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Results for “NASA Discipline Number 00-00”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Metabolic changes observed in astronauts.

Study of metabolic alterations that occur during space flight can provide insight into mechanisms of physiologic regulation. Results of medical experiments with astronauts reveal rapid loss of volume (2 L) from the legs and a transient early increase in left ventricular volume index. These findings indicate that, during space flight, fluid is redistributed from the legs toward the head. In about 2 days, total body water decreases 2 to 3%. Increased levels of plasma renin activity and antidiuretic hormone while blood sodium and plasma volume are reduced suggest that space flight-associated factors are influencing the regulatory systems. In addition to fluid and electrolyte loss. Skylab astronauts lost an estimated 0.3 kg of protein. Endocrine factors, including increased cortisol and thyroxine and decreased insulin, are favorable for protein catabolism. The body appears to adapt to weightlessness at some physiologic cost. Readaptation to Earth's gravity at landing becomes another physiologic challenge.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Changes in total body water during spaceflight.

This experiment represents the first time that it has been possible to measure a body fluid compartment by direct means during spaceflight. Based on the results observed in the five crewmen in this study, it is concluded that TBW decreases by 3.4% after 1 to 3 days of exposure to microgravity in the Space Shuttle. Some individuals appear to undergo this decrease within 24 hours. This effect may be enhanced by decreased water intake due to nausea associated with SMS.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cardiovascular physiology in space flight.

The effects of space flight on the cardiovascular system have been studied since the first manned flights. In several instances, the results from these investigations have directly contradicted the predictions based on established models. Results suggest associations between space flight's effects on other organ systems and those on the cardiovascular system. Such findings provide new insights into normal human physiology. They must also be considered when planning for the safety and efficiency of space flight crewmembers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Caenorhabditis elegans: a model system for space biology studies.

The utility of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in studies spanning aspects of development, aging, and radiobiology is reviewed. These topics are interrelated via cellular and DNA repair processes especially in the context of oxidative stress and free-radical metabolism. The relevance of these research topics to problems in space biology is discussed and properties of the space environment are outlined. Exposure to the space-flight environment can induce rapid changes in living systems that are similar to changes occurring during aging; manipulation of these environmental parameters may represent an experimental strategy for studies of development and senscence. The current and future opportunities for such space-flight experimentation are presented.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Skeletal muscle response to spaceflight, whole body suspension, and recovery in rats.

Comparisons of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) after 7 days of weightlessness, 7 and 14 days of whole body suspension (WBS), and 7 days of recovery from WBS and from vivarium controls were made. Muscle mass loss of approximately 30% was observed in soleus after 7 and 14 days of WBS. Measurement of slow- and fast-twitch fibers showed significant alterations. Reductions in cross-sectional areas and increases in fiber densities in soleus after spaceflight and WBS were related to previous findings of muscle atrophy during unloading. Capillary density also showed a marked increase with unloading. Seven days of weightlessness were sufficient to effect a 20 and 15% loss in absolute muscle mass in soleus and EDL, respectively. However, the antigravity soleus was more responsive in terms of cross-sectional area reductions. After 7 days of recovery from WBS, with normal ambulatory loading, the parameters studied showed a reversal to control levels. Muscle plasticity, in terms of fiber and capillary responses, indicated differences in responses in the two types of muscles and further amplified that antigravity posture muscles are highly susceptible to unloading. Studies of recovery from spaceflight for both muscle metabolism and microvascular modifications are further justified.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cyclic AMP-receptor proteins in heart muscle of rats flown on Cosmos 1887.

A frequent cellular response to organismal stress is the increase in ligand binding by beta-adrenergic receptors. The extracellular signal is amplified by intracellular increases in cyclic AMP and the ensuing activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK). The molecular mechanisms involve the binding of cyclic AMP to regulatory (R) subunits of cAPK, thus freeing the catalytic subunit for protein phosphorylation. This study was carried out to determine the cellular compartmentalization of the cyclic AMP-receptor proteins in heart ventricular tissue obtained from rats flown on the Cosmos 1887 mission. Photoaffinity labeling of soluble and particulate cell fractions with an [32P]-8-azido analog of cyclic AMP was followed by electrophoretic separation of the proteins and by autoradiographic identification of the labeled isoforms of cAPK R subunits. The results showed that RII in the particulate subcellular fraction was significantly decreased in heart cells from rats in the flight group when compared to controls. Protein banding patterns in both the cytoplasmic fraction and in a fraction enriched in chromatin-bound proteins showed some variability in tissues of individual animals, but exhibited no changes that could be directly attributed to flight conditions. No significant change was apparent in the distribution of RI or RII cyclic AMP binding in the soluble fractions. These findings indicate that the cardiac cell integrity or its protein content is not compromised under flight conditions. There is, however, what appears to be an adaptive molecular response which can be detected using microanalytical methods, indicating that a major hormone regulated mechanism may be affected during some phase of travel in space.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Perception of linear acceleration in weightlessness.

Tests of the perception and use of linear acceleration sensory information were performed on the science crews of the Spacelab 1 (SL-1) and D-1 missions using linear "sleds" in-flight (D-1) and pre-post flight. The time delay between the acceleration step stimulus and the subjective response was consistently reduced during weightlessness, but was neither statistically significant nor of functional importance. Increased variability of responses when going from one environment to the other was apparent from measurements on the first day of the mission and in the first days post-flight. Subjective report of perceived motion during sinusoidal oscillation in weightlessness were qualitatively similar to reports on earth. In a closed-loop motion nulling task, enhanced performance was observed post-flight in all crewmembers tested in the Y or Z axes.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1990

Effects of zero gravity on myofibril content and isomyosin distribution in rodent skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of 12.5 days of zero gravity (0 g) exposure (Cosmos 1887 Biosputnik) on the enzymatic properties, protein content, and isomyosin distribution of the myofibril fraction of the slow-twitch vastus intermedius (VI) and the fast-twitch vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of adult male rats. Measurements were obtained on three experimental groups (n = 5 each group) designated as flight group (FG), vivarium control (VC), and synchronous control (SC). Body weight of the FG was significantly lower than that of the two control groups (P less than 0.05). Compared with the two control groups, VI weight was lower by 23% (P less than 0.10), whereas no such pattern was apparent for the VL muscle. Myofibril yields (mg protein/g muscle) in the VI were 35% lower in the FG than in controls (P less than 0.05), whereas no such pattern was apparent for the VL muscle. When myofibril yields were expressed on a muscle basis (mg/g x muscle weight), the loss of myofibril protein was more exaggerated and suggests that myofibril protein degradation is an early event in the muscle atrophy response to 0 g. Analysis of myosin isoforms indicated that slow myosin (Sm) was the primary isoform lost in the calculated degradation of total myosin. No evidence of loss of the fast isomyosins was apparent for either muscle following spaceflight. Myofibril ATPase activity of the VI was increased in the FG compared with controls, which is consistent with the observation of preferential Sm degradation. These data suggest that muscles containing a high percentage of slow-twitch fibers undergo greater degrees of myofibril protein degradation than muscles containing predominantly fast-twitch fibers in response to a relatively short period of 0 g exposure, and the primary target appears to be the Sm molecule.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗