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PubMed2005

Difficulties and special issues associated with field research in behavioral neuroendocrinology.

Classical behavioral neuroendocrinology has focused on a limited number of domestic mammals and birds. The model systems used in these studies represent a very small proportion of the diversity of hormone-behavior interactions found in nature. In the last three decades, an increasing number of researchers have concentrated their efforts on studying behavioral neuroendocrinology of wild animals. Field behavioral neuroendocrinology presents a series of challenges ranging from the design of the experiments to sample preservation and transportation. The constraints of field conditions limit the number of factors that can be controlled for and the questions that can be addressed. On the other side, many behaviors can be studied only in the field, and only a few species can be kept in captivity. Thus, field studies are necessary to understand the complexity and variety of interactions between hormones, brain, and behavior. In this article, we will review some of the peculiarities and challenges of field behavioral neuroendocrinology, including solutions for some of the most commonly encountered technical issues.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Comparative prognostic value of serum placental and tissue oxytocinase, alkaline phosphatase and its heat-stable fraction in pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk.

Serum enzyme determinations are now well-established diagnostic tools in so-called "placental insufficiency". A good predictability of oxytocinases (P-CAP-placental oxytocinase and T-CAP-tissue oxytocinase) and a doubtful one of those of phosphatases (AP-alkaline phosphatase, HSAP-heat stable alkaline phosphatase) has been shown in high-risk pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the above cited enzymes in the so-called "pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk", i.e. pregnancy in women with a prepregnancy history of hormonal disorders. It was shown that the outcome and results of such pregnancies are poorer that those of normal pregnancies. The series studied comprised 364 pregnant patients with pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk that were being monitored by means of serum assays of the four enzymes. An attempt was made to assess each of these enzyme activities both in single (at least one value below 2.5 percentile calculated for healthy subjects) and serial determinations (two consecutive results decreasing or remaining at the same level). Normal and abnormal enzyme results were compared with normal and abnormal conditions of the newborn. The results presented showed that P-CAP (Tab. I) and T-CAP (Tab. II) levels were useful in prenatal diagnosis of fetal impairment in heneral, in addition to perinatal mortality and low values of the APGAR score. Neither the single nor serial assays of AT (Tab. III) and HSAP (Tab. IV) were valuable in predicting birth of an impaired neonate. Sensitivity of the test, i.e. percentage of women with abnormal enzyme assays among those patients who gave birth to impaired neonates, and specificity of the test, i.e. the percentage of women delivered of impaired neonates among all women with abnormal enzyme assays, of the four enzymes were compared. Sensitvity and specificity of P-CAP and T-CAP were higher than those for AP and HSAP. Moreover, sensitivity for all four enzymes was higher in serial assays, and specificity was higher in single assays. The results of the present analysis demonstrated the prognostic value of oxytocinase assays also in the pregnancy at neuroendocrinological risk. Assays of P-CAP and T-CAP were of equal significance, notwithstanding reports of a greater usefulness of P-CAP. Assays of CAP were helpful particularly in the conditions on which neuroendocrinological gestosis exerts a direct influence, i.e. in low Apgar score and perinatal mortality. On the other hand, serum alkaline phosphatases proved useless in endocrine pathology of pregnancy and HSAP was not superior to AP. About one half of future mothers of impaired neonates had enzyme results outside the range of the assays under consideration. This could be explained by the fact that these enzymes activities reflect placental function and are not directly related to fetal metabolism. Because of that they should be supplemented by other diagnostic methods being used in a clinic of high-risk pregnancy.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuroendocrinology: its role in the system of neurosciences].

Neuroendocrinology is regarded as an area of knowledge which has emerged at the interface of two disciplines: neurobiology and endocrinology in the course of accumulation of new endence within each. The evidence is strong to evidence that the neurons involve endocrine properties, including the ability to secrete hormones. Strong evidence is given that only the neuroendocrinological approach can explain many mysterious phenomena known in the physiology of the central and autonomic nervous system, which could not have been interpreted by neurobiologists for many years. Neuroendocrinology has provided insight into brain functions and lifted the veil over its mysteries. The latters include the sexual brain differentiation phenomenon which is analysed at the end of the present communication.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Acute effects of styrene inhalation on the neuroendocrinological system of rats and the different effects in male and female rats.

There have been several epidemiological and experimental studies about styrene from the neuroendocrinological viewpoint. Some reported that styrene exposure affected the neuroendocrinological system and enhanced prolactin (PRL) secretion, but others have denied those effects. It was assumed that styrene exposure caused depletion of dopamine (DA), which is a PRL inhibitor, and that, in consequence, the PRL level increased. However, not only DA but also many other factors control PRL secretion. Therefore, the mechanism of hypersecretion of PRL has not yet been clearly elucidated. In addition, effects of styrene on the female reproductive system have been reported, but the susceptibility needs to be further studied. Therefore, to investigate what causes hypersecretion of PRL and how different the susceptibility is in males and females, we studied acute effects of styrene exposure on the neuroendocrinological system in male and female rats. Immediately after exposure to 150 ppm styrene vapor for 10 days (8 h/day), male and female rats were killed, and blood and brain samples were collected. The styrene concentration in blood, hormones such as PRL, growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in plasma and neurotransmitters in various brain regions were measured. The styrene concentration in the blood of female rats was higher than that in male rats, and the PRL level was significantly increased in female exposed rats compared with controls. No significant change was observed in male rats. We did not observe any significant changes in DA, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or their metabolites. Because neurotransmitters were not affected in either male or female rats, the mechanism enhancing PRL secretion remains unclear. These results suggest that styrene exposure may cause hypersecretion of PRL and that the sensitivity to styrene exposure of the female may be higher than that of the male.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1979

[Hereditary motor neuron disease: the proximal, adult, sex-linked form (or Kennedy disease). Clinical and neuroendocrinologic observations].

Clinical, electrophysiological, histological and neuroendocrinological findings in a peculiar form of progressive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy affecting 4 members in two different families are reported. The clinical hallmarks, which characterize this entity among the group of degenerative motor neuron diseases are: sex-linked recessive inheritance; onset in the third decade; slow progression; involvement of facial and bulbar muscles in addition to wasting of the proximal and, in some cases, the distal musculature; asymmetry of clinical signs; consistent and abundant fasciculations predominantly in the peri-oral muscles; intention tremor and a well-developed gynaecomastia, which is the first clinical sign. Electrophysiological and histological findings confirm the neurogenic origin of the muscular atrophy; in addition, muscle biopsy shows "myopathic-like" changes in one case and serum muscle enzyme levels are elevated in all neurologically affected patients. It is believed that the clinical entity corresponds to the rare type III proximal hereditary motor neuropathy (or "Kennedy's disease"), of which 25 published cases are reviewed. Neuroendocrinological data in two patients demonstrate an androgenic insufficiency of hypothalamo-hypophyseal origin and high levels of circulating oestrogens, which probably have induced gynaecomastia. Dynamic neuroendocrinological tests suggest that lesions of certain hypothalamic nuclei may exist, which should be looked for in the forthcoming anatomical studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Multiple neuroendocrinological responses in borderline personality disorder patients.

Male patients suffering from borderline personality disorder (n = 13), major depression (n = 13) or schizophrenia (n = 13) were investigated on several psychopathological (HDRS, BPRS) and neuroendocrinological (DST and TSH, PRL, GH responses to TRH) parameters. Comparisons were made between the borderline group and the other groups of patients. Borderline patients differed from schizophrenics psychopathologically (BPRS) and neuroendocrinologically (DST). Also, borderline patients differed from major depressives in the HDRS, but behaved like them concerning DST. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are neuroendocrinological similarities between borderline personality disorder and major depressive patients, especially on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Neuroendocrinology in depression and schizophrenia (author's transl)].

In the introduction the heuristic basis of neuroendocrinology and the relationship to current concepts in biological psychiatry is analyzed. Various neuroendocrinological approaches to the study of depressive and schizophrenic disorders are then exemplified by the discussion of selected papers. In contrast to studies in schizophrenic patients abnormal findings have been found, by several research approaches, in endogenous-depressive patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a disfunction of biogenic amines in endogenous depression; however, considering the neuroendocrinological methodology at hand these findings are not conclusive.

Depression↗
PubMed2000

[Update endocrinology I (Neuroendocrinology)].

BACKGROUND: Presentation of current data and knowledge in the field of experimental and clinical neuroendocrinology. AIM: Overview of current data on the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of pituitary disorders. 1. Hypothalamic and pituitary regulation: characterization of influence of hormone secretion and cell proliferation of anterior pituitary cells by an intrapituitary network of cytokines and growth factors. Special importance on the role of the interleukin-6-family. Characterization of the role of gaseous transmitters in neuroendocrinology. 2. Molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas: presentation of the current knowledge status with regard to familial syndromes. 3. Therapy of pituitary adenomas: presentation of new developments of therapeutic aspects, in particular medical treatment, surgery and radiation. Outlook on the future role of gene therapy. 4. Growth hormone replacement in adults: short overview of diagnosis and therapy of growth hormone deficiency in the adult.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed2005

"Neuroethoendocrinology": integration of field and laboratory studies in insect neuroendocrinology.

Progress in the field of insect neuroendocrinology has been rapid despite the relatively small number of investigators working on insect systems. This progress, in part, reflects the ease of studying insect behavior in the laboratory, and a historical perspective reveals that insect neuroendocrinology has been dominated since its inception by laboratory studies. Recent advances in methodology and a renewed interest in the concept of behavioral state in insects suggest that it might be useful for insect neuroendocrinologists to spend a little more time in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

["Push-pull" perfusion technic in neuroendocrinology].

In this article the author reviews the different models of push-pull cannula device used in neuroendocrinology, mainly those applied to the study of neurohormones release from median eminence (ME). At present, three technical details might explain some disagreements resulting from application of push-pull perfusion (PPP) in neuroendocrinology, concerning for instance, the SRIF release: firstly, the tissue damage connected with the diameter of the cannulas utilized (guide and perfusion), secondly, the perfusion flow which can vary from 15 to 40 microliter/min according to the authors, and finally, the means of implanting the cannula in the ME (between 8 days and 1 hour before perfusion). The author compares the values of SRIF, TRH and CRF releases measured by portal cannula with those obtained by PPP. It would seem that the application of a physiological stimulus triggers a response measured in the perfusate whose amplitude as compared to basal levels, is more important than the amplitude measured in portal blood. In conclusion, in despite of its limits--reproductiveness and yield--, at the present time PPP may be considered one of the major methodological tools affording the physiologist optimum conditions for in vivo studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Prediction of the amitriptyline response: psychopathology versus neuroendocrinology.

In this prediction study 50 patients with DSM-III major depressive episode were assessed before treatment with respect to symptomatology (Newcastle and Hamilton features), diagnostic sub-types (according to the Newcastle scale and the DSM-III) and neuroendocrinology (DST and TRH-test). Subjects were given 150 mg of amitriptyline daily and the treatment response was determined on day 11 and 21. The duration of hospitalization served as a further criterion of outcome. The data suggest that neither diagnostic sub-typing nor neuroendocrinological variables were significantly related to outcome. Prediction, however, became possible using the following clinical parameters: DSM-III depressive psychotic features, DSM-III personality disorder and sudden onset of illness were significantly associated with poor treatment response and explained 34% of the outcome variance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Neuroendocrinological and molecular aspects of insect reproduction.

This review summarizes recent advances and novel concepts in the area of insect reproductive neuroendocrinology. The role of 'classic' hormones, such as ecdysteroids and juvenoids, to control reproduction is well documented in a large variety of insect species. In adult gonads, ecdysteroids appear to induce a cascade of transcription factors, many of which also occur during the larval molting response. Recent molecular and functional data have created opportunities to study an additional level of regulation, that of neuropeptides, growth factors and their respective receptors. As a result, many homologs of factors playing a role in vertebrate reproductive physiology have been discovered in insects. This review highlights several neuropeptides controlling the biosynthesis and release of the 'classic' insect hormones, as well as various peptides and biogenic amines that regulate behavioural aspects of the reproduction process. In addition, hormone metabolizing enzymes and second messenger pathways are discussed with respect to their role in reproductive tissues. Finally, we speculate on future prospects for insect neuroendocrinological research as a consequence of the recent 'Genomics Revolution'.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Psychoimmuno-neuroendocrinology: An integrative approach to modern philosophy in medicine and psychology.

The immune system is now seen to be closely integrated with other physiological circuits, such as the central nervous system (CNS) and the neuroendocrine system. There is also an increasing amount of evidence that this integrated circuit is bidirectional and both systems exert a reciprocal effect on each other. We have always stressed the interdisciplinary nature of the science where disciplines and sciences such as medicine, biochemistry, genetics, psychology, human ethology, etc. meet and undergo a process of "cross-fertilization." We also have stressed the indivisibility of the somatic and psychological processes in the indivisible continuum of human life from its very beginning and the inseparability of the development and functions of the central nervous system and the immunological and neuroendocrine processes. This transdisciplinary and integrative aspect of sciences and their entree in the twenty-first century is the true vision for our common efforts. Integration means also amalgamation, assimilation, blending, combining, incorporation, unification and harmony. This last mentioned, harmony, should be stressed and underlined specifically: a harmony between different views and approaches, between different methods and methodologies, different theories and practices. In order to undertake such a challenge, a new scientific theory and a common language is required, a language that would be understood across disciplines and would be able to assist in getting beyond semantic problems. The bridge between the immune system, neuroendocrinology and the rest of the central nervous system opens the gateway to more common understanding and acceptance across the disciplines. It is an umbrella for the endeavor that unites various scientific fields in their attempt to elucidate the processes of experience involved from the earliest stages of human life. This integration does cross over the different disciplines and diagnostic systems. It attaches theoretical and applied fields, basic research and clinical experience throughout the whole continuity of human life from conception and onwards. Integrated Psychoimmuno-Neuroendocrinology represents a unique opportunity for the primary prevention of psychological, emotional and physical disorders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

[Anorexia-nervosa--psychopathologic findings in relation to body weight and neuroendocrinologic changes].

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of psychopathological, behavioral and neuroendocrinological variables to weight profiles in patients with anorexia nervosa. The subjects were 67 patients with anorexia nervosa (61 females, 6 males). Eighteen (27%) were found to have a diffuse organic brain syndrome. Symptoms of hysterical and depressive neurosis predominated among the female subjects and those of obsessive-compulsive neurosis among the male subjects. Obsessive-compulsive and depressive traits were seen more frequently in the subjects with organic brain syndrome (14 of 18) than in the other subjects. One third of the female subjects showed resistance during therapy. Neuroendocrinological investigations (LHRH and TRH tests) were carried out on 27 of the female subjects. The stimulation values for the hormones LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin showed a significant dependence on weight. The symptomatology found in the subjects with organic brain syndrome largely parallels that of the psycho-organic hunger syndrome described by Baeyer. Correlations were found between weight loss and both blood chemistry findings and changes in psychosocial behavior.

Adolescent↗