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Clinical research in the lay press: irresponsible journalism raises a huge dose of doubt.
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Medical literature: the campus without tumult.
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Freedom in a modern community.
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[Press and patients inviolability].
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THE PROFESSIONAL, THE PRESS, AND THE PUBLIC--THE ETERNAL TRIANGLE.
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English court upholds ban on newspaper publishing identity of HIV-positive health-care worker.
In the last issue of the Review, we reported about an HIV-positive health-care worker in the UK who brought legal proceedings to prevent the National Health Service from notifying his previous patients that he is infected. In February 2002, the Court of Appeal for England and Wales (Civil Division) upheld a ban on publishing his name and that of the health authority for which he worked.
We want to train toxicologists for a need.
This country needs toxicologists in a variety of institutions, and needs toxicologists with different backgrounds. All programs in toxicology can't satisfy every specific need. Certification and accreditation will continue as solvable issues among the various organizations in toxicology.
Chicago Daily News supports fluoridation bill.
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Using the press. Three. The manager and the press.
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Press releases of science journal articles and subsequent newspaper stories on the same topic.
CONTEXT: Scientific journals issue press releases to disseminate scientific news about articles they publish. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether press releases about journal articles were associated with publication of subsequent newspaper stories. DESIGN: Retrospective content analysis of newspaper stories, journal press releases, and journal tables of contents. From December 1, 1996, to February 28, 1997, press releases and tables of contents were collected from BMJ, Nature, Science, and The Lancet, along with newspaper stories on scientific research published in The New York Times (United States), Le Figaro and Le Monde (France), El País and La Vanguardia (Spain), La Repubblica (Italy), and the International Herald Tribune. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Number of newspaper stories that contained reference to articles appearing in the 4 scientific journals, number of newspaper stories that referred to journal articles described in press releases, and the order in which journal articles were mentioned in press releases. RESULTS: Of the 1060 newspaper stories analyzed, 142 referred to journal articles; of these, 119 (84%) referred to articles mentioned in press releases and 23 (16%) referred to journal articles not mentioned in press releases (comparison of proportions, P=.03). Articles described first or second were referenced in more newspapers than articles described later in the press release (P=.01 by chi2 analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Journal articles described in press releases, in particular those described first or second in the press release, are associated with the subsequent publication of newspaper stories on the same topic.
Death makes news: the social impact of disease on newspaper coverage.
UNLABELLED: This paper is an integrated analysis of newspaper coverage, epidemiological rates, and recent social history of six prominent diseases. HYPOTHESES: Newspaper coverage of a disease has three developmental stages (emergence, maturation, and decline & death). Trends in newspaper coverage of a disease reflect trends in its mortality, prevalence, and incidence. Magnitudes of newspaper coverage of diseases reflect their differential mortality rates. DATA: Using the LEXIS-NEXIS news archive for major U.S. newspapers, we retrieve articles about cancer, heart disease, AIDS, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and arthritis for the period 1977-1997. We also obtain mortality, prevalence, and incidence trends for the six diseases. RESULTS: During the two decades, newspaper coverage emerges for AIDS and Alzheimer disease and is in the mature stage for the other diseases; declines begin for heart disease and AIDS. Trends in news coverage closely parallel mortality trends, and less consistently prevalence and incidence trends. Sharp downturns and upturns in mortality are mirrored in news volume. High-mortality diseases prompt both the most news coverage and the largest proportions of articles with death topics. CONCLUSION: Newspaper coverage of diseases is responsive to their mortality levels and trends.
Paddling upstream: a contextual analysis of implementation of a workplace ergonomic policy at a large newspaper.
Efforts to implement workplace ergonomic programs aimed at reducing the burden of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) have to address multiple physical and psychosocial aspects of work environments yet often contextual factors limit their success. We describe the processes involved in an ergonomic program to reduce neck and upper limb WMSDs at a large Canadian newspaper. Using qualitative data collection and analysis methods, we illustrate the impact of key contextual characteristics of: (1) the program (management commitment, union involvement, experience and skill of program leaders, and researcher involvement); (2) the organization (drive for productivity, management control, organizational culture); and (3) the broader social context (economic climate, nature of newspaper work, technology and nature of WMSD). We argue for increased attention to identification and response to the contextual factors affecting program implementation in order to more successfully address upstream determinants of WMSD.
News media coverage of a women's health contraversy: how newspapers and TV outlets covered a recent debate over screening mammography.
Over the past decade, there have been several highly visible debates about mammography that have captured professional, public and media attention. This paper looks at newspaper and television news coverage of a controversial research letter in The Lancet by Gøtzsche and Olsen (2001) that concluded that screening mammography did not prevent deaths from breast cancer. The news pieces examined for this project were published between October 2001 and March 2002 in one of eight U.S. newspapers or aired on one of six national or cable news networks. The six-month period was divided into one-week segments; the numbers of articles published or stories aired in each week were graphed to examine patterns. Each newspaper article and television transcript was then reviewed to identify its main content area and the amount of coverage for each major event was quantified. The highest number of newspaper articles appeared to result from several events during the end of January through the beginning of February. These events included the publication of another meta-analysis of mammography that disputed the original letter's conclusion and a full-page New York Times advertisement paid for by major medical organizations stating their continued support for mammography. The greatest amount of television news coverage was devoted to the announcement of the official federal guidelines by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in late February. We conclude by discussing how the flow of news coverage of medical controversies can potentially impact the actions and reactions of the public, the medical community and health policy makers.
Epilepsy, the law and the media.
It is generally accepted that the media exerts a powerful influence over what the general public feels and believes. This study examined references to epilepsy and the law found in general media communications from January 1993 to December 1994 in the UK. These articles were extracted from general audience material mainly newspapers and magazines. Any article which referred to the legal aspects of epilepsy were then selected. These included those relating to legislation e.g. driving, state benefits and those relating to criminal law e.g. convictions. The reports were analyzed in terms of type of communication, space allotted, circulation and terminology used both in the title and the general text. An attempt was also made to classify the general image which the article portrayed. It is accepted that content analysis itself provides no direct data about the nature of the communicator, the audience or its effects and this method has cautiously been used to classify and describe the manifest content of the method of communication. The study concludes that although it is encouraging that legal aspects of epilepsy are receiving media attention, this attention could be used in a more positive manner in promoting awareness, rather than many of the cases examined which appeared to use negative images in order to pander to popular audience appeal.
Evaluation of media advocacy efforts within a community trial to reduce alcohol-involved injury. Preliminary newspaper results.
This article examines coverage of alcohol-related topics in local newspapers as applied to a conceptual model of media advocacy being tested in a five-component community trial to reduce alcohol-involved injuries. Based on a literature review of determinants of exposure of newspaper articles, it uses a composite measure that takes into account the likelihood that given articles will be read. This measure is evaluated in terms of the timing of media advocacy training, technical consultation, and resulting media advocacy efforts. Three hypotheses find support. First, postintervention levels of coverage across experimental communities appear generally higher than similar preintervention coverage. Second, although postintervention local and county coverage appears higher across experimental communities, no equivalent effect is present across comparison communities. Third, increases in local and county coverage in experimental communities were not matched by increases in state and national coverage in these communities.
To tell or not to tell: primary care patients' disclosure deliberations.
BACKGROUND: Literature on patient disclosure has highlighted policy proposals, practitioner attitude and practices, and issues specific to already identified vulnerable populations (eg, human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and adolescents). We investigated the topics and concerns that led less-studied primary care patients to deliberate disclosure to their physician and the range of actions taken following such deliberation. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study used semistructured in-depth interviews with 85 self-selected female primary care patients recruited from 2 hospital-associated primary care practices and through advertisements in local newspapers. RESULTS: Topics that led subjects to deliberate over disclosure included sex, sexually transmitted diseases, reproductive health, drug use, mental health, and domestic circumstances. Concerns prompting this deliberation fell into 2 categories. The first, extraindividual concerns, included fear of information circulating to employers or insurance companies and the need to disclose for adequate treatment. The second, intrapersonal concerns, centered on feelings of comfort, embarrassment, or shame in the act of disclosing during the clinical encounter. While the majority of women did eventually disclose all or part of the information in question, a significant minority did not disclose. There were no significant demographic differences associated with patterns of disclosure. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care patients have concerns that affect and sometimes limit disclosure. Physicians are encouraged to explore patients' concerns about the uses and circulation of medical information, as well as anxiety over anticipated shame or embarrassment at the moment of information disclosure to physicians. This is especially important in primary care settings, where failure to disclose can mean lack of referral to needed specialized care.