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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

The history of neurochemistry as revealed by the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Analyses of samples of articles in the Journal of Neurochemistry between 1956 (the year of its foundation) and 1990 were used to obtain numerical indices of the history of neurochemistry. Data suggest that the acceleration of neurochemical research did not merely reflect the increase of biochemical research in general and that it involved progressive decreases and increases of interest in major constituents and transmitters, respectively, as indicated by both numbers and citations of papers. Papers on all classes of transmitters increased steadily and in the order of amines > amino acids, acetylcholine > peptides. Within the field of brain metabolism, papers on energy metabolism decreased markedly. Use of techniques other than those of biochemistry/neurochemistry altered strikingly with decreases of histological, electrophysiological, and pharmacological methods and increases of chemical, immunological, and tissue culture methods. Citations by neuroscience core journals between 1975 and 1988 suggest that the relative prominence of neurochemistry within neuroscience has remained constant. Analyses indicate that the influence of the U.S.A. relative to that of other regions has remained fairly steady between 1956 and 1990, but that number of papers from the U.K. has declined, whereas the influences of Western Europe and other areas appear to have recently increased substantially. Sociological changes have been the virtual disappearance of single-author papers, an increase of multiauthorship (> 3), and a recent striking increase of assertive sentence titles.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2002

Participation of women in neurochemistry societies.

Women have made important scientific contributions to the field of neurochemistry, and they have also been leaders in neurochemical societies throughout the world. Here I discuss women's involvement and leadership in six neurochemistry societies: American Society for Neurochemistry, Argentine Society for Neurochemistry, International Society for Neurochemistry, European Society for Neurochemistry, Japanese Society for Neurochemistry, and Asian-Pacific Society for Neurochemistry. The number of women who have been active in these societies and the level of their activity vary considerably. Neurochemical societies in the Western hemisphere, i.e., the American and the Argentine Society for Neurochemistry, have much greater numbers of women who have held office, been on council, or engaged in other leadership activities than in the rest of the world. The limited participation of women in the Japanese Neurochemistry Society relates to Japanese cultural views and was not unexpected. However, the relatively few women leaders in the International Society for Neurochemistry was a surprise. The European Society had a somewhat better record of female participation than did the International Society. The reasons for these differences are partly cultural, but factors related to when each society was formed, how it is organized, and how elections are structured undoubtedly play a role. Further analysis of these observations would be of interest from a sociological and a women's studies point of view.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed1998

In vivo neurochemistry of the brain in schizophrenia as revealed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), an application of the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), is a functional imaging modality that provides a view of localized biochemistry in vivo. A number of studies applying MRS to the neurochemistry of schizophrenia have been reported, which encompass a range of patient populations, states of medication, anatomic regions, nuclear species, and MRS techniques. A brief review of the history and methodology of NMR and MRS is presented. Comparison is made of MRS capabilities with other functional imaging modalities. Aspects of the neurochemistry of schizophrenia relevant to MRS studies are reviewed, as are the reported MRS studies involving patients with schizophrenia. Areas of consistent findings include decreased phosphomonoesters and increased phosphodiesters in frontal lobes, and decreases in the putative neuronal cell marker, N-acetylaspartate, in temporal lobes. Studies of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamine have generated inconsistent results. New insights into alterations in neurochemistry in schizophrenia have been provided by MRS. Studies of neurotransmitters have future potential with improvements in field strength and in spectral editing techniques. MRS has the potential to measure brain medication levels and simultaneous effects on neurochemistry. MRS may assist in characterizing high-risk populations, and ultimately guide medication use.

Brain Chemistry↗
PubMed2004

Quantification of amino acid neurochemistry secondary to NMDA or betaxolol application.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in retinal amino acid neurochemistry are an indicator of metabolic function. Glutamate is the primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter within the retina, and excessive levels of glutamate can potentially cause excitotoxicity, in particular, through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Anomalies in NMDA receptor function have been implicated as causing many neurodegenerative disorders, and overactivation leads to neuronal death secondary to metabolic insult. Several pharmaceutical agents have been proposed as potential neuroprotective agents against excitotoxicity (e.g. betaxolol), yet any effects such drugs have on retinal neurochemistry have not been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the changes in retinal amino acid neurochemistry secondary to the application of NMDA with and without betaxolol. METHODS: Functional NMDA channel activation was confirmed in both amacrine and ganglion cells by quantifying the entry into these neurones of a channel permeable probe (agmatine: 1-amino-4-guanidobutane [AGB]). By probing serial thin sections with immunoglobulins targeting AGB, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, it was possible to simultaneously study the neurochemical characteristic as well as the NMDA-evoked AGB responses of different neurochemical populations of inner retinal neurones. RESULTS: The authors have previously shown no accumulation of glutamate or GABA within Muller cells following NMDA application. Herein they report altered GABA and glycine immunoreactivity, but not glutamate immunoreactivity within neurones of the amacrine and ganglion cell layers following NMDA application. Finally, the addition of betaxolol did not significantly alter the normal neurochemistry of the retina. CONCLUSION: The retina possesses intrinsic mechanisms that allow it to maintain metabolic integrity during short periods of high NMDA application.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Academician A.V. Palladin as a founder of the scientific school of functional neurochemistry].

The article deals with some data revealing the scientific heredity of one of the pioneers, prominent patriarch of the world neurochemistry, academician O.V. Palladin as well as his scientific school on the functional neurochemistry. There have been displayed the most essential achievements of Palladin's school in two basic trends: 1) Estimation of the nerve tissue chemical topography--determination of the chemical components localization and content in morphologically and functionally different branches and microstructural formations of the central and peripheral nerve systems; 2) Initiating and inventing in the field of the functional neurochemistry--identification of the links between the content and intensity of the biochemical transformations of the intracellular chemical components and functional activity of the nerve tissue various structures, as well as these structures physiological functions molecular mechanisms. There are some data about O.V. Palladins's and his disciples participation in the work of the international and european neurochemical societies as well as in some international neurochemical journals, congresses and so on.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2005

Association of human hippocampal neurochemistry, serotonin transporter genetic variation, and anxiety.

The impact of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on anxiety-related behavior and related cerebral activation has facilitated the understanding of neurobiological mechanisms of anxiety. However, the influence of the 5-HTTLPR genotype on hippocampal neuronal development and neurochemistry, which is relevant to anxiety behavior, has not been investigated. In 38 healthy subjects, absolute concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) were measured as a main surrogate parameter for hippocampal neurochemistry on a 3-T scanner. A significantly lower hippocampal NAA concentration in s allele carriers was observed as compared to l/l genotype. Other metabolites (choline, creatine + phosphocreatine, glutamate) were unaffected by genotype. The hippocampal NAA concentration was negatively correlated with trait anxiety scores (STAI). Metabolites measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (reference region) were not associated with genotype. The results are in accordance with the recently reported relationship between hippocampal neuronal development and anxiety behavior in adult animals and show an association between human limbic neurochemistry and genetically driven serotonergic neurotransmission relevant to anxiety.

Alleles↗
PubMed1988

Regional noradrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry in the rat urinary bladder: effects of age.

Neurochemistry of the base and body of the rat urinary bladder was compared for both adrenergic and cholinergic parameters using Fischer 344 rats. In bladder base and body, respectively, the concentration (pmol./mg. wet weight) of norepinephrine was 23.4 and 2.16, of acetylcholine was 26.7 and 18.3, and of choline was 96.7 and 199. The activity (nmol./mg. protein/hour) of tyrosine hydroxylase was 422 and less than 50, of monoamine oxidase was 80.6 and 126, of choline acetyltransferase was 17.4 and 11.5, and of acetylcholinesterase (nmol./mg. wet weight/hour) was 485 and 165. Treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not alter norepinephrine concentration in bladder base but decreased it by 27% in bladder body. Studies were also done to determine whether age-related changes exist in the adrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry of the rat urinary bladder. Bladders from rats of 6-7, 15-17, and 22-24 mo. of age were examined. The only age-related differences noted were a progressive decrease in level of monoamine oxidase activity in both bladder regions and an increase in bladder base norepinephrine concentration from 6-7 to 15-17 mo. followed by a decrease at 22-24 mo. Overall, the results show marked regional variations in bladder neurochemistry which remain remarkably stable as the animals grow old.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2002

Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on swine performance, brain regional neurochemistry, and serum chemistry and the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent.

The co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in contaminated swine diets has been shown to result in synergistic toxicity beyond that observed for individual toxins. An experiment was conducted, therefore, to investigate the effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on growth, brain regional neurochemistry, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, serum chemistry, hematology, and organ weights of starter pigs. Three levels of glucomannan polymer (GM polymer, extract of yeast cell wall, Alltech Inc.) were also tested for its efficacy to overcome Fusarium mycotoxicoses. A total of 175 starter pigs (initial weight of 10 +/- 1.1 kg) were fed five diets (seven pens of five pigs per diet) for 21 d. Diets included (1) control, (2) blend of contaminated grains, (3) contaminated grains + 0.05% GM polymer (4) contaminated grains + 0.10% GM polymer and (5) contaminated grains + 0.20% GM polymer. Diets containing contaminated grains averaged 5.5 ppm deoxynivalenol, 0.5 ppm 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 26.8 ppm fuuric acid, and 0.4 ppm zearalenone. Feed intake and weight gain of all pigs fed contaminated grains was significantly reduced compared to controls throughout the experiment. The weights of liver and kidney, expressed as a percentage of body weight, were lower in pigs fed the contaminated diet than in those fed the control diet. The feeding of contaminated grains significantly reduced concentrations of dopamine in the hypothalamus and pons and concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and norepinephrine in the pons. The ratios of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid to serotonin, however, were elevated in the hypothalamus and pons. The feeding of contaminated grains increased serum IgM and IgA concentrations, while serum IgG concentrations were not altered. The supplementation of GM polymer prevented some of the mycotoxin-induced alterations in brain neurotransmitter and serum Ig concentrations. In summary, the feeding of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins reduced growth, altered brain neurochemistry, increased serum Ig concentrations, and decreased organ weights in starter pigs. Some of the Fusarium mycotoxin-induced changes in neurochemistry and serum Ig concentrations can be prevented by the feeding of yeast cell wall polymer at appropriate concentrations, although this was not reflected in increased growth rate under these experimental conditions.

Adsorption↗