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The saddle nose and short nose deformities are challenging surgical problems characterized by significant architectural deficiencies of the nasal framework. These defects produce cosmetic and functional nasal problems. Reconstructive techniques and augmentation materials are reviewed. Case examples illustrate the authors currently preferred techniques.
The aim of this study is to assess the risk of contamination by Salmonella Typhimurium of pigs by nose-to-nose contact or the airborne route. Thirty twelve-week-old SPF pigs were divided into 4 groups housed in 4 different rooms: the first room contained Salmonella-free control pigs (n = 4), the second room had 10(3) CFU S. Typhimurium inoculated pigs (n = 5) and non-inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4), the third room had pigs (n = 8) receiving potentially contaminated air from the following room through a hole (4 pigs housed in the pen situated near the hole and 4 pigs in the pen at the opposite side of the room), and the fourth room had pigs (n = 5) inoculated with 10(6) CFU Salmonella Typhimurium and also non inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4). The "contact" and the inoculated pigs were housed in adjacent pens allowing nose-to-nose contact. The 5 pigs orally inoculated with 10(6) CFU S. Typhimurium were bacteriologically and serologically positive 1 week later and their environment was contaminated as early as 1 day pi. The faecal samples of 4 nose-to-nose contact pigs were bacteriologically positive and one of them was seropositive 5 weeks pi before the pigs were commingled. The 8 pigs housed in the third room received S. Typhimurium by an active airflow coming from the contaminated room (1000 m3/hour). Their faecal samples remained negative until 8 weeks pi but the environmental swabs taken in the room close to the airinlet were contaminated 2 days pi and positive swabs were found elsewhere in the room 5 weeks pi. Two seropositive pigs were encountered 8 weeks pi in the pen situated near the hole. Only one among the 5 pigs inoculated with 10(3) CFU had bacteriologically positive faeces 1-week pi and the 4 pigs kept in nose-to-nose contact with them remained negative. A dose of 10(3) CFU was too small to induce persistent excretion and to stimulate a humoral immune response. However, the dose of 10(6) CFU induced contamination of nose-to-nose contact pigs and contamination of the environment by airflow.
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Most of the nitric oxide (NO) in expiratory air is produced by the nose and its accessory sinuses, and nasal allergies related to NO have been often reported. In the present study, we postulated that nose bleeds may be somehow related to reactive oxygen species. The expression of NO synthase (NOS) by the nasal mucosa was evaluated using the RT-PCR method, and the concentration of NO in air expired through the nose was measured. The activity of superoxide dismutase, which scavenges superoxide anions, was also evaluated. The genetic expression of iNOS was observed in the nasal mucosa, and a significantly lower level of expression was noted in subjects with a nosebleed, compared to that of the controls. This result was interpreted as indicating a decrease in NO levels as a result of the nosebleed, leading to an elevation in blood pressure. Transient elevations in blood pressure caused by oxidative stress may lead to the rupture of nasal vessels if hypertension preexists. Serum levels of superoxide dismutase increased significantly in subjects with nose bleeds. This finding might be related to the activity of the superoxide anion, which is released in large amounts during nose bleeds. Serum superoxide dismutase levels increase in response to the high concentration of superoxide anions. The concentration of NO in air expired through the nose was significantly lower in subjects with nose bleeds, compared to that of the control subjects. We suggest that NO production decreases in subjects experiencing nose bleeds and that this reduction is induced by preexisting hypertension and injury from reactive oxygen species, contributing to the resulting nose bleed.
The infinitely many possible isothermal dynamics based on Nose and Nose-Hoover methods are investigated. Their properties and criteria for selecting different isothermal dynamics determined by various scaling functions of the thermostat s variable involved in the generalized Nose Hamiltonian [J. Jellinek and R. S. Berry, Phys. Rev. A 38, 3069 (1988)] are tested with molecular dynamics simulations, and examined analytically. It is shown that time scaling is related to the scaling of the momenta. It is demonstrated that, for practical realizations, the entire generalization of the Nose-Hoover method reduces to only two momentum scaling functions h and u, with a function v defining the "potential energy" of the thermostat. The most general form of the generalized Nose-Hoover (GNH) equations of motion is established. It enables correct calculations of both static and dynamic equilibrium quantities. GNH equations with h=s(alpha), u=s(vartheta), and v approximately lns are studied in detail. With such a choice of the functions the extended Nose-Hoover (ENH) equations are expected to produce more chaotic phase-space dynamics than the NH equations. This is illustrated by thermalization of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. For a system away from equilibrium the ENH thermostat is not able to provide dynamics consistent with the target temperature, and, thus, the GNH approach reduces to the original Nose-Hoover thermostat. A simple modification of the ENH equations is proposed which makes the ENH thermostat also applicable to nonequilibrium states.
In some bats, a noseleaf is thought to help focus echolocation calls emitted through the nostrils. I studied the ontogenetic mode of the rhinarial cartilages and the associated facial muscles to assess how these rhinarial infrastructures interact with the noseleaf, and the inferred function of such a rhinarial complex. This study focuses on developmental stages of Hipposideros diadema and Lavia frons. Based on new data on these two rhinolophoids and a review of former studies concerning rhinopomatids, rhinolophoids and phyllostomids, the functional and phylogenetic implications of the rhinarial complex among leaf-nosed Microchiroptera are evaluated by the current study. Nasal emitting forms evolved several times independently in the Microchiroptera and share various features, irrespective of their phylogenetic position: the nostrils lie dorsally; the noseleaf has a well-developed horseshoe-shaped plate; the cartilago cupularis bears a large processus cupularis; M(iv) is extended on the lateral plate of the processus alaris superior. The unique similarities of the ontogenetic process of the nasal 'resonators' support the assumption that the rhinolophids + megadermatids and rhinopomatids may represent a natural group. In some features, the rhinolophids + megadermatids differ significantly from the phyllostomids. The noseleaf has a median flap and anterior-facing pockets. The processus alaris superior is half-tube-shaped or included in the lateral wall of the cupula nasi anterior. The cartilago accessoria and the attendant musculature perform an important function for supporting and moving the noseleaf. Similar emission of the echolocation pulses but alternative constructional designs of the external nose structures suggest that a separate history of rhinolophoids and phyllostomids might account for these differences.
In this second part of a diptych on cleft lip and nose, the nose deformity is analysed. The lip/nose adhesion and the growth guidance plate are as important for the functional primary rhinoplasty as for the definitive lip repair.
The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) has a snout surrounded by 22 fleshy and mobile appendages. This unusual structure is not an olfactory organ, as might be assumed from its location, nor is it used to manipulate objects as might be guessed from its appearance. Rather, the star is devoted to the sense of touch, and for this purpose the appendages are covered with thousands of small mechanoreceptive Eimer's organs. Recent behavioral studies find that the star acts much like a tactile eye, having a small behavioral focus, or "fovea" at the center--used for detailed explorations of objects of interest. The peripheral and central nervous systems of the mole reflect these behavioral specializations, such that the small behavioral focus on the nose is more densely innervated in the periphery, and has a greatly enlarged representation in the somatosensory cortex. This somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters (innervation density) as found in other species, but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior. The many surprising parallels between the somatosensory system of the mole, and the visual systems of other mammals, suggest a convergent and perhaps common organization for highly developed sensory systems.
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The further improvement of well-established techniques in primary and secondary cleft surgery requires a detailed and interdisciplinary knowledge and observation of anatomical, functional and developmental problems. An investigation into the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the perinasal and perioral muscles and parts of the human nasal septum, as well as into the pathomorphology of ancient skulls with untreated clefts is presented. On this basis an interpretation of clinical findings in untreated newborns compared with surgically treated CLP-patients has been undertaken. The 3D-CT, superimposing photography and coloured experimental settings of nasal airflow complete the visualisation of the anatomical and functional findings.
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