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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effect of nicarbazin and narasin-nicarbazin combinations on broiler pigmentation.

An experiment was conducted with young battery-reared chickens to evaluate the effects of graded levels of nicarbazin (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 ppm) on plasma pigmentation in the presence and absence of coccidial infection. A second experiment was also performed to determine whether nicarbazin (50 ppm) and the narasin nicarbazin combination anticoccidial (50 ppm each) affected pigmentation values in coccidia-infected and healthy chicks. Pigmentation values were expressed as micrograms beta-carotenoid equivalents per milliliter of plasma (beta-CE). Results of these studies indicated that nicarbazin improved beta-CE in both parasitized and coccidia-free chicks, but the magnitude of improvement was greater in coccidia-infected animals. Linear responses to nicarbazin additions were observed in both groups. The second experiment revealed that the effects produced in healthy chicks receiving the narasin nicarbazin combination were equivalent to those which received nicarbazin alone, indicating that the nicarbazin response in beta-CE is manifested with the combination anticoccidial as well.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Selection for resistance to monensin, nicarbazin, and the monensin plus nicarbazin combination.

Two series of experiments were conducted to assess the relative ability of strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella to develop resistance to monensin (MON), nicarbazin (NIC), and the monensin plus nicarbazin combination (MON plus NIC). The studies were designed so that drug concentrations in the selection experiments were increased whenever possible. During selection, E. acervulina increased its reproductive index in the presence of NIC or MON plus NIC, equivalent selection in the presence of MON resulted in only a slight increase in reproductive ability. Eimeria tenella, however, was unable to increase its reproductive capacity to the respective drugs. Sensitivity tests after 60 generations of selection revealed that patterns of resistance development for E. acervulina and E. tenella corresponded with the changes in reproductive indices established in the selection experiments. Thus, results of these tests indicate that E. acervulina possesses the ability to develop resistance to NIC and MON plus NIC. Under essentially the same conditions of selection, E. tenella developed only partial resistance to the respective drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Contamination of animal feedingstuffs with nicarbazin: investigations in a feed mill.

Some mechanisms of nicarbazin contamination were investigated in a feed mill. Three sequential 3-tonne batches of nicarbazin-free feed were produced directly after a batch of nicarbazin-containing feed (125 mg kg(-1)). Sampling of the nicarbazin-free feed took place at two points before pelleting and at one point post-pelleting. The study was repeated on two further occasions, i.e. three separate nicarbazin-containing feeds and 27 tonnes of 'flushing' feeds were manufactured and sampled in total. Pre-pelleting, the highest nicarbazin concentrations (3.4+/- 0.26 mg kg(-1)) were observed in the first tonne milled after the nicarbazin containing ration. Thereafter, concentrations steadily declined in successive batches. Post-pelleting samples contained much higher concentrations of the drug. After 8 tonnes had passed through, the concentrations (7.2+/- 1.29 mg kg(-1)) were between 10 and 20 times greater than the corresponding concentrations detected post-mixing. These concentrations are sufficient to cause violative residues in eggs and broiler liver. The practice of returning post-press sieved material to the pre-press bins was identified as the cause of the problem. Re-routing of sieved material along with better segregation of nicarbazin-containing and nicarbazin-free feedingstuffs markedly reduced the incidence of feed contamination with this compound.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nicarbazin residues in eggs.

A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was employed for analysis of nicarbazin [1:1 mixture of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) and 2-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethyl-pyrimidine] in chicken eggs. Nicarbazin residues were analysed by determining the DNC of nicarbazin. HPLC of the DNC portion of nicarbazin was performed with a reverse-phase mu-Bondapak C18 column, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (7:3, v/v). A variable-wavelength detector set at 340 nm, 0.02 AUFS, and a recorder set at 4 mm/min were used for the detection. The standard curve for nicarbazin was linear within the range 0.05-2.0 micrograms/ml. The recovery of nicarbazin added to eggs was 90.2%. The detection limit of nicarbazin in this analytical method was 0.005 micrograms/ml. Nicarbazin was detected in 10% of eggs obtained by feeding chickens with a diet contaminated with nicarbazin within the range 0.07 to 1.39 micrograms/g, but it was not detected in eggs obtained commercially.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Possible causes of nicarbazin residues in chicken tissues.

Two experiments were carried out to investigate possible causes of nicarbazin residues in broiler chicken tissues. The first experiment was designed to establish whether feeding nicarbazin as stipulated in the product license can result in 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) tissue residues exceeding the JECFA MRL (200 micrograms/kg). It was shown that the MRL was exceeded in the livers of broilers housed on deep litter, but not in those of broilers housed on wire flooring. Muscle DNC concentrations were well below the MRL. The higher residual tissue concentrations in birds housed on deep litter were attributed to faecal recycling. The second experiment was to establish the relationship between nicarbazin-contaminated withdrawal ration up to the point of slaughter and DNC residues in the tissues of broilers that had not been previously exposed to nicarbazin. Tissue DNC concentrations were found to be proportional to feed concentrations. The housing method caused no significant difference in tissue residues. Meal containing nicarbazin at a concentration of 2.4 mg/kg or greater caused liver DNC residues above the JECFA MRL. Violative residues may, therefore, occur in chickens not exposed to nicarbazin during rearing, but fed withdrawal ration contaminated at 2.4 mg/kg or greater, or in chickens housed on deep litter and fed nicarbazin-medicated meal according to the product license even when the withdrawal ration is nicarbazin-free.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Anticoccidial activity of combinations of narasin and nicarbazin.

The efficacy of mixtures of narasin and nicarbazin were evaluated by comparing broiler performance, susceptibility to heat stress, and the mode of action against Eimeria. In a floor pen trial, narasin (70 ppm) alone or in combination with nicarbazin at levels between 10/10 and 50/50 ppm gave significantly better performance than unmedicated birds or birds given nicarbazin at 125 ppm alone. Amelioration of nicarbazin-associated mortality with heat as a stressor was observed in birds given the 50/50 ppm mixture of narasin and nicarbazin: mortality in these birds was similar to that of unmedicated birds and was reduced by 15 to 20% of that occurring in birds in the nicarbazin (125 ppm) treatment. The narasin/nicarbazin mixture (50/50) appears primarily to prevent further development of sporozoites. However, in birds treated with 25/25 ppm of narasin and nicarbazin, both the deleterious action of nicarbazin on merogeny and the antisporozoite activity of narasin were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) concentrations in egg shells as a predictor of nicarbazin consumption and DNC dose in goose eggs.

Nicarbazin is being investigated as an infertility agent for the control of non-migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis L) populations. Nicarbazin is presently registered for use as a coccidiostat for poultry. Geese fed sufficient quantities of nicarbazin will lay non-viable eggs. We established nicarbazin consumption by measuring the concentration of a component of the formulation, 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) in the egg contents (yolk, albumin) in non-viable eggs. To estimate the nicarbazin consumption of birds that laid viable eggs (eggs that hatched or contained an embryo), a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to measure the concentration of DNC in egg shells. A statistically significant correlation was established using linear regression between the mean concentrations of DNC in the egg shell and in the egg contents in non-viable eggs. Viable eggs were estimated to contain lower levels of DNC than non-viable eggs. DNC concentrations in both the egg contents and the egg shell increased with increases in nicarbazin dose in feed. Our method allows for the estimation of nicarbazin consumption and DNC dose in eggs under field conditions, which is important in developing an effective infertility agent for over-abundant non-migratory goose populations.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Production, characterization, and cross-reactivity studies of monoclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat nicarbazin.

A cELISA was developed for the coccidiostat nicarbazin. On the basis of previous computer-assisted molecular modeling studies, p-nitrosuccinanilic acid (PNA-S) was selected as a hapten to produce antibodies to 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin. Synthesis is described for the hapten [p-nitro-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxanilic acid (PNA-C)] used in a BSA conjugate as a plate coating antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were isolated that compete with nicarbazin, having IgM(kappa) isotype. Because of the lack of water solubility of nicarbazin, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (3%, v/v) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10%, v/v) were added to the assay buffer to achieve solubility of nicarbazin and related compounds. The Nic 6 Mabs had an IC(35) value for nicarbazin of 0.92 nmol/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.33 nmol/mL. Nic 6 exhibited high cross-reactivity for PNA-S and PNA-C, and 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) urea. However, Nic 6 had little or no cross-reactivity with 15 other related compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Nicarbazin contamination in feeds as a cause of residues in eggs.

A survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of nicarbazin residues in eggs in Northern Ireland. Nicarbazin, in the form of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), was detected in 39 of the 190 eggs analysed. An experiment was designed to establish the relationship between nicarbazin-contaminated feed and nicarbazin residues in eggs. The concentrations of both the DNC and 4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine (DHP) components of the drug in eggs were proportional to feed levels. The maximum feed nicarbazin concentration of 12.1 mg/kg (8.6 mg/kg DNC and 3.5 mg/kg DHP) gave rise to mean maximum whole egg concentrations of 631 micrograms/kg DNC and 51.8 micrograms/kg DHP. After withdrawal of the experimental diet, DNC was undetectable in eggs after 12 days and DHP after 3 days. Feed contaminated with nicarbazin at concentrations greater than about 2 mg/kg gave rise to egg DNC residues at concentrations greater than the Differential Action Limit (DAL) set by the UK (100 micrograms/kg). DNC was contained almost entirely in the yolk of the egg, whereas DHP was distributed between albumen and yolk in a ratio of approximately 3:1.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of nicarbazin in feeds and premixes.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for the determination of nicarbazin in premixes and poultry feed. Liquid chromatography of the 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) portion of nicarbazin is performed isocratically with a reverse phase octadecylsilica column and a UV detector set at 340 nm. The 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (HDP) portion of nicarbazin is chromatographed isocratically with a reverse phase octylsilica column and a UV detector set at 305 nm. Nicarbazin concentration can be calculated by assaying both DNC and HDP, or by assaying DNC or HDP and assuming that nicarbazin is a 1:1 molar ratio of the two. Average recoveries of DNC and HDP added to poultry feed were 101% and 87%, respectively. This procedure provides an alternative to existing colorimetric procedures for determining nicarbazin in premixes and poultry feeds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Effects of nicarbazin on sugar intestinal absorption in rabbits.

Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug, used mainly in birds, which can also be used in rabbits. It has been shown to produce several effects, such as inhibition of growth and feed efficiency in poultry. The aim of the present work was to determine whether nicarbazin alters intestinal absorption of sugar. Results obtained show that nicarbazin decreases D-galactose accumulation in the jejunal tissue and increases mucosal to serosal transepithelial fluxes of this sugar, in both cases in a dose-dependent way. Furthermore, nicarbazin seems not to modify the sugar diffusion across the intestinal epithelium. The drug also stimulates the sugar uptake in brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles. The results suggest that in rabbits nicarbazin increases sugar intestinal absorption mediated by carriers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular effects of nicarbazin on avian reproduction.

Nicarbazin (NCZ) is an anticoccidial drug routinely used in the poultry industry that can negatively affect reproduction by reducing egg production, egg weight, and egg hatchability. The molecular mechanisms by which NCZ affects reproduction are unknown. Lipoprotein lipase, vitellogenin, transglutaminase, and calcium are all involved in egg formation and embryogenesis. Therefore, in vitro assays were used to evaluate 4 potential mechanisms of action of NCZ on egg formation and embryogenesis. First, a lipoprotein lipase assay was conducted to determine if NCZ increases lipoprotein lipase activity. Second, vitellogenin phosphorylation was evaluated to determine if NCZ acts as a vitellogenin phosphatase. Third, transglutaminase activity was measured to determine if NCZ inhibits transglutaminase activity. Finally, bull sperm was used as a model to determine if specific channel-mediated calcium uptake can be blocked by NCZ. Nicarbazin increased the activity of lipoprotein lipase in vitro at 3.9 and 7.8 microg of NCZ/mL. Nicarbazin increased intracellular calcium levels in bull sperm, suggesting it also acts as a calcium ionophore. The portion of the NCZ molecule responsible for the increase in intracellular calcium is 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. Nicarbazin affected vitellogenin phosphorylation but only at a concentration many times higher than expected plasma values. Nicarbazin also inhibited transglutaminase activity in vitro. Whereas the 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide portion of the NCZ molecule inhibited transglutaminase activity, the 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine portion increased transglutaminase activity. All of these assays were conducted in vitro; therefore these results should be viewed as preliminary findings to aid in directing further research on the effect of NCZ on reproduction in vivo. Because NCZ increases lipoprotein lipase activity and acts as a calcium ionophore, future experiments should investigate these effects in particular.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Nicarbazin stimulates intestinal transport of L-leucine in rabbit.

Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug used mainly in birds, but also in rabbits. Besides the anticoccidial activity, nicarbazin has shown several other effects such as inhibition of growth and feed efficiency in poultries, and stimulation of sugar intestinal absorption in rabbits. The present work has been performed in order to check whether nicarbazin also affects L-leucine intestinal absorption. The results obtained show that nicarbazin decreases L-leucine accumulation in the jejunal tissue, and increases mucosal to serosal transepithelial fluxes of this amino acid in a dose-dependent way, without modifying its diffusion across the intestinal epithelium. The drug stimulates the amino acid uptake in brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles, thus suggesting that nicarbazin increases the absorption of L-leucine mediated by carriers.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lack of effect of dietary factors on nicarbazin toxicity in broiler chicks.

Effects of dietary fat, protein, and methionine levels and the type of dietary grain in nicarbazin-containing diets on the growth response of broiler chicks were evaluated in five experiments in a factorial design. Nicarbazin at levels ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg significantly (P less than .05) depressed weight gain and feed efficiency. Feed intake was significantly reduced only when nicarbazin was used at levels of 150 and 200 mg/kg. The latter concentration also significantly decreased water intake and water:feed ratio. Nicarbazin, at a level of 150 mg/kg, did not affect dietary metabolizable energy content or the retention of nitrogen and dry matter. A higher level of soybean oil (3.5 vs. .5 or 1.0%) did not counteract the growth-depressing effects of 100, 150, and 200 mg nicarbazin/kg. The growth-depressing effect of the highest dose also was not affected by increasing the protein level from 18.2 to 20.4%. Neither type of dietary grains (corn vs. sorghum) nor supplemental methionine level affected the toxicity of 125 mg nicarbazin/kg. Water intake and water:feed ratio were significantly increased due to elevation of dietary protein and fat levels. It was concluded that the severity of the growth-depressing effect of nicarbazin on chicks was not dependent on the levels of dietary unsaturated fat, protein, and methionine.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Physiological responses of heat-stressed broilers fed nicarbazin.

Two experiments were conducted to determine physiological responses in heat-stressed broilers fed a control diet or one containing 125 ppm Nicarbazin. Male birds were surgically implanted with a carotid catheter and fitted with a chest movement transducer and rectal probe. In Experiment 1, birds were exposed to an abrupt change from thermoneutral (22.5 C, 70% relative humidity [RH]) to heat stress (37 C and 40 to 50% RH) conditions within 10 min and maintained in this environment for 120 min. In Experiment 2, birds were exposed to a gradual change from thermoneutral to heat stress (38 C, 68% RH) conditions over 4 h and maintained in this environment for an additional 1 h. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and body temperature (Tb) were monitored throughout each experiment, and arterial samples were obtained for determination of acid-base balance and lactate. Birds fed Nicarbazin had higher (P less than .05) Tb and lower (P less than .05) blood PCO2 and bicarbonate during heat stress than controls in both experiments. Thermal polypnea was observed in both experiments, but, although there were no treatment differences in Experiment 1, RR was lower (P less than .05) in the last hour of heat stress for Nicarbazin-fed birds in Experiment 2. In the second experiment, birds fed Nicarbazin exhibited higher (P less than .05) HR and blood lactate during heat stress than control-fed birds. The results of this study indicate that Nicarbazin, by an as yet unidentified mechanism, increases Tb in heat-stressed birds, which results in greater deviations in blood acid-base balance, blood lactate, and HR than in control-fed birds.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1995

Nicarbazin effects on broiler thermobalance during high ambient temperature stress.

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effects of nicarbazin (125 ppm) on heat production (H), evaporative heat loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and heat content change (HC) of broilers during heat stress. Feed consumption effects on thermobalance were equalized in both studies by force feeding at 7% of metabolic body weight (MWT; body weight.66) daily. In Experiment 1, using broilers not acclimated to heat stress, nicarbazin increased H (P < .05) (9.5 vs. 9.0 kcal/h per MWT) and body temperature (P = .08), reduced (P < .05) respiration rate, and had no impact on E or S (P > .1). In contrast, the bird acclimated to heat stress used in Experiment 2 exhibited similar (P > .1) thermobalance responses irrespective of nicarbazin supplementation. The data suggests that heat-stress-mediated nicarbazin toxicity may be related to H and further that nicarbazin's heat-stress-mediated toxicity is reduced in HS-acclimated chicks.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Effects of nicarbazin on intestinal digestion and absorption of nutrients in the rabbit.

Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug, used mainly in birds, which has shown several other effects including inhibition of growth and feed efficiency in poultry, and stimulation of sugar and amino acid intestinal absorption in rabbit. The present work was designed to determine whether nicarbazin added to the feed, affects growth and feed intake in rabbit, and whether the continuous ingestion of nicarbazin can alter the mechanisms of intestinal nutrient absorption or digestion in this species. Nicarbazin, administered at the recommended dose (125 ppm) had no harmful effects either on growth or on feed intake of animals. After treatment for one month with nicarbazin at the dose of 125 ppm added to the feed, rabbits displayed a higher transport ability of both D-glucose and L-leucine through the enterocyte plasma membranes than did untreated rabbits. These animals also showed higher specific activities of two brush-border enzymes, sucrase and aminopeptidase N, than the control animals.

Administration, Oral↗