[Notes on astigmatic cavernicolous Acari. Description of 2 new genera and 4 new species].
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Acari↗
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New omomyid primates (Haplorhini, Tarsiiformes) from middle Eocene rocks of west-central Hot Springs County, Wyoming.
Three new genera and four new species of omomyid primates constitute the first record of the Primates from upland middle Eocene rocks of Wyoming. One of these, Strigorhysis, gen. nov., possesses broadly basined molars with highly crenulated enamel which probably indicates a good deal of tough vegetable matter in its diet. Each of the new genera could have descended from known Wasatchian or early middle Eocene anaptomorphines: Aycrossia, gen. nov., is a plausible derivative of Tetonius or Chlororhysis; Strigorhysis, gen. nov., is most similar to Absarokius noctivagus; and Gazinius, gen. nov., most closely resembles Absarokius and Anaptomorphus. The anaptomorphines were probably equally as diverse as the better documented omomyines in the middle Eocene, but may have preferred upland environments at the margins of the Tertiary basins of the Rocky Mountain Interior.
Animals↗
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Gedoelstascaris n.g. and Ortleppascaris n.g.
Two new genera, Gedoelstascaris and Orleppascaris, are proposed for species of ascaridoid nematodes occurring in crocodilians and previously included in Dujardinascaris. Species included in Gedoelstascaris are vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 as type species and australiensis Baylis, 1931 (= salomonis Kreis, 1940). These species occur in Crocodylus spp. in Africa and Australia respectively and are characterised by lips with a rostral plate, without interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with well-developed interlabia, lobulated ventriculus, and excetory pore in front of the nerve ring. Species included in Ortleppascaris are: nigra Gedoelst, 1916 (= tasmani Ortlepp, 1932) as type species; alata Baylis, 1947: antipini Mozgovoy, 1950. These species occur in Crocodylus, Caiman and Alligator and are characterized by flat lips with alate margins, without anterior rostral plate, interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with weakly developed interlabia, by an irregular-shaped ventriculus, excretory pore behind or between the subventral lips, and by the presence of lateral alae or cuticular thickenings in the oesophageal region. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the radiation and dispersal of ascaridoids of crocodilians.
Alligators and Crocodiles↗
Revision and checklist of the species (other than lecudina) of the aseptate gregarine family Lecudinidae.
A checklist is given of the 89 named species of the gregarine family Lecudininae, exclusive of the 42 named species of the genus Lecudina (phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoea, subclass Gregarinia, order Eugregarinida, suborder Aseptatina). The list includes also the synonyms, host names, locations in hosts, known geographic distributions of the species, as well as key references. Another list is given of synonyms, lapsi calami, nomina nuda, etc., associated with the genera. A new genus, Paraophioidina g.n., with type species, Paraophioidina haeckeli (Mingazzini, 1891) and a new species, Lankesteria ormieresi sp. n., are described. There are also new combinations in the genera Bhatiella, Ancora, Monocystella, Ascocystis, and Paraophioidina.
Animals↗
Taxonomic revision of the genus Methanobrevibacter, description of Methanomonile shimae gen. nov. sp. nov., and proposal of Methanobrevibacteraceae fam. nov.
Recent phylogenomic analyses revealed that the genus Methanobrevibacter, which consists almost exclusively of representatives from the intestinal tract of animals, is severely underclassified. Based on the large relative evolutionary divergence between individual subclades, members of the genus Methanobrevibacter have been reclassified into eight novel genera as new combinations proposed under the rules of the Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data. Here, we validly publish the new names for all taxa with type strains also under the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. This includes members of the genera Methanacia, Methanobaculum, Methanobinarius, Methanocatella and Methanoflexus. Moreover, we propose to place Methanobrevibacter acididurans, whose genome was only recently sequenced, in the new genus Methanobotrus and describe a new isolate from the gut of a cockroach as Methanomonile shimae gen. nov. sp. nov. Based on the large evolutionary distance from the remaining members of Methanobacteriaceae, we propose to reclassify all genera within the radiation of Methanobrevibacter sensu lato into their own family, Methanobrevibacteraceae fam. nov. In addition, we reclassify Methanothermobacter tenebrarum as Methanothermobaculum tenebrarum gen. nov. comb. nov. into a new family, Methanothermobaculaceae (Methanobacteriales) and provide emended descriptions for the phylum Methanobacteriota and the classes Methanobacteria and Methanococci.
Phylogeny↗
Host range characteristics of the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain 1933 (Protozoa: Eimeriidae).
Studies were conducted on 35 primates, 12 carnivores, and 2 marsupials to determine their susceptibility to the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci. Patent oocyst infections resulted in 12 of the 14 species of animals investigated. These included 6 genera of New World primates native to Panama: Saguinus geoffroyi, Aotus trivirgatus, Ateles fusciceps, Cebus capucinus, Alouatta villosa, and Saimiri sciureus. In addition 4 families of carnivores (2 domestic and 2 sylvatic) and 1 species of marsupial became infected following experimental exposure. These animals are represented respectively by the following 6 genera and species: Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Nasua nasua, and Potos flavus; Eiria barbara; and Didelphis marsupialis. Four Old World rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, and 1 carnivore, Bassaricyon gabbii, did not become oocyst positive. This unusually large host range makes this isosporan unique among the coccidia that have been investigated to date.
Alouatta↗
Screening studies of yeasts capable of utilizing petroleum fractions.
In these studies, 23 yeast cultures belonging to 10 genera of ascosporogenous, ballistosporogenous, and asporogenous yeasts, were screened with respect to their abilities of hydrocarbon utilization in synthetic media. Thus, kerosene, n-hexadecane, and wax distillate were compared as sole carbon sources in 2% final concentration. Kerosene exhibited marked inhibition on the growth of the majority of the strains, whereas active growth was observed with Debaryomyces vanrijii and many species of the genus Candida in media with n-hexadecane or wax distillate as sole source of carbon. In addition, some cultures belonging to the genera Sporobolomyces, Hansenula, Cryptococcus, and Trigonopsis could utilize some of these substrates, but to a lesser extent. Highest yield of cells and protein was obtained with Candida lipolytica NRRL 1094 in n-hexadecane medium, supplied with 0.03% yeast extract and trace element solutions. The results are discussed with respect to the possibilities of using new yeast genera, with special reference to the genus Debaryomyces, in microbiol protein production.
Alkanes↗
Whole genome-based reclassification of the genus Metabacillus: Proposal for five novel genera, Chryseobacillus gen. nov., Cohnibacillus gen. nov., Salimetabacillus gen. nov., Pantoeobacillus gen. nov., and Lutimetabacillus gen. nov. and the description of one novel bacterial species, Chryseobacillus diguaensis sp. nov. isolated from soil in the Digua reservoir.
Comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses were conducted to clarify the taxonomic boundaries of the genus Metabacillus. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from a set of single-copy orthologous proteins (SCOPs) revealed that the genus, as currently defined, is polyphyletic. The type species of the genus Metabacillus and its closest relatives formed a consistent clade, herein designated as Metabacillus sensu stricto. The remaining species were grouped into three well-supported clades: Kandeliae, Indicus, and Mangrovi, and two single-taxon lineages: M. arenae and M. lacus. The phylogenomic delineation found in these divergent taxa was corroborated by either inconsistent distribution patterns or the absence of previously defined conserved signature indels (CSIs) specific to Metabacillus. Genomic metrics, including Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), Average Amino acid Identity (AAI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) further supported the taxonomic delineation proposed here. The observed genomic divergence was mirrored by phenotypic differences, including variations in GC content ranges. Based on this polyphasic evidence, we propose the reclassification of the genus Metabacillus taxa into five novel genera: Chryseobacillus gen. nov. (encompassing the Kandeliae clade), Cohnibacillus gen. nov. (M. lacus), Salimetabacillus gen. nov. (M. arenae), Pantoeobacillus gen. nov. (Indicus clade), and Lutimetabacillus gen. nov. (Mangrovi clade). The core lineage is retained as Metabacillus sensu stricto, for which an emended description of the genus Metabacillus is also provided. A novel bacterial strain, designated as MAU-250T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on the shore of an artificial reservoir in the Andean foothills of the Maule Region in central Chile. Public metagenome screening supported a low-abundance taxon with broad ecological adaptability, preferentially associated with soil habitats. A polyphasic analysis based on phenotypic traits and genomic distances (78.0% ANIb and 19.8% dDDH against its closest relative) also supported its designation as a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacillus diguaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MAU-250T (=RGM 3146T = IMI 507634T).
Phylogeny↗
[New elementary structures of actinomycete spores of the genera Actinomadura and Streptomyces].
The structure of spore surfaces was studied by electron microscopy in five species of actinomycetes, and two new types of elementary surface structures were discovered. The surface of spores in Streptomyces regensis consists of long flexible, closely interwoven, band-like structures 25 A wide. Ring-like structures 140--150 A in diameter can be observed on spores of Actinomadura verrucosospora; their clusters resemble grapes and the spore silhouette looks like a cone. Rod-like structures of spores in Streptomyces cavourensis and Str. streptomycini which form an ornament resembling the surface of a basket and tubular strucutres in Str. acrimycini of which hair-shaped spore protrusions are made are similar to the elementary structures of spore surfaces in other actinomycetes.
Microscopy, Electron↗
[Approach to a practical method for screening and identifying microorganism genera from urine (author's transl)].
In this study the author reported upon a practical new system for screening and identifying the microbial agents causing urinary tract infections. This system is composed of a combination of 3 screening procedures (pH-value + nitrite-test + catalase-test) and 8 selective culture media for the purpose of genus identification within 24 hours (Uripret-G). A total of 130 cultures was investigated. The employed microorganisms were mainly recovered from urine samples. They included the following species: Candida albicans, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus inconstans, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium. Employing coded cultures not only monoinfections but also multiinfections in urine samples were simulated. Under the circumstances of investigation it was possible with the help of the new system to reidentify the genera of all but two of the 130 employed microorganisms.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.
Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.
Animals↗
The nacreous layer in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio (Bivalvia). Crystalline composition and nucleation of nacreous tablets.
Etching with the glutaraldehyde-acetic acid solution reveals that the nacreous tablets in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio are composed of four crystal individuals which occur in two structurally different pairs and which are probably cyclically twinned. In Mytilus, one pair consists of horizontal lamellae, whereas the other pair lacks the lamellae. The lamellar pair of crystals is considerably less soluble in the etching solution than the non-lamellar pair. In the less-soluble crystal pair of Nucula and Unio, the lamellar structure is absent. In all three genera, the nucleation of new nacreous tablets invariably takes place on the top surface of the less-soluble crystal individuals. The stack-like growth of the nacreous tablets in the marginal region of the shell in Nucula is probably related to the exceptionally large-sized, less-soluble crystal individuals in the nacreous tablets of this region.
Acetates↗
Phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (order primates, infraorder Platyrrhini).
The combined properties of a given cutaneous system, like other characters classically employed by systematic zoologists, are useful criteria in the assessment of primate taxonomy and phylogeny. From the synthesis of all available data, it is also concluded that (1) the results define a baseline regarding the normal histology and histochemistry of the skin of most genera and many species of New World monkeys; (2) intrageneric and intraspecific subtleties in cutaneous variation exist in primate integument; (3) single and multiple cutaneous traits contribute to the characterization and accurate identification of most levels of taxa within the primate hierarchy; (4) some traits, however, negate recent taxonomic practices, e.g., the familial position of Callimico; (5) basic cutaneous patterns confirm currently accepted concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny; and (6) the various cutaneous signatures of extant platyrrhines record a history of adaptive radiation in isolation, and suggest that the designation of at least two distinct families is warranted.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
In vitro activity of furazlocillin (Bay k 4999) compared with those of mezlocillin, piperacillin, and standard beta-lactam antibiotics.
The activity of furazlocillin (Bay k 4999) was compared with those of mezlocillin, piperacillin, and standard beta-lactam antibiotics against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. These new expanded-spectrum penicillins were less active than penicillin G against most gram-positive organisms. Furazlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin showed activity comparable to ampicillin and penicillin G against Haemophilus influenzae and penicillin-susceptible neisseriae, respectively. None of the drugs tested was effective against penicillin-resistant gonococci. The activity of furazlocillin was greater than that of mezlocillin, piperacillin, ampicillin, or carbenicillin against many Enterobacteriaceae. However, certain beta-lactam-resistant strains among these organisms were not highly susceptible to any of the three new penicillins. Furazlocillin was less active than piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but was more active than carbenicillin or mezlocillin. Inoculum effects and discrepancies between minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations were observed with furazlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin against several genera. The kinetics of bacterial killing by the new penicillins were often slow and incomplete over 24 h, especially in tests with Enterobacter and P. aeruginosa. Synergy was demonstrated between furazlocillin and aminoglycosides against a variety of gram-negative bacilli and Streptococcus faecalis.
Aminoglycosides↗
Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities.
Recently discovered Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages have allowed complete systematic revision of the sub-Saharan African Suidae. New phylogenies are proposed for the 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant representatives. Suids are common elements of African Plio-Pleistocene faunas, and their evolutionary trends, particularly in the species Mesochoerus limnetes and Metridiochoerus andrewsi, are of great correlative value. Suid data are employed in a refinement of stratigraphic correlations at Omo Shungura, Olduvai, and east of Lake Turkana (formerly East Rudolf) and in a correlation of East African and South African sites, with important implications for interpretation of hominid evolution. The suid record also bears significantly on questions of theoretical evolutionary biology.
Africa↗
Genome sequences of five phylogenetically diverse bacterial isolates from the Populus root microbiome.
Five bacterial genomes were sequenced from isolates obtained from Populus deltoides and Populus trichocarpa roots collected in Tennessee and Oregon. These genomes expand the representation of underrepresented bacterial genera within the Populus root microbiome and provide new reference resources for studies of plant-associated bacteria.
endosphere↗
New species of eocene primates and the phylogeny of European adapidae.
Restudy of virtually all of the important collections of European Eocene primates of the family Adapidae indicates that 28 valid species in 8 genera are now known, spanning a time period of nearly 20 million years. The biostratigraphic distribution of each species has been studied in the context of established reference levels, and a maximum of four evolutionary lineages are known from any one locality. Ten new species are proposed in the genera Pelycodus (1 sp.), Protoadapis (4 sp.), Periconodon (2 sp.), Anchomomys (1 sp.), and Adapis (2 sp.). Phylogenetic relationships among the species, based on stratophenetic linking, are indicated whenever possible.
Animals↗
[Comparative review of the developmental biology of the genera Sarcocystis, Frenkelia, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma and Besnoitia (author's transl)].
A review is given of the advances in our knowledge of the developmental biology of the so-called cyst-forming coccidia in the years from 1974 to 1978. Until 1970 only 6 Isospora species were known to occur in cats, dogs and men. After the discovery of the coccidian nature of the genera Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia and Frenkelia, and after the discovery of the new genus Hammondia the number of known species rose to over 30. In addition it could be shown that also birds of prey, owls and reptiles serve as final hosts for several Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species. The coccidia with isosporoid oocysts can be classified into two major groups: Species with gamogony and sporogony in the final host (Sarcocystis, Frenkelia) and species with schizogony and gamogony in the final host and sporogony on the ground (Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The subdivision of the first group into the genera Sarcocystis and Frenkelia based on the localization of their cysts in the musculature and in the brain, respectively, cannot be upheld in the future. Their classification into organisms with small cystozoites of about 7 microm with birds or reptiles as final hosts (Sarcocystis and Frenkelia species of rodents) and those with large cystozoites of about 15 microm and mammals as final hosts (Sarcocystis spp. of domestic animals and rodents) would be more significative. The second group can be subdivided into monoxenous species (Isospora), species with an optional intermediate host in which no or only slight multiplication occurs (Cystoisospora) and in genera with a multiplication in two phases in the intermediate host (Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia). The nomenclature of single species is very controversial. As an example the controversial apprehension of the taxonomy of the Sarcocystis species of cattle is discussed. An application has been submitted to the International Commission for the Zoological Nomenclature to delcare a number of names as nomina dubia and to introduce unambiguous names for those organisms for which type specimens are available.
Animals↗