to the administration of nitroblue tetrazolium, the injections of alpha-methyl-5-HT and phenylephrine elicited dose-dependent increases in mean arterial blood pressure and mesenteric, renal and hindquarter vascular resistances. After administration of nitroblue tetrazolium, the vasoconstrictor responses elicited by alpha-methyl-5-HT were augmented whereas those elicited by phenylephrine were diminished. These results are consistent with the possibility that nitroblue tetrazolium interacts with the extracellular ligand-binding domains of 5-HT2 receptors and alpha1-adrenoceptor and that this interaction has opposite effects on activities of these G protein coupled receptors.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists↗