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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Permanent dentition caries in KwaZulu and Namibia 11-year-olds.

The permanent dentitions of 11-year-old children in Namibia (n = 295) and KwaZulu (n = 308) living in rural and urban areas were examined using WHO caries diagnostic criteria. In low fluoride areas (less than 0.15 ppmF) significantly more caries was present in rural compared to urban KwaZulu but the prevalences in rural and urban Namibia were similar although significantly higher than in an area with 1.56ppmF in the drinking water. There was significantly more caries in rural Namibia than KwaZulu but the urban prevalences in both regions were similar. It is suggested that the urban findings are useful predictors for the needs of 11-year-old black children but local baseline surveys should be undertaken before considering dental programmes, treatment or preventive, for different rural communities in South Africa.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci-specific antibodies in small stock in Namibia--epidemiological study with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

An IgG (H+L)-ELISA was applied as a screening test for antibodies against Chlamydia (C.) psittaci in sera of goats and sheep in Namibia. In 576 (27.3%) of a total of 2,107 sera (299 = 25.2% of 1,185 caprine and 277 = 30.0% of 922 ovine sera) chlamydial antibodies could be detected. 86% of all farms tested revealed seropositive animals. Chlamydial infections were prevalent in all the geographical regions tested. The infection rates per State Veterinary District varied from 12.0% (Otjiwarongo) to 50.0% (Otavi) in goats and from 13.3% (Otjiwarongo) to 41.7% (Windhoek) in sheep. The regional distribution of chlamydial infections was not related to geographical or climatic factors. Sera from herds showing symptoms indicative for chlamydial infections showed significantly higher antibody rates (35% in goats and 39% in sheep) than sera from herds without health problems (18% in goats and 24% in sheep). Considering only sera from farms with clinical history of chlamydiosis, high seroprevalences were correlated to the symptoms abortion and keratoconjunctivitis. As in other countries, enzootic abortion seems to be the main manifestation of chlamydial infection in small ruminants in Namibia. C. psittaci might also play a considerable role in the etiology of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, whereas association with other clinical entities seems to be rare.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in KwaZulu and Namibia in 11-year-old children in 1988.

A sample of 603 11-year-old children from four low fluoride (less than 0.15 ppm) and one higher fluoride (1.56 ppm) communities in Namibia and KwaZulu were examined in 1988 using the CPITN. In a rural low fluoride community in Namibia only 6 per cent of children had healthy mouths compared with 42-58 per cent in the other communities. The main periodontal lesion seen was gingival bleeding (19-47 per cent) followed by calculus (6-47 per cent). There is a need for both oral hygiene improvement and simple intervention.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Onyalai in Namibia. Clinical manifestations, haematological findings, course and management of 103 patients in the Kavango territory.

A series of 103 patients with onyalai, from the Kavango territory in Namibia, is recorded. In addition to haemorrhagic bullae in every patient, epistaxis was present in 53, petechiae and ecchymoses in 23, subconjunctival or scleral bleeds in 17, melaena and haematemesis in 16, haematuria in 12 and menorrhagia in 9 patients. The male:female ratio was 43:60. The ages varied from 6 months to 70 years with a peak incidence between 11 and 20 years. The mean platelet count was 22 X 10(9)/l and the mean haemoglobin 10.3 g/dl on admission. The management consisted of the correction of blood loss. A splenectomy in 2 patients with uncontrollable haemorrhage caused a rise in the platelet count. Prednisolone and intravenous gammaglobulin had the same effect on the platelet count as ascorbic acid (placebo). Vincristine sulphate appeared to benefit some patients. One year's observation of 21 patients demonstrated that 80% of cases will have chronic thrombocytopenia with a risk of intermittent attacks of acute haemorrhage. Six patients died, 4 of cerebral haemorrhage and 2 of haemorrhagic shock. Four infants born to mothers with onyalai were normal at birth. Onyalai should be clearly distinguished from classical idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a disease also encountered in Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal helminths of hospital patients in Kavango territory, Namibia.

In-patient and out-patient faeces examination reports from the State Hospital in Rundu, Kavango territory, Namibia, gave some idea of the prevalence of helminthic infections. 4174 specimens were examined over a 29-month period. Hookworm (6.8%) and Strongyloides (2.7%) were the most common infections, followed by Hymenolepis nana (1%), Schistosoma mansoni (1%) and Taenia sp. (0.9%). S. mansoni was more common in males than females, hookworm more common in females than males, and H. nana was most common in the pre-school group. Promiscuous defaecation on the banks of the Okavango river provides ideal situations for the development and transmission of hookworm and Strongyloides, while fishing and other activities enhance the transmission of S. mansoni infections. Larva migrans, probably due to Ancyclostoma braziliense or A. caninum, is common in the area. Studies involving schoolchildren would provide more accurate assessment of the prevalences of the various helminths.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Onyalai at Rundu, Namibia 1981-1988: age, sex, morbidity, mortality and seasonal variation of 612 hospitalized patients.

Of 51,263 admissions to Rundu State Hospital in Namibia between 1981 and 1988, 612 (1.19%) were diagnosed as onyalai. The annual incidence varied between 0.96% and 1.66% of all admissions. The female to male ratio was 3:2. The mean age at presentation was 24.8 years (range 6 months to 80 years) and the mean hospital stay (and duration of clinical bleeding) for the years 1981 to 1982 and 1985 to 1988 was 7.68 d (range 1-38 d). Although the highest number of cases occurred during the months March, April and May a statistically significant monthly variation was not found. The treatment policy of commencing intravenous fluid on admission and a blood transfusion whenever the haemoglobin dropped below 10 g/dl in patients with active bleeding was associated with a mortality rate of 2.78% compared to 9.8% in cases recorded up to 1981.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological markers of hepatitis B virus and certain other viruses in the population of eastern Caprivi, Namibia.

Serum samples from 475 male and 420 female subjects from the population of eastern Caprivi, the north-easternmost territory in northern Namibia, were examined for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). There appeared to be a rapid acquisition of antibodies to the different markers in childhood, reaching maximum values in the 20-24 year age group. The prevalence rate for all markers was lower in eastern Caprivi than in Kavango, an area 180 km to the west. The reason for these differences is unclear. It is postulated that the hut tampan tick (Ornithodoros moubata), which has previously been shown to be implicated in the transmission of hepatitis B virus in Kavango, is more common in the latter territory than in eastern Caprivi. Huts in eastern Caprivi are usually better constructed than in Kavango, where reeds are commonly used as building material. Tampans lodge between the reeds and are more difficult to eradicate. West Nile virus was the most common of the arboviruses found in our sero-prevalence studies.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1988

The political economy of health care: colonial Namibia 1915-1961.

The political economy of health care services in colonial Namibia during 1915-1961 closely reflected the extreme racial and class imbalance of power in a conquest state. The colonial power allocated to the indigent nine-tenths, the poorest nine-tenths of the people, an average 43% of the health care budget between 1922 and 1954. The League of Nations mandate proved toothless in pressuring the Mandatory power to rectify this or other inequalities.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometric-hormonal correlation patterns in San and Kavango males from Namibia.

Correlations between sex hormone levels and body dimensions--so far investigated only in Caucasian populations--were analysed using data from 114 !Kung San hunter-gatherers and 137 urban and rural Kavango men from Namibia. The androgens testosterone (Tser) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the serum and free testosterone in the saliva (Tsal) as well as oestradiol (E2) in the serum were determined by the radioimmunoassay method. The body dimensions were described by 50 anthropometric features which were additionally subjected to factor analysis yielding seven factors. Most of the individual measurements as well as the resulting factor scores correlated significantly with the sex hormone variables and the hormone ratios Tser/DHT, Tsal/Tser, and Tser/E2 in the !Kung San and the two Kavango samples. For an extended comparison pertinent data from a German sample were included in the analysis. This made it possible to test the stability of metric hormonal correlations in different populations living under various ecological and economical conditions. While the breadth measurements in all samples show relatively consistent correlations to both absolute hormones and hormone ratios, the correlations to the other body measurements and individual factor scores turn out to be less stable. Here, the effect of sex hormones on physical growth, which is experimentally well documented, is obviously differentially covered by genetic and environmental factors specific for the groups in question.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Blastomycosis in Namibia--report of a case successfully treated with itraconazole.

The clinical, histological, mycological, radiological and scintigraphic features of a 42-year-old Namibian male with blastomycosis are described. This appears to be the first documented incidence of blastomycosis in Namibia. Leucocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency was evident. Treatment with itraconazole led to dramatic resolution of lesions. A reactive xanthogranulomatous response was present in a healed clavicular lesion.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A survey of the intestinal nematodes of Bushmen in Namibia.

Studies in Namibia revealed prevalence rates of 63% for hookworm and 35% for Trichuris in 31 Bushmen, 4-65 years of age, who were encamped in the Kaudom Game Reserve. The study also revealed prevalence rates of 85% for hookworm, 25% for Strongyloides, and 1% for Trichuris in 103 children, 6-17 years of age, attending 5 schools in Bushmanland. The 25% Strongyloides infection rate is one of the highest prevalences recorded in southern Africa. The Trichuris infections in the Kaudom group appeared to be autochthonous, and this population did not harbor Strongyloides. Regular contact with pans in summer and boreholes at any time probably facilitated the acquisition of infections in wet and fecally polluted sites. Thirteen spurious Physaloptera infections were recorded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Internal parasites of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) from Etosha National Park, Namibia.

During three seasonal periods, parasitological samples were collected from six giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. The helminths recovered included Parabronema skrjabini, Skrjabinema spp., Haemonchus mitchelli and Echinococcus sp. larvae; Cytauxzoon sp. was the only hematozoan found. The low mean abundances of all helminths which ranged from 18 to 531 may be attributed to the low rainfall of this region or because the giraffe is not a preferred host for these species of helminths.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Anthrax in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Namibia.

Bacillus anthracis caused the death of five cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on a farm in the Gobabis district in Namibia. The mode of infection was believed to be a freshly shot baboon (Papio ursinus) with a cutaneous anthrax lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Arthropod parasites of springbok, gemsbok, kudus, giraffes and Burchell's and Hartmann's zebras in the Etosha and Hardap Nature Reserves, Namibia.

A total of 48 springbok, 48 gemsbok, 23 kudus and 6 giraffes were examined for ticks and lice, while 9 Burchell's zebras and 6 Hartmann's mountain zebras were examined only for ticks. Springbok and gemsbok were shot in both the Etosha National Park in the north and the Hardap Nature Reserve in the south of Namibia. All the other animals were shot in the Etosha National Park. A total of 7 ixodid tick species and 8 lice species were recovered. The springbok carried few ticks. The adults of a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. oculatus) were most numerous on the gemsbok, especially during November. The kudus were the only animals harbouring Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Adult Hyalomma truncatum, followed by adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, were most abundant on the giraffes and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus were commonest on the zebras.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiological experience in the mission of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia.

Epidemiological data have rarely been generated during United Nations (UN) missions to Third World countries, even in situations where there is hardly any combat involvement. Continuous surveillance was therefore carried out during the 12-month stay of UN personnel in Namibia in 1989-90. In this population of 7114 persons, mostly young men, the mortality rate was 255 per 100,000; death was mainly due to traffic accidents. Hospitalization was chiefly because of fever of unknown origin or trauma. Repatriation to the country of origin was necessary in 46 patients, frequently for psychiatric reasons including alcoholism. Over this one-year period there were, on average, 2.7 new consultations per person for treatment (mostly for dental problems), and 0.8 per person for prophylactic measures. The extremely high mortality due to traffic accidents indicates a need for prevention. In the selection process for future missions, more emphasis should be given to the psychological and dental health of volunteers. All military contingents and civilian groups should learn about effective preventive measures prior to their arrival, and adhere to them.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

Endemic goitre among undernourished schoolchildren in eastern Caprivi, Namibia.

A cross-sectional study on a 20% random sample of 380 children, aged 6-18 years, from 8 primary schools in the Cuando River area of eastern Caprivi, Namibia, was done to determine the prevalence of goitre and to investigate related hormonal and nutritional factors. Of the children 34.5% had goitre. Reduced plasma free thyroxine concentrations in the more severely goitrous children, compared with matched non-goitrous children (P = 0.0007), implicated dietary iodine deficiency as the causative factor. Their diet was inadequate in energy and most nutrients according to World Health Organisation criteria. Retarded growth, indicated by their low body weight and height in relation to age, were observed in a large proportion (45.6-73%) of the children. These findings suggest that dietary iodine deficiency was the most likely cause for the endemic goitre in these children, who were predisposed to nutritional disorders by long-term undernourishment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of ruminant pestivirus infections in Namibia.

Following several clinical cases of suspected bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) on three Namibian cattle farms, a serological survey was conducted on bovine, ovine, caprine and wild ruminant sera originating from different regions of the country. Neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus (BVDV) were detected in 58% of 1,014 cattle sera, 14% of 618 sheep sera and 4.6% of 1,118 goat sera. Sera from seven of ten wildlife species were positive with kudu, eland and giraffe having prevalence rates greater than 40%. BVDV was isolated from six clinically affected bovines and three healthy heifers persistently infected with BVDV. The survey demonstrated that pestivirus infections are widespread in Namibia in both domestic and wild ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Seroepizootiologic studies of the distribution of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and 2 (BHV 1, BHV 2) in Namibia].

From cattle breeding areas of Namibia a total of 2,800 sera from 1984-1987 were tested by Elisa for antibodies to BHV1 and BHV2. From north-east to south-west a drop in BHV2 antibody prevalences was found which paralleled the decrease in rainfall. With BHV1 the percentage of positive reacting sera was also highest in the northern communal areas (up to 80%). In the commercial farming area with best farming conditions the percentage was lowest, but it was south of here again higher in the areas of lower precipitation where farming conditions are less optimal.

Animals↗