[Research on the comparative action of alpha-naphthylvinylacetic acid and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid on cultures of tissues of Jerusalem artichoke and of carrot].
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Daucus carota↗
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Effect of pH on Penetration of Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Naphthaleneacetamide Through Isolated Pear Leaf Cuticle.
Penetration of naphthaleneacetic acid through enzymatically isolated upper pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) leaf cuticle increased as the donor pH was decreased. Naphthaleneacetamide penetration was not influenced by donor pH. The effect of pH on naphthaleneacetic acid penetration was reversible. Higher receiver (simulated leaf interior) pH favored penetration of naphthaleneacetic acid. Changes in the degree of dissociation, and hence polarity, as controlled by hydrogen ion concentration was the prime factor in the response of naphthaleneacetic acid to pH. At pH values lower than the pK (4.2 for naphthaleneacetic acid), the molecule was primarily undissociated, lipophilic, and penetrated into the cuticle; whereas, at pH values above the pK naphthaleneacetic acid was ionized, hydrophilic, and penetrated the cuticle with difficulty or not at all. Data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that naphthaleneacetic acid and naphthaleneacetamide penetration through the cuticle takes place by diffusion.
Journal Article↗
Effect of the kinetin-naphthaleneacetic acid interaction upon total RNA and protein in senescing detached leaves.
The interaction between kinetin and naphthaleneacetic acid in the regulation of senescence of excised tissue of mature broccoli leaves has been used to examine the extent of synchrony between changes in chlorophyll, RNA, and protein. Kinetin increased the net uptake of (14)C-labeled orotic acid and leucine. Naphthaleneacetic acid decreased the effect of kinetin on net uptake after long treatment, but in short-time treatments the auxin increased the effect of kinetin on net uptake. Results of long (24 hr) treatments indicated a general synchrony between the loss of RNA, protein, and chlorophyll. Naphthaleneacetic acid reduced the stabilizing effect of kinetin upon chlorophyll content and upon the content and synthesis of RNA. In short-time experiments, however, RNA content and synthesis were transiently increased by kinetin, and further increased by kinetin plus naphthaleneacetic acid, while chlorophyll content decreased in the presence of kinetin and decreased further in the presence of kinetin plus naphthaleneacetic acid. Actinomycin-D accelerated the loss of chlorophyll, RNA and protein and strongly depressed the rate of RNA synthesis. In the presence of actinomycin-D the stabilizing effect of kinetin upon RNA was substantially reduced. In contrast, the chlorophyll and protein contents remained higher than in the control. Actinomycin-D did not nullify the basal incorporation of orotic acid into RNA, nor did it negate the effect of kinetin upon incorporation. The failure of synchrony between changes in chlorophyll and RNA does not substantiate the proposal that kinetin regulates senescence by a direct effect upon DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
Naphthaleneacetic Acids↗
Responses of a fern apex to gibberellic acid, kinetin and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid.
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Ferns↗
Effect of ethylene on the uptake, distribution, and metabolism of indoleacetic Acid-1-C and -2-C and naphthaleneacetic Acid-1-C.
The effect of ethylene on the uptake, distribution, and metabolism of indoleacetic acid (IAA)-1-(14)C, IAA-2-(14)C, and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)-1-(14)C in cotton stem sections (Gossypium hirsutum L., var. Stoneville 213) was studied. Stem sections excised from plants pretreated with ethylene for 15 hours transported significantly less (14)C-IAA and (14)C-NAA than control sections. Concomitant features of the reduction of (14)C-IAA transport were an increase in decarboxylation and a trend toward a reduction in total uptake. With (14)C-NAA, however, total uptake was significantly increased, and decarboxylation was unaffected.(14)C-IAA was rapidly converted to indoleacetylaspartic acid and many other metabolites in both control and ethylene-pretreated stem sections. Following transport, similar amounts of (14)C-IAA were recovered in the apical absorbing portion of the control and ethylene-pretreated sections. Significantly more (14)C-IAA metabolites, however, were recovered in this region of the ethylene-pretreated sections.Conversely, (14)C-NAA was metabolized more slowly than (14)C-IAA under identical experimental conditions, with the only major metabolite being naphthaleneacetylaspartic acid. Following transport the apical absorbing portion of ethylene-pretreated stem sections contained significantly more (14)C-NAA than the controls. These results suggested that the disruption of auxin transport by ethylene cannot be explained in terms of a more rapid metabolism of auxin in the treated sections. The increased (14)C-IAA metabolites in the absorbing portion of ethylene-pretreated sections appear to be the result, rather than the cause, of the ethylene-mediated disruption of IAA transport.
Journal Article↗
Interaction of naphthaleneacetic Acid and kinetin in the senescence of detached leaves.
Kinetin and naphthaleneacetic acid were applied separately and in combination to excised leaf disks, localized areas of laminae, and petioles of detached leaves of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica) and Xanthium (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.). Senscence (measured as loss of chlorophyll) was strongly retarded by kinetin, but very slightly influenced by naphthaleneacetic acid. When the 2 substances were applied concurrently, the effect of kinetin was markedly reduced by naphthalene acetic acid. Neither interference with uptake nor transport of kinetin appeared to cause the reduction.In broccoli, the response to kinetin was as great in young leaves as in old leaves, and the reduction of the kinetin effect by naphthaleneacetic acid was greater in young leaves than in old leaves. Results indicate that the prevention of loss of critical material may be more significantly related to the delay of senescence by kinetin than is directed transport and accumulation (mobilization). Kinetin may control 2 or more events which contribute independently to the delay of senescence in detached leaves, and naphthaleneacetic acid may possibly interfere with only 1 of them.
Journal Article↗
Photodegradation of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid in aqueous solution.
Kinetic processes of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) photolysis were studied under different conditions. The results showed that the ultraviolet light was more effective than fluorescent light in promoting degradation, and the degradation of NAA under ultraviolet light followed the first order kinetics with the photolysis rate constant of 1.15 x 10(-2) min-1 and half-life time (t1/2) of 60 min. Further, it was proved that the photolysis rate was higher in the presence of oxygen, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and low pH (acidic solution). At last, two photolysis intermediates were identified by GC-MS and possible photolysis pathways were proposed.
Kinetics↗
Auxin-dependent cell division and cell elongation. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid activate different pathways.
During exponential phase, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell line cv Virginia Bright Italia-0 divides axially to produce linear cell files of distinct polarity. This axial division is controlled by exogenous auxin. We used exponential tobacco cv Virginia Bright Italia-0 cells to dissect early auxin signaling, with cell division and cell elongation as physiological markers. Experiments with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) demonstrated that these 2 auxin species affect cell division and cell elongation differentially; NAA stimulates cell elongation at concentrations that are much lower than those required to stimulate cell division. In contrast, 2,4-D promotes cell division but not cell elongation. Pertussis toxin, a blocker of heterotrimeric G-proteins, inhibits the stimulation of cell division by 2,4-D but does not affect cell elongation. Aluminum tetrafluoride, an activator of the G-proteins, can induce cell division at NAA concentrations that are not permissive for division and even in the absence of any exogenous auxin. The data are discussed in a model where the two different auxins activate two different pathways for the control of cell division and cell elongation.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
Mechanism of naphthaleneacetic Acid conjugation: no effect of ethylene.
Formation of naphthaleneacetic acid-glucose (NAGLu) in detached leaves, floating on alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid-1-(14)C (NAA, 0.05 microcurie per milliliter, 3.1 mum)-buffer solution (phosphate-citrate, pH 4.2) began immediately while there was a 2- to 4-hour lag before NAA-asparatate (NAAsp) could be detected. Subsequent increase in the NAAsp conjugate reflected a decrease in free NAA to 1 to 2% of the total radioactivity taken up. Pretreatment with 31 mum(12)C-NAA for 18 hours doubled NAAsp formation after transfer for 4 hours to (14)C-NAA. Pretreatment with ethylene, as ethephon (up to 400 milligrams per liter) or ethylene gas (10 microliters per liter), did not induce NAAsp formation. In the presence of NAA, ethylene had no effect on NAA conjugation. Similarly, CO(2) (5%) did not modify the formation of the conjugates. Rhizobitoxine (1.87 mum) inhibited NAA-induced ethylene production but did not prevent NAA-induced formation of NAAsp. We concluded that the conjugation of NAA with aspartic acid is not mediated by ethylene.
Journal Article↗
Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid During Callus Initiation From Actinidia deliciosa Tissues.
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) were required for in vitro callus formation at the basal edge of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev] Liang and Ferguson, cv. Hayward) petioles. The uptake, metabolism, and concentration of NAA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content were examined in the explants during the callus initiation period. After 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h of culture in the presence of [H(3)]NAA, petioles were divided into apical, middle, and basal portions and analyzed. Except for a high IAA level measured at 12 h, IAA content decreased in tissues during a culture period of 96 h. NAA uptake was higher in petiolar edges than in the middle portion, and NAA was rapidly conjugated with sugars and aspartic acid inside the tissues. The amide conjugation was triggered in apical and basal portions from 12 h and in the middle part from 48 h, with alpha-naphthylacetylaspartic acid being the major metabolite. Free-NAA concentration in cultured petioles achieved an equilibrium with the exogenously applied NAA (0.27 µm) from 12 h, and it remained constant thereafter. The relationships between the role attributed to NAA and BA in the initiation and the maintenance of disorganized growth of callus in kiwifruit cultures are discussed.
Journal Article↗
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples.
An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
Abscission of citrus leaf explants: no correlation with naphthaleneacetic Acid conjugation in the abscission zone.
The role of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the control of abscission in Citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) leaf explants and its conjugation were studied in non-aged and 24-hour-aged explants. Dipping non-aged explants in 1.5 micromolar NAA for 15 minutes immediately after excision did not delay abscission whereas 150 micromolar NAA effectively delayed it. As incubation time was prolonged up to 24 hours after excision, the delaying effect of both concentrations gradually increased. In general, both concentrations did not delay abscission when applied to 24-hour-aged explants held for an additional period of up to 24 hours. The uptake and conjugation of (14)C-NAA to glucose and aspartic acid were similar in petiole, abscission zone, and leaf blade of non-aged and aged tissues, for all NAA concentrations. No correlation was established between the kinetics of abscission and the rate of conjugation in the abscission zone.
Journal Article↗
Differential effects of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the gravitropic response of roots in an auxin-resistant mutant of arabidopsis, aux1.
The agravitropic nature of root growth of an auxin-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis, aux1, was restored when the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was added to the growth medium; aux1 roots were not resistant to NAA. Neither indole-3-acetic acid nor, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid had the same effects as NAA. These differential effects of the three auxins on aux1 defects suggest that AUX1 may encode the auxin influx carrier according to the model proposed by Delbarre et al.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
Short-term toxicity of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in rats.
In a 90-day feeding study, 4 groups of 10 male and 10 female rats received in the diet 0,200, 1000 and 5000 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA). Growth and food intake was reduced significantly only in males on 5000 ppm. Haematological examination yielded essentially negative results except for a non-significant reduction at the 1000 and 5000 ppn levels in the leucocyte count, mainly due to a reduction in neutrophils. No significant effects were observed in the renal concentration test, urinalysis, renal histochemistry or histology of a wide range of organs at any level of 1-NAA tested. Increased relative weights of thyroid, testes, brain and liver were confined to the 5000 ppm level. The increase in relative liver weight was not accompanied by histological liver damage and was associated with elevated liver microsomal enzyme activity. The loss of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and increase in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) seen histochemically in the centrilobular region of the liver in males on 5000 ppm, accompanied by glycogen depletion in the liver, could however be indicative of liver damage. On the basis of conventional criteria, a no-effect level of 1000 ppm would have been indicated by this study but in view of liver glycogen depletion at all levels tested a no-effect level was not established.
Animals↗
Polar transport of 1-naphthaleneacetic Acid determines the distribution of flower buds on explants of tobacco.
Upon addition of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA) and benzylaminopurine, flower buds developed on explants from flower stalks of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun cultured in vitro. At low concentrations of 1-NAA, buds emerged mainly at the basal edge, whereas at high concentrations they developed on the remaining surface. The optimum concentrations for the two groups of buds were 0.45 micromolar and 2.2 micromolar, respectively, and the shapes of the concentration versus response curves were similar. The level of benzylaminopurine in the medium affected neither the shape nor the optimum concentration of these curves. The distribution of the buds over the explants was shown to be caused by polar auxin transport, leading to accumulation at the basal side. First, in the presence of the inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, both groups of buds had the same optimum concentration of 1 micromolar 1-NAA. Second, after 6 hours of culture applied 1-NAA had accumulated in the basal part of the explant. In the presence of 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, no transport or accumulation of applied 1-NAA occurred.
Journal Article↗
Proteomic analysis of somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. Explant cultures grown under 6-benzylaminopurine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid treatments.
The Medicago truncatula line 2HA has a 500-fold greater capacity to regenerate plants in culture by somatic embryogenesis than wild-type Jemalong. We have compared proteomes of tissue cultures from leaf explants of these two lines. Both 2HA and Jemalong explants were grown on media containing the auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine. Proteins were extracted from the cultures at different time points (2, 5, and 8 weeks), separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and detected by silver staining. More than 2,000 proteins could be reproducibly resolved and detected on each gel. Statistical analysis showed that 54 protein spots were significantly (P < 0.05) changed in expression (accumulation) during the 8 weeks of culture, and most of these spots were extracted from colloidal Coomassie-stained two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gels and were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Using a publicly available expressed sequence tag database and the Mascot search engine, we were able to identify 16 differentially expressed proteins. More than 60% of the differentially expressed protein spots had very different patterns of gene expression between 2HA and Jemalong during the 8 weeks of culture.
Adenine↗
Method for the Quantitative Determination of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid in Spiked Canned Pineapple Samples by Micelle-Stabilized Room Temperature Phosphorescence.
This paper presents a convenient method for the determination of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plant growth regulator in spiked canned pineapple samples by micellar-stabilized room temperature phosphorescence with sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micellar medium, thallium nitrate as an external heavy atom, and sodium sulfite as an oxygen scavenger. A multivariate optimization approach using the type of central composite blocked cube-star design was carried out. The analytical curve of NAA gives a linear dynamic range of 70-500 ng mL(-)(1) with a detection limit of 21 ng mL(-)(1) and precision of 2.37% (n = 7). A mean recovery value of 98.6% was obtained for 250 ng mL(-)(1) NAA in the pineapple samples.
Journal Article↗
Characterization of naphthaleneacetic Acid binding to receptor sites on cellular membranes of maize coleoptile tissue.
Characteristics of and optimum conditions for saturable ("specific") binding of [(14)C]naphthaleneacetic acid to sites located on membranous particles from maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles are described. Most, if not all, of the specific binding appears to be due to a single kinetic class of binding sites having a K(D) of 5 to 7 x 10(-7)m for naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA). Binding of NAA is insensitive to high monovalent salt concentrations, indicating that binding is not primarily ionic. However, specific binding is inhibited by Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) above 5 mm. Specific binding is improved by organic acids, especially citrate. Binding is heat-labile and is sensitive to agents that act either on proteins or on lipids. Specific binding is reversibly inactivated by reducing agents such as dithioerythritol; a reducible group, possibly a disulfide group, may be located at the binding site and required for its function. The affinity of the specific binding sites for auxins is modified by an unidentified dialyzable, heat-stable, apparently amphoteric, organic factor ("supernatant factor") found in maize tissue.
Journal Article↗