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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Women physicians in medical academia. A national statistical survey.

We determined the representation of women physicians on US medical school faculties by enumeration from school catalogues according to professorial rank, title series, and department affilitation. We also compiled similar data for top-level administrative posts, using periodic chronological comparisons from 1955 through 1977 and 1978. Despite a burgeoning population of women medical students, we found a pattern of underuse of women physicians characterized by limited upward mobility on the faculty (professor: median, 3.0%; range, 0% to 18.2%; assistant professor; median, 7.3%; range, 0% to 28.7%). There were no women in chief executive positions.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blind ureters. Proposed classification and study of the national statistics with the contribution of 2 cases].

The authors put forward the bases for a classification of the different kinds of B.U., according to the direction which it takes, the situation of the blind end and the accompanying, renoureteral malformations in the system itself. They review the Spanish statistics in which 38 cases of 6 kinds are compiled, included among the 15 in the classification suggested, as well as presenting two of their own. They refer to the possible ischemic cause of this anomaly.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Outcomes of psychiatric residency training during the past decade.

An assumption has existed that training in a psychoanalytically or psychodynamically oriented residency program would narrow the range of the trainees' interests and limit career pathways with a predominance of private practice. In order to test this assumption, a survey was undertaken of graduates of a psychoanalytically oriented program over a ten-year period with a view to determining the nature of their present professional activities. Results of the survey were compared to available national statistics for patterns of psychiatric professional practice and prove the assumptions to be invalid. We discuss some implications of this study and possible alternate explanations for the professional practice patterns that have emerged.

Internship and Residency↗
PubMed2025

SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity and within-host evolution in individuals with persistent infection in the UK: an observational, longitudinal, population-based surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infections in hospitalised immunocompromised individuals are known to facilitate accelerated within-host viral evolution, potentially contributing to the emergence of highly divergent variants. However, little is known about the evolutionary dynamics and transmission risks of persistent infections in the general population. We aimed to characterise the within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during persistent infections identified through a large community surveillance study. METHODS: We used data from the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey (ONS-CIS), a large-scale, longitudinal, population-based surveillance study conducted in the UK from April, 2020, to March, 2023. For this analysis, we focused on infections with high viral load (cycle threshold &#x2264;30) and available genome sequences, from seven major SARS-CoV-2 lineages (alpha, delta, BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, and XBB). ONS-CIS participants were randomly selected from the general population and tested regularly by RT-PCR, regardless of symptoms. We defined persistent infections as those with sustained or rebounding high viral RNA titres for 26 days or longer. We examined associated host characteristics and used raw sequence data to identify de novo mutations and estimate within-host synonymous and non-synonymous evolutionary rates across the SARS-CoV-2 genome. FINDINGS: Between Nov 2, 2020, and March 21, 2023, we identified 576 persistent infections with at least two sequences, including 11 alpha, 106 delta, 102 BA.1, 204 BA.2, 16 BA.4, 133 BA.5, and 4 XBB. Persistent infections were more common in males than females (p<0&#xb7;0001) and individuals older than 60 years (p=0&#xb7;0027). The median within-host genome-wide evolutionary rate was 7&#xb7;9&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-4 substitutions per site per year (IQR 7&#xb7;0-9&#xb7;0&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-4), with high inter-individual variability driven largely by non-synonymous mutations, particularly in the N-terminal and receptor-binding domains of the spike protein. Longer infection duration was associated with higher evolutionary rates, while no associations were found with age, sex, vaccination status, previous infection, or virus lineage. We found no clear evidence of transmission beyond the first month of infection in any of the 84 persistent infections lasting 56 days or longer. In total, we identified 379 recurrent mutations, including many with known or predicted negative fitness effects and low prevalence at the population level, as well as de novo reversions to the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference sequence, which were likely under positive selection within those individuals. INTERPRETATION: This study highlights the heterogeneous nature of within-host SARS-CoV-2 evolution in individuals with persistent infection in the community. Notably, a small subset of persistent infections with high viral loads underwent accelerated viral evolution or recurrently acquired hallmark mutations found in novel variants. In addition, onward transmission from a persistent infection during the later stages of infection is likely to be rare. These insights have important implications for prioritising genomic surveillance and managing patients with persistent infections. FUNDING: Department of Health and Social Care.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

General practice aspects of self-poisoning and self-injury.

A sample of individuals who had carried out acts of self-poisoning or self-injury were interviewed and information was also obtained from their general practitioners. More of both the men and the women had visited their general practitioners in the year before the acts than would have been predicted from national statistics, although this was not found to the same extent for persons aged 16-24. Thirty-six per cent of the sample had contacted their general practitioners during the week before the act and over 60% in the month beforehand. Sixty-three per cent had visited them for a variety of psychiatric and social reasons during the preceding year and had nearly all been prescribed psychotropic drugs, usually tranquillizers or sedatives. These were commonly the drugs taken in acts of self-poisoning. Methods of prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Identification and masking of artifactual and misleading within-host variants in deep-sequencing SARS-CoV-2 data.

Deep-sequencing data are increasingly used to study within-host viral diversity and to inform evolutionary inference. For SARS-CoV-2, analyses based on intra-host single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs) have been widely applied to quantify within-host diversity and infer transmission dynamics. However, these applications critically depend on the reliable identification of low-frequency variants, which remain vulnerable to systematic and technical artifacts. In this study, we show that recurrent artifactual iSNVs are common in large-scale SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data and can persist even under conservative minor allele frequency thresholds. Using data from the UK's Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey, we demonstrate that such artifacts are predominantly sequencing center-specific rather than primer-specific. Each center exhibits a modest, distinct set of recurrent artifactual variants showing little overlap with sites routinely masked at the consensus level. To address this, we developed a systematic, dataset-aware framework that uses recurrence within sequencing datasets to identify small, noise-adapted sets of artifactual iSNVs to mask. Applying this framework reduces spurious sharing of low-frequency variants between samples and qualitatively alters downstream inferences, including estimates of within-host diversity and transmission bottleneck sizes. Although this study focused on SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that recurrent artifactual iSNVs will be problematic for other viruses as mass-sequencing becomes increasingly routine. Together, these findings highlight the importance of explicit, dataset-aware artifact control for robust inference from within-host variation, particularly as genomic studies increasingly seek to exploit sub-consensus diversity in rapidly evolving pathogens.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia. Part 1: Phenomenological aspects.

One hundred and seventy-three early and mid-adolescent schizophrenic patients were investigated during the 18-year period from April 1958 to March 1976 and the results concerning phenomenological aspects were reported here along with some considerations. 1. Hereditary predispositions were found in 43 cases among 161 patients. Male patients seemed to be more predisposed than female patients. The incidence of schizophrenia was the highest among other mental disorders, while it was most frequently observed in mothers and siblings among other kinships. 2. Precipitative factors were recognized in 45 cases. Among them, primary social factors and physical conditions seemed to play a rather important role. These factors seemed more frequent in males than in females. 3. As to birth order, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be higher in the last half of sibships than in the first half but the difference was significant at a five-percent level when the sibship sizes were 5--9. From the comparison of our results with the national statistics of the birth order in general population, the incidence of adolescent schizophrenia seemed to be lowest in the sublings of the second birth. 4. We divided the onset into three types; acute, intermediate and insidious. We were impressed that the acute onset seemed gradually to increase in mid-adolescence and the insidious onset vice versa. In addition, the insidious onset was found chiefly in cases with hebephrenic pictures except hebe-paranoid. 5. Hebephrenic form and simple form were frequently observed but catatonic form was relatively few. Genuine paranoid form was not found in our materials. Hebephrenic and catatonic forms were more frequently seen in males, while hebe-paranoid form was more frequent in females. 6. Main symptoms at the onset were discussed. Delusional activities, still vague and fragmentary, were observed in about half of our materials, being mostly persecutory. It seemed that they were strongly influenced by the state of mood of patients. Hallucinations, mostly auditory of verbal nature, were observed in more than one-fourth of our patients. On the contrary, the cases with visual and bodily hallucinations were a few in number. Autistic tendency and refusal of scholastic activities were more frequently seen in early adolescence, while suicidal attempts or self-injuring tendency, manic or depressive tinge, "gemachte Erlebnisse", "Eigengeruchsparanoia" were rather prevalent or first observed in mid-adolescence. Various symptoms, in general, seemed to become gradually more prominent along with the progression of ages. 7. EEG findings and treatment were reported at the same time. But the course and the problem of defect will be discussed in another paper. 8. Finally, the summaries of sex differences and of the comparison between early and mid-adolescence were supplemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants.

The relationship between grade of employment, coronary risk factors, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been investigated in a longitudinal study of 17 530 civil servants working in London. After seven and a half years of follow-up there was a clear inverse relationship between grade of employment and CHD mortality. Men in the lowest grade (messengers) had 3.6 times the CHD mortality of men in the highest employment grade (administrators). Men in the lower employment grades were shorter, heavier for their height, had higher blood pressure, higher plasma glucose, smoked more, and reported less leisure-time physical activity than men in the higher grades. Yet when allowance was made for the influence on mortality of all of these factors plus plasma cholesterol, the inverse association between grade of employment and CHD mortality was still strong. It is concluded that the higher CHD mortality experienced by working class men, which is present also in national statistics, can be only partly explained by the established coronary risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Drowning in Australia: a national appraisal with particular reference to children.

National statistics of drowning (accidental and submersion) for Australia, by State, age and sex have been compiled. The national rate is 3.29 per 100 000 which compares well with that from other countries of similar latitude. The national childhood drowning rate (age group of 0 to 14 years) is 5.19 per 100 000; the rate for the 0 to four years age group ranges from almost zero in the Australian Capital Territory to 15.69 in Queensland. In all States, a drowning rate for preschool children is at least four times that of school children. Preschool versus total drowning ratios have been calculated, by State; the rank order of this data (those of Victoria are highest at 4.65) is further evidence that climatic factors alone are not necessarily major predisposing causes leading to high drowning statistics of preschool children observed in other series.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide.

Ethylene oxide, a gaseous sterilant extensively used within health care facilities, is known to be a mutagen in bacteria and in human lymphocytes. The Environmental Protection Agency as well as the National Institue of Occupational Safety and Health have recently stipulated certain conditions for the use of ethylene oxide despite the lack of case reports or epidemiologic studies concerning carcinogenicity. We report three cases of leukemia that occurred between 1972 and 1977 in a relatively small group of Swedish workers exposed to ethylene oxide. According to national statistics, 0.2 cases of leukemia would have been expected. The time-weighted average ethylene oxide concentration was 20+/-10 ppm.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

New Zealand trends in rheumatic fever: 1885-1971.

National statistics of rheumatic fever in New Zealand show falling mortality over the past 30 years. However, morbidity remains high, especially among Maori children. Community-based studies are under way to elucidate this important public health problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A simple simulation model of tuberculosis epidemiology for use without large-scale computers.

A large-scale computer service is not always available in many countries with tuberculosis problems needing epidemiological analysis. To facilitate work in such countries, a simple epidemiological model was made to calculate annual trends in the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis and its infection, in tuberculosis mortality, and in BCG coverage, using average parameter values not specific for age groups or birth year cohorts. To test its approximation capabilities and limits, the model was applied to epidemiological data from Japan, where sufficient information was available from repeated nation-wide sample surveys and national statistics. The approximation was found to be satisfactory within certain limits. The model is best used with a desk-top computer, but the calculations can be performed with a small calculator or even by hand.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1975

Diagnostic differences in psychogeriatric patients in Toronto, New York and London, England.

National statistics on psychiatric illness in the elderly patient from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom suggest great differences in morbidity in these three centres. The present study shows that these differences stem mainly from different diagnostic habits in the three countries, but also there were more alcoholics in the Canadian sample. In particular, the diagnostic bias of the New York psychiatrists towards diagnosing most elderly patients as senile was not shared by their Toronto colleagues. Some patients were psychiatrically well, in spite of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis, and could have been helped without hospitalization. In addition, some depressed patients were labelled senile. Recommendations include improvement of catchment and treatment facilities for the elderly alcoholic and the provision of psychogeriatric diagnostic centres.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1978

[Trends in modern international gerontological research. Epidemiological aspects].

Using the methods of comparing statistical data from the population in different countries on should have in mind that the age distribution could differ very much according to her biological and social structure. As example serves the system of social indicators applied by several supranational bodies in order to develop an instrument for measure the "quality of life". Life expectancy and and disability rates in different age groups are among those methods. National statistics do not use only mortability rates and to some extend also morbidity rates but also scaled values about the amount of activities in daily living. Sociomedical figures like the number of restricted-activity, bed-disability, school-loss, and workloss days per person per year seem to give more appropriate data for this purpose than the biomedical counts of the past. On would recognize--at least in the angloamerican countries--that there is a newer trend to find indicators for epidemiological studies and statistics applicable by non-medical personnel as disability components for an index of health in age.

Aged↗