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PubMed2026

Biological characterization and genome analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis GX0003935 with biocontrol activity against Meloidogyne enterolobii.

Meloidogyne enterolobii is a highly aggressive root-knot nematode, and reduced availability of chemical nematicides increases the need for effective biocontrol alternatives. We characterized Bacillus thuringiensis GX0003935 in terms of nematicidal activity, stability, biocontrol efficacy, and genome features. The culture broth and filtrate caused more than 97% corrected mortality of second-stage juveniles within 48 h, whereas bacterial suspension showed limited activity, suggesting that extracellular factors substantially contribute to nematicidal activity. The culture filtrate retained high nematicidal activity after exposure to UV irradiation, heat treatment, broad pH range, and prolonged storage, and the strain maintained stable activity during serial passaging. Furthermore, protease sensitivity assays, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and polarity characterization collectively suggested a composite active system involving proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous components. In pot trials, culture broth and filtrate reduced galling by approximately 74%. Genome sequencing combined with ANI/dDDH analyses confirmed GX0003935 as B. thuringiensis. Multiple candidates (proteases, chitinases, and toxin proteins) and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were revealed, while known nematicidal Cry toxins were not detected. RT-qPCR results confirmed that the expression of these candidate genes at different growth stages. B. thuringiensis GX0003935 exhibits stable, extracellular-factor-associated nematicidal activity and effectively suppresses M. enterolobii in water spinach, indicating its potential as a biocontrol candidate.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗

PubMed2026

Exploring Actinobacteria for new insecticides and their delivery in crop protection.

Crop protection is essential for agricultural production systems, safeguarding yields and product quality. Chemical controls are a mainstay of protection; however, regulatory and consumer demands, environmental concerns and a general overreliance resulting in resistance development in pest populations have led to increased interest in biopesticides and environmentally friendly alternatives. Biopesticides targeting insects include micro-organisms and their derivatives, such as peptides and specialized metabolites. Their target specificity, structural complexity, modes of action and environmental safety are key differentiators to chemical controls, and when used in integrated pest management programmes, biopesticides can reduce reliance on chemical pesticides and promote sustainable agriculture. As the demand for bioinsecticides grows, so too has the research and application of micro-organisms, alongside their taxonomic diversity and isolation sources. Of key interest are Actinobacteria as both promising and well-tested alternatives for managing insect pests in various agricultural settings, with several products commercialized for use across a variety of crops and target pests. Recent advances and investigations in metabolomics and genomics highlight the untapped and significant biochemical potential and value of Actinobacteria for natural product discovery. This review covers a broad spectrum of published literature that has reported on insecticidal biological activity data associated with Actinobacteria or their natural products. We also report on Actinobacteria-derived nematicides and acaricides that are significant for crop protection. The origin of these natural products, their structural diversity and notable substructures are discussed, along with new areas for discovery and avenues for enhancing screening methods and metabolo-genomics approaches.

Insecticides↗

PubMed2026

In vitro EVALUATION OF Beauveria bassiana ISOLATES AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES FROM GOATS.

Biological control has emerged as a promising alternative for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. However, additional information is still needed on the nematicidal portencial of Beauveria bassiana and on the early interaction between fungal conidia and infective larvae. In this study, six B. bassiana isolates (LCMS19-LCMS24) were evaluated in vitro using a coproculture assay with fecal samples from naturally infected goats. Larval recovery was compared with that of an untreated control to estimate the percentage reduction in third-stage larvae (L3). The most effective isolate was subsequently examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize its interaction with L3. All isolates reduced L3 recovery compared with the control, although their efficacy differed. LCMS21 showed the greatest reduction in L3 recovery and differed significantly from the other treatments. SEM revealed extensive adhesion of LCMS21 conidia to the L3 cuticle, in the anterior and median regions. However, no clear evidence of conidial germination, germ tube formation, cuticle penetration, or hyphal development was observed after 48 or 72 h. These results indicate that B. bassiana isolates differ in their in vitro activity against gastrointestinal nematodes and identify LCMS21 as the most promising isolate among those tested. The ultrastructural observations support an early fungus-larva interaction, but they do not allow the nematicidal effect to be attributed to adhesion. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms involved and to evaluate the potencial application of this isolate in integrated parasite control programs.

Beauveria bassiana↗