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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Vein conduits with interposition of nerve tissue for peripheral nerve defects.

Vein conduits with interposition of autogenous nerve tissue were used in 16 peripheral nerves to reconstruct defects of between 2.0 and 5.8 cm. This technique was applied in nine digital nerves, four ulnar nerves, two median nerves, and one radial sensory nerve. A single vein conduit was used in digital nerve defects and two or three vein segments were used in defects of nerve trunks. Nerve tissue was sectioned from the proximal nerve stump and inserted inside the vein conduits. Follow-up of 2.5 to 3.5 years has revealed motor recovery to M4 in three nerves, M3+ in three, M2 in one nerve, and sensory recovery to S4 in two nerves, S3+ in five, S3 in four, S2+ in three and S0 in two nerves. Signs of muscle reinnervation of the repaired nerves were noted on electromyography. Two digital nerves with defects of over 5.0 cm did not show any signs of sensory recovery. Sectioning and placement of autogenous nerve tissue is thought to create fresh and additional sources for the release of neurotropic factors, and may serve to convey the neurotropic effect over a longer distance. This clinical study suggests that vein conduits with the interposition of nerve tissue is a practical and reliable procedure for nerve defects between 2.0 cm and 4.5 cm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical application of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in testing antibodies against cochlear tissues and nerve tissues].

Fifty-two patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss and 20 controls were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with cow cochlear antigen (CCAg) and cow cochlear nerve antigen (CCNAg). The antibody level against CCAg was 0.3811 +/- 0.743 in the control group and 0.9241 +/- 0.2408 in the experimental group (OD, x +/- 2s, P < 0.01). Compared with the x +/- 2s antibody level of the control group, the antibody level of 24 of 52 (46%) patients of the experimental group was positive. The antibody level against CCNAg was 0.2254 +/- 0.382 in the control group and 0.2331 +/- 0.656 in the experimental group (P > 0.05). Compared with the x +/- 2s antibody level of the control group, the antibody level of 6 of 52 patients (11.5%) of the experimental group was elevated. It is suggested that ELISA method can be used as quantitatively in the diagnosis of autoimmune inner ear diseases. Moreover, the serum antibodies against CCNAg detected in this experiment suggest that some of autoimmune inner diseases might be retrocochlear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Fabrication of nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering.

Nerve tissue engineering (NTE) is one of the most promising methods to restore central nerve systems in human health care. Three-dimensional distribution and growth of cells within the porous scaffold are of clinical significance for NTE. In this study, an attempt was made to develop porous polymeric nano-fibrous scaffold using a biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) for in vitro culture of nerve stem cells (NSCs). The processing of PLLA scaffold has been carried out by liquid-liquid phase separation method. The physico-chemical properties of the scaffold were fully characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. These results confirmed that the prepared scaffold is highly porous and fibrous with diameters down to nanometer scale. As our nano-structured PLLA scaffold mimics natural extracellular matrix, we have intended this biodegradable scaffold as cell carrier in NTE. The in vitro performance of NSCs seeded on nano-fibrous scaffold is addressed in this study. The cell cultural tests showed that the NSCs could differentiate on the nano-structured scaffold and the scaffold acted as a positive cue to support neurite outgrowth. These results suggested that the nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold is a potential cell carrier in NTE.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Promoting nerve regeneration through long gaps using a small nerve tissue graft.

BACKGROUND: If nerve tissue is capable of inducing regeneration, as suggested by the neurotropism theory, then even small pieces of nerve tissue should have the potential to induce nerve regeneration. Therefore, long gaps might presumably be bridged via the neurotrophic potential of small pieces of nerve tissue grafted into the middle of the nerve gap. It is necessary to confirm the validity of the neurotropism theory and to also explore the potential usefulness of small nerve grafting through long gaps. METHODS: A small piece of nerve tissue was grafted into a silicone tube bridging a relatively long nerve gap in an attempt to promote nerve regeneration. A 15-mm gap was created in the left sciatic nerve of 31 Wistar rats (8 weeks of age). The experimental groups included one with nonvascularized nerve tissue grafted into a silicone tube with no distal nerve suturing (NV-A), another with vascularized nerve tissue grafted into a silicone tube with no distal nerve suturing (V-A), a third group with nonvascularized nerve tissue grafted into a silicone tube with distal nerve suturing (NV-P), a fourth group with vascularized nerve tissue grafted into a silicone tube with distal nerve suturing (V-P), and a group with no nerve segment grafted into the silicone tube (control). Electrophysiologic and histologic examinations were performed 10 weeks after the operation. RESULTS: No regeneration was obtained in the control group. Nerve regeneration was evident at the proximal end of the tube in the NV-A, V-A, NV-P, and V-P groups, and at the distal end in the NV-P and V-P groups. The degree of distal regeneration was extremely slight in the NV-A and V-A groups. An electrophysiologic examination performed in the NV-P and V-P groups revealed better results in the latter group. CONCLUSION: Small nerve grafts are capable of inducing nerve regeneration even over a long nerve gap, by grafting nerve tissue into the middle of the lesion using a silicone tube.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Use of protease inhibitors increases the amounts of substance P extracted from small specimens of nerve tissue.

When using radioimmunoassay to measure the levels of peptides from small pieces of nerve tissue it is crucial to maximize the amount of peptides extracted. Here we report on the value of including protease inhibitors in the extraction buffer when extracting substance P (SP) from short lengths of rat saphenous nerve tissue. Nerve segments were removed from terminally anesthetized 13-week-old rats and directly added to acid buffer (including EDTA) either with or without 1 mM 4-(2-amino-ethyl)-benzesulfonyl fluoride-HCl, 2 micrograms/ml aprotinin, 100 microM leupeptin, 1 microgram/ml cystatin, and 1 mM benzamidine. These "direct" samples were then boiled for 10 min. With additional groups of pieces of saphenous nerve tissue the effects of leaving the samples for 10 min in both buffers at room temperature either intact ("delayed") or after mincing the tissue ("minced") were investigated. Addition of protease inhibitors increased the amount of SP extracted in both direct and delayed procedures, although the increase was only significant for the delayed situation (P < or = 0.05). "Delay" in the absence of protease inhibitors resulted in a significantly decreased amount of SP being extracted compared to the direct and minced situations (P < or = 0.05). We recommend use of protease inhibitors be included as part of the standard procedure for extracting neuropeptides from small specimens of nerve tissue for radioimmunoassay.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Calpain inhibition by cerebrospinal fluid and effects of calpain on intrathecal nerve tissue.

STUDY DESIGN: The effects of calpain on intrathecal nerve tissue in the rabbit were investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the chemonucleolytic side effect of calpain on nerve tissue in the event of accidental intrathecal calpain injection. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Calpain has a degradative effect on proteoglycans, and as previously shown, it is associated with chemonucleolytic action in the rabbit. However, its effect on nerve tissue in the event of accidental intrathecal injection is not clear. METHODS: The inhibitory activity of cerebrospinal fluid against calpain was measured in human cerebrospinal fluid using mu-calpain, and in different cerebrospinal fluid fractions separated by molecular filtration. The presence of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, in human cerebrospinal fluid was examined by Western blotting with anticalpastatin antibody. After intrathecal application of calpain in rabbits, the spinal cord nerve tissue was examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: Cerebrospinal fluid inhibited the enzyme reaction of calpain at its normal concentration. Immunoblotting with anticalpastatin antibody did not yield positive staining. After the intrathecal application of calpain, there was no evidence of degeneration in the nerve tissue of the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that in the event of accidental intrathecal injection of calpain for chemonucleolysis, the enzyme activity of calpain will be neutralized by cerebrospinal fluid, and the calpain should not cause unwanted side effects in chemonucleolysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The growth and morphophysiological study of the bushy tissue receptor in a nerve tissue culture].

The conditions for growing bush receptors on collagen substrate in presence of 2-4 ng/ml highly purified brain neurite stimulating protein were determined in the study of spinal ganglia cultures of 10-11-day chicken embryos. The degree of neurite branching and sinuosity and the distribution density of preterminals of cultured bush-like receptors are like those of chicken embryos' natural interoceptors. The ultrastructure of end receptor plates in culture resembles that of natural mechanoreceptor terminals. Cultural receptors are characterized by spontaneous electrophysiological activity. They respond to tactile irritation with bursts of discharges.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Complement receptors in human peripheral nerve tissue.

Cryostat sections of human peripheral nerve tissue adsorbed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and human complement (EAC). Activated complement was essential for the reaction to occur. The receptor had specificity for the C3b fragment. In order to obrain binding to nerve tissue, the indicator cells had to be coated with more complement than that required for binding to C3b receptors in spleen and renal tissue. The receptors are located within the nerve fascicles and are probably of glycoprotein nature. The receptors for C3b in peripheral nerve tissus may be of significance in the deposition of immune complexes, which may play a role in acute polyradiculoneuritis.

Complement Activation↗
PubMed2003

Optimization of Schwann cell adhesion in response to shear stress in an in vitro model for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

The design of nerve guidance channels (NGCs) is evolving to produce a favorable environment for neural regeneration. We created an in vitro model to evaluate the interactions between three centrally important components of this altered host environment: (1). Schwann cells, (2). substrate, and (3). sustained mechanical stimulus in the form of shear stress with laminar fluid flow. Preconfluent Schwann cells were plated on slides coated either with laminin, poly-D-lysine, type IV collagen, or fibronectin. These slides were placed into custom-designed, parallel-plate, flow chambers and were administered laminar fluid flow at a rate of 15 mL/min for 2 h. Schwann cell adhesion assays demonstrated that laminin (mean, 86.1%; SEM, 4.47%) and fibronectin (mean, 81.7%; SEM, 3.24%) were statistically superior to collagen type IV (mean, 57.7%; SEM, 3.96%) and poly-D-lysine (mean, 58.0%; SEM, 4.97%) (p < 0.001). Fibronectin (mean, 12.20%; SEM, 0.374%) induced statistically greater Schwann cell proliferation than did laminin (mean, 8.14%; SEM, 0.682%) (p < 0.001). Therefore, we recommend that fibronectin should be used as an important component of NGCs with further in vivo studies. As mechanical stress is an integral part of the host environment, our study is the first to incorporate this factor into an in vitro model for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Observations on nerve tissue infected with M. leprae.

Nerve tissue from leprosy patients showed (i) small linear pinkish translucent crystalloid bodies, (ii) small round structures in relation to filamentous strands, (iii) short pieces of filaments with round spaces within them and (iv) miscellaneous structures like pink granules, brown bodies and dark masses. These structures are being studied for their relationship to leprosy.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Functional recovery in chronic paraplegic rats after co-grafts of fetal brain and adult peripheral nerve tissue.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, experimental studies have sought some type of functional improvement in traumatic paraplegia by transplanting neural tissue into the injured spinal cord. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of functional recovery in chronic paraplegic rats after co-transplantation of fetal cerebral tissue and adult peripheral nerve tissue. METHODS: Seventy adult female Wistar rats were subjected to spinal cord injury at the T6-T8 level, causing complete paraplegia. Three months later, in 50 rats (grafted group) the injured spinal cord tissue received a graft of fetal brain cortex associated with crushed adult peripheral nerve. All the animals (grafted and control groups) were subjected to daily rehabilitation procedures from the first week after the injury, and evaluated weekly for motor and sensory recovery. Statistical analysis of different behavioral data between control and grafted animals was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Between 8 and 12 months after transplantation, progressive signs of functional recovery were observed in the grafted animals, associated with an increase in muscle mass in the lower extremities, findings that were significantly different from those in nongrafted animals (p < 0.05). At this time, donor cerebral tissue is integrated into previously injured spinal cord and results in formation of bundles of nerve fibers that emerge from the area of the transplant and surround the spinal cord beneath the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed co-transplantation of fetal cerebral tissue and peripheral nerve tissue can be used to achieve anatomical remodeling and long-term functional recovery in rats rendered paraplegic as result of severe spinal cord injury. These findings support the possibility of functional recovery after chronic traumatic paraplegia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Nerve tissue protein S-100 and neurone-specific enolase concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and blood during carotid endarterectomy.

Nerve tissue protein S-100 and neurone-specific enolase levels in serum were studied in 10 patients before, during and for 2 days after elective carotid endarterectomy performed under general anaesthesia and using a Javid Shunt. In six patients, simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid samples were also obtained. Serum nerve tissue protein S-100 was normal throughout the operation, but in one patient with severe hypertension, levels increased to 1.38 microg. l-1 at 1 h postoperatively. Two patients showed an increase in cerebrospinal fluid nerve tissue protein S-100 during clamping: these patients also had neurological deficits at 6 months. Serum neurone-specific enolase increased from 5.8 to 9.3 microg.l-1 during shunting while cerebrospinal fluid neurone-specific enolase did not change. Uncomplicated carotid endarterectomy does not produce cerebral damage as measured by serum nerve tissue protein S-100; cerebrospinal fluid nerve tissue protein S-100 may be more sensitive for minor cerebral damage. Neurone-specific enolase appeared to be nonspecific. The lack of correlation between the neuroproteins may need to be explained before relying on these simple assays as diagnostic indicators of cerebral ischaemia.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Deficits in sciatic nerve neuropeptide content coincide with a reduction in target tissue nerve growth factor messenger RNA in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: effects of insulin treatment.

The role of sub-optimal neurotrophic support in the aetiology of the sensory neuron dysfunction associated with diabetic neuropathy was investigated. The status of sciatic nerve neuropeptide content was related to target tissue nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in diabetic sciatic nerve were significantly lowered by approximately 50% and 28%, respectively, compared with aged matched controls and insulin-treated diabetic rats (P < 0.01) for both peptides and both comparisons). Measurements of nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels in sensory neuron target tissues, namely foot-skin and soleus muscle, revealed deficits of approximately 50% in diabetic rats, with insulin treatment reversing the decrease in foot-skin but not in soleus muscle. The results show a possible correlation between deficient neuropeptide gene expression in sensory neurons and reduced nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels in target tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Photofabricated gelatin-based nerve conduits: nerve tissue regeneration potentials.

There is a strong demand for development of nerve guide conduit with prompt nerve regeneration potential for injury-induced nerve defect. Prior to study on nerve tissue engineering using Schwann cells or nerve stem cells, the effectiveness of photofabricated scaffolds based on photocurable gelatin was examined. This study describes the evaluation of in vivo nerve tissue regeneration potentials of three custom-designed and -fabricated prostheses (inner diameter, 1.2 mm; outer diameter, 2.4 mm; wall thickness, 0.60 mm; and length, 15 mm) made of photocured gelatin: a plain photocured gelatin tube (model I), a photocured gelatin tube packed with bioactive substances (laminin, fibronectin, and nerve growth factor) coimmobilized in a photocured gelatin rod (model II), and a photocured gelatin tube packed with bioactive substances coimmobilized in multifilament fibers (model III). These prostheses were implanted between the proximal and distal stumps 10 mm of the dissected right sciatic nerve of 70 adult male Lewis rats for up to 1 year. The highest regenerative potentials were found using the model III prosthesis, followed by the model II prosthesis. Markedly retarded neural regeneration was observed using the model I prosthesis. These were evaluated from the viewpoints of functional recovery, electrophysiological responses, and tissue morphological regeneration. The significance of the synergistic cooperative functions of multifilaments, which serve as a platform that provides contact guidance to direct longitudinal cell movement and tissue ingrowth and as a cell adhesive matrix with high surface area, and immobilized bioactive substances, which enhance nerve regeneration via biological stimulation, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Characteristic distribution of glycolipids in gadoid fish nerve tissues and its bearing on phylogeny.

Glycolipids were isolated from nerve tissues of gadoid fishes including Alaskan pollack and Pacific cod. Their chemical structures were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their constituents were analyzed in detail and compared with those of glycolipids from other fish groups. The results revealed that gadoid fish nerve membranes contain peculiar glycolipid molecular species that are distinctly different from those in other teleostean fishes and higher vertebrates. The mole percentage ratio of the four major glycolipids (cerebroside-sulfatide-galactosylglyceride-sulfogalactosylglyce ride) was 48:12:25:15, indicating profound accumulation of glycoglycerolipids. Galactosylglyceride and sulfogalactosylglyceride were primarily of the diacyl type (greater than 90%), the major fatty acids being 16:0 and 18:1. An abundance of glucocerebroside (25 to 55% of cerebroside) and its fatty acid ester (37 to 47% of ester cerebroside) was noted. Cerebroside and sulfatide were characterized by the absence of hydroxy and odd numbered fatty acids, and 24:1 acid was a predominant component of both glucocerebroside and galactocerebroside. Subcellular fractionation revealed that myelin membranes comprised such unusual glycolipid constituents as those seen in whole nerve tissues. A vertebrate whose nerve membranes consist of such peculiar glycolipid molecules has not previously been reported. The characteristics of the glycolipid composition in gadoid fishes are discussed in relation to myelin functions, physicochemical properties of nerve membranes, and the phylogenic significance of this fish group.

Animals↗