Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Mouth”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Comparison of mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask and mouth-to-face-shield ventilation by lay persons.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A prospective randomised study on 70 volunteers without previous first aid education (42 males, 28 females, mean age 17) was performed to compare mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MMV, n = 24) versus mouth-to-pocket-mask ventilation (MPV, n = 25) and mouth-to-face-shield ventilation (MFV, n =21), and to evaluate if an instruction period of 10 min would be sufficient to teach lay persons artificial ventilation. Every volunteer performed three ventilation series using a bench model of an unprotected airway. RESULTS: MMV and MPV show higher mean tidal volume (TV) than MFV (values of series 3: 976 +/- 454 and 868 +/- 459 versus 604 +/- 328 ml, P = 0.002 and P = 0.025, respectively). We found a higher inter-individual variation in TV than in previous studies (P = 0.031). The recommended TV of 700-1000 ml was reached in only 23%, most frequently with MPV (MMV 16.7%, MPV 32%, MFV 19%) but the difference was not significant (P = 0.391). However, we found a significantly higher percentage with a TV below 700 ml with MFV (MMV 33.3%, MPV 36%, MFV 66.7% P = 0.047) and a significantly higher percentage of TV exceeding 1000 ml with MMV (MMV 50%, MPV 32%, MFV 14.3%) (P = 0.039). "Stomach" inflation was highest with MMV (79.2%) followed by MPV (52%) and MFV (42.9%) (P = 0.034). We found further differences between the sexes; males produced a higher TV (P = 0.003) and a higher percentage of stomach inflation (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: MPV showed the best ventilation quality. It resulted in a more adequate TV than MMV and MFV and lower stomach inflation than MMV. Only a relatively low percentage of ventilations were within the recommended range for TV and this may be related to the short training duration. We found different performances between the sexes, a high inter-individual variation and mainly a low ventilation quality. Therefore, further studies have to focus more on teaching duration, sex differences and ventilation quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Ventilatory volumes using mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, and bag-valve-mask techniques.

The volumes delivered to a resuscitation manikin were compared using four ventilatory techniques: mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, one-person bag-valve-mask, and two-person bag-valve-mask. The effects of experience and sex of the rescuer on the resuscitation volume delivered were also evaluated. The volume delivered using the one-person bag-valve-mask technique was significantly less than that using the other three techniques (P less than 0.001). The experience and sex of the rescuer made no significant difference in the volume delivered using any of the techniques. As compared with the one-person technique, bag-valve-mask ventilatory volume improved significantly when it was performed as a two-person technique. The mean volumes delivered using mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-mask ventilation were lower than those recommended by the American Heart Association. Emphasis must be placed on ventilation with an adequate volume when these techniques are taught. When mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-mask ventilation are taught, a spirometer should be used with the manikin so that the rescuer can learn how to estimate an adequate expired volume.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

[Motor activity of the mouth and mouth therapy in cerebral palsy. Preliminary results in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders of the mouth in children with cerebral palsy using the Castillo-Morales concept].

56 patients suffering from connatal cerebral palsy were treated with removable orthodontic appliances possessing stimulation areas according to Castillo-Morales. The intention was to improve the well-known orofacial dysfunctions of these patients. The evaluation of a standard treatment schedule leads to the following statements: The tongue and lip control can be improved in many patients, as well as the chewing and swallowing pattern, the speech and the problem of saliva running out of the mouth. The resting-position of the tongue is normalized in some of the cases. The habit of an open mouth can hardly ever be improved. In a small number of patients some parameters of orofacial function worsened during treatment; in most of these cases, however, a general improvement of orofacial function justified further treatment with palatal plates.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1997

Health care professionals' willingness to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

To assess the willingness of physicians and nurses with training in basic cardiac life support to provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in both hospital and out-of-hospital settings, we surveyed all attendees at a monthly advanced life support course over a 1-year period. Of 622 attendees, 379 (61%) responded to our survey describing a variety of cardiac arrest scenarios. Less than half of the participants surveyed were willing to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on an unknown adult, male or female, who had collapsed in a supermarket. Overall, the group was willing to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on victims known to them: their neighbors (84%), children at a pool (88%), spouses (94%), and parents (93%). In the hospital setting, knowing a patient's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status greatly influenced the willingness to do mouth-to-mouth rescue. If a patient's HIV status was unknown, only a third of providers would do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; if the HIV status was known to be negative, two thirds would do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (P < 0.002), Children in the hospital whose HIV status was unknown would receive mouth-to-mouth resuscitation by 57% of the respondents. Children known to be HIV-negative would be resuscitated by 79% of the respondents. Co-workers were more willing to resuscitate a known physician or nurse than an unknown co-worker, with physicians more willing than nurses to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on an unknown co-worker. A third of the group has performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation previously. Although an increased percentage of this subgroup was willing to provide mouth-to-mouth in all adult hospital scenarios, experienced providers of mouth-to-mouth wanted to receive mouth-to-mouth resuscitation less frequently (75%) than inexperienced providers (84%) (P = 0.02). The self-reported willingness to provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is influenced by patient characteristics; as the level of familiarity with the victim decreased, so did the willingness of the health care professional to do mouth-to-mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of subjective dry mouth and burning mouth in hospitalized elderly patients and outpatients in relation to saliva, medication, and systemic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of self-reported symptoms of dry mouth and burning mouth in the frail elderly. We expected to find the studied symptoms more frequently in the frail elderly than in those who were healthier. STUDY DESIGN: We examined 175 home-living elderly patients (mean age with SD, 82 +/- 5.7 years) hospitalized because of sudden worsening of their general health. For comparison, 252 elderly outpatients (mean age with SD, 77 +/- 5.7 years) from the same community were studied. The subjects' medical diagnoses and prescribed drugs used daily were recorded, their oral health examined, and saliva samples taken for analyses of flow rates, yeasts, and a variety of biochemical factors. RESULTS: The results showed that 63% of the hospitalized patients and 57% of the outpatients complained of dry mouth. The respective percentages of burning mouth were 13% in the hospitalized and 18% in the outpatients. The dentate status affected the feeling of dry mouth and burning mouth, but there were no consequent differences in concentrations of salivary biochemical constituents, yeast counts, and buffering capacity between patients with or without the symptoms except that hospitalized patients complaining of dry mouth more often had low salivary buffering than those without the symptom. Dry mouth was also more prevalent among the hospitalized patients who used several drugs daily, whereas no such association was found with the burning-mouth symptom. Use of analgesics appeared to safeguard against both the symptoms. Dry mouth and burning mouth were seldom reported simultaneously, although low salivary flow rate was a common finding in patients with burning mouth. The strongest explanatory factors for burning mouth were psychiatric disease among the outpatients (OR 8.7, CI 1.4-54.1, P <.05) and use of psychiatric drugs among the hospitalized (OR 4.2, CI 0.9-20.0, P =.07). For dry mouth, the strongest explanatory factors were respiratory disease in the outpatients (OR 2.0, CI 1.0-3.8, P <.05) and low salivary flow rate in the hospitalized elderly (OR 3.7, CI 1.4-10, P <.05). In all patients (n = 427), use of psychiatric drugs was the strongest explanatory factor for dry mouth (OR 2.1, CI 1.2-3.5, P <.01), whereas analgesic medication was found to protect against burning mouth (OR 0.5, CI 0.3-0.9, P <.05). CONCLUSION: The subjective feelings of dry mouth and burning mouth appeared to be a complex issue among the elderly population studied. The 2 symptoms were seldom reported at the same time. The appearance of symptoms did not directly correlate with general health, except in the case of psychiatric diseases and medications, which should be taken into account.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive training of citizens of Seattle in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), bystanders do not perform CPR in almost half of witnessed cardiac arrests. Instructions in chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation given by dispatchers over the telephone can require 2.4 minutes. In experimental studies, chest compression alone is associated with survival rates similar to those with chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation. We conducted a randomized study to compare CPR by chest compression alone with CPR by chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation. METHODS: The setting of the trial was an urban, fire-department-based, emergency-medical-care system with central dispatching. In a randomized manner, telephone dispatchers gave bystanders at the scene of apparent cardiac arrest instructions in either chest compression alone or chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation. The primary end point was survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 241 patients randomly assigned to receive chest compression alone and 279 assigned to chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Complete instructions were delivered in 62 percent of episodes for the group receiving chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation and 81 percent of episodes for the group receiving chest compression alone (P=0.005). Instructions for compression required 1.4 minutes less to complete than instructions for compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Survival to hospital discharge was better among patients assigned to chest compression alone than among those assigned to chest compression plus mouth-to-mouth ventilation (14.6 percent vs. 10.4 percent), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome after CPR with chest compression alone is similar to that after chest compression with mouth-to-mouth ventilation, and chest compression alone may be the preferred approach for bystanders inexperienced in CPR.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The effects of different mouth-to-mouth ventilation tidal volumes on gas exchange during simulated rescue breathing.

UNLABELLED: The American Heart Association recommends tidal volumes of 700 to 1000 mL during mouth-to-mouth ventilation, but smaller tidal volumes of 500 mL may be of advantage to decrease the likelihood of stomach inflation. Because mouth-to-mouth ventilation gas contains only 17% oxygen, but 4% carbon dioxide, it is unknown whether 500-mL tidal volumes given during rescue breathing may result in insufficient oxygenation and inadequate carbon dioxide elimination. In a university hospital research laboratory, 20 fully conscious volunteer health care professionals were randomly assigned to breathe tidal volumes of 500 or 1000 mL of mouth-to-mouth ventilation gas (17% oxygen, 4% carbon dioxide, 79% nitrogen), or room air control (21% oxygen, 79% nitrogen) for 5 min. Arterial blood gases were taken immediately before, and after breathing 5 min of the experimental gas composition. When comparing 500 versus 1000 mL of mouth-to-mouth ventilation tidal volumes with 500 mL of room air, 500 mL of mouth-to-mouth ventilation tidal volume resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean +/- SEM arterial oxygen partial pressure (70 +/- 1 versus 85 +/- 2 versus 92 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively), and lower oxygen saturation (94 +/- 0.4 versus 97 +/- 0.2 versus 98 +/- 0.2%), but increased arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (46 +/- 1 versus 40 +/- 1 versus 39 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively). Sixteen of 20 volunteers had to be excluded from the experiment with 500 mL of mouth-to-mouth ventilation gas after about 3 min instead of after 5 minutes as planned because of severe nervousness, sweating, and air hunger. We conclude that during simulated mouth-to-mouth ventilation, only large (approximately 1000 mL), but not small (approximately 500 mL) tidal volumes were able to maintain both sufficient oxygenation and adequate carbon dioxide elimination. IMPLICATIONS: To provide efficient mouth-to-mouth ventilation, it is important to administer tidal volumes of 1000 mL; tidal volumes of 500 mL were not adequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Effects of mouth wash on the removing beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by pressurized aerosol metered-dose inhaler in the mouth].

Effects of mouth wash (mouth rinsing and gargling) on the removal of drug residues in both mouth and pharynx after the use of pressurized aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) were studied. The concentration of beclomethasone dipropionate (BM) in mouth wash after a splay of Becotide inhaler was measured by the method using HPLC. The total amount of the removed BM was measured by a sum of the concentrations of BM in 4 or 5 times of mouth washes in the following 4 kinds of methods. In method 1, mouth wash was done with 5 times of water change after a splay of MDI on wetted mouth. In method 2, mouth wash was done with 5 times of change water on dried mouth. In method 3, mouth wash was done with 4 times of change saliva on wetted mouth. In these methods, the actual inhalation of BM was not done. In method 4, mouth wash was done with 5 times of change water after a splay and a inhalation on wetted mouth. The mouth wash procedures removed totally 47.9%, 51.1%, 31.3%, and 33.3% of a splayed amount of BM in each method, respectively. It was required for the removal of 90% of the totally recovered BM to do one time of mouth wash in method 1, two times in method 2, three times in method 3, and two times in method 4, respectively. These data suggest that the mouth wash procedure is shown to have prophylactic benefit for candidiasis induced by steroid delivered by MDI.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and Combitube ventilation in a bench model.

CONTEXT: In addition to heart massage, the primary goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is efficient oxygenation and ventilation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the ease of learning and handling of standard mouth-to-mouth resuscitation with the Combitube (Tyco Healthcare Nellcor, Pleasanton, CA) ventilation. METHODS: After a 30 minute theoretical introduction and demonstration of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and use of the Combitube in mannequins, following American Heart Association guidelines, 26 adolescent school children (15 of them 14 years old, 11 of them 10 years old) undertook two ventilation trials, each consisting of five single ventilations, with each technique. Only the second trial with each technique was evaluated. Qualitative implementation (grades: very good, good, failed) was evaluated, several procedure-related time points were recorded, and tidal volumes (ml) were measured. RESULTS: With mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the time interval until start of first ventilation was 36.5 seconds shorter than with the Combitube (P < 0.001). With the Combitube, the time needed for five single ventilations was 6.4 seconds less than with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (P < 0.001) and mean tidal volumes were higher (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, 450 +/- 384 ml, versus Combitube, 735 +/- 358 ml; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Most of the school children performed both techniques to a high qualitative level. The study shows that mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and use of the Combitube have equal ease of learning, a precondition for proficient retention of skills. Tidal volumes were significantly higher with the Combitube and, not surprisingly, the time interval until the start of first ventilation was significantly shorter with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Regardless of the ventilation technique or device, we believe that subsequent retraining of ventilation skills is very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Subjective assessment of a new moisturizing mouth spray for the symptomatic relief of dry mouth.

OBJECTIVE: A randomized clinical trial (Study 1) and consumer usage test (Study 2) were conducted to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray in subjects experiencing dry mouth. METHODOLOGY: Study 1: A randomized, single-blind, four-arm crossover clinical trial was conducted in 24 subjects, ranging from 50-84 years of age, to evaluate OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray and two experimental mouth spray formulations, and compare their performance to a reference (marketed) mouth spray, SALIVEZE. Following a three-day acclimatization phase, subjects used all four products at home for three days. Each treatment phase was separated by a three-day washout period. Study 2: One-hundred twenty subjects participated in a three-week home usage consumer test using OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray, after which they completed a 52-question online survey exploring sensory, efficacy, and resultant quality of life attributes of the product. RESULTS: Study 1: On average, subjects used the four test products 2-3 times per day. OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray was found to be effective in relieving dry mouth in the study population, as evidenced by a statistically significant feeling of coating the mouth (p < 0.05), and statistically significantly longer dry mouth relief (p < 0.005) than the commercial control. The OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) better and preferred over the other product tested. All the products used in the study were well-tolerated. Study 2: On a five-point scale, 73% of respondents perceived the OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray as "very good" or "excellent," and more than 60% gave the product an "excellent" or "very good" rating on sensory, efficacy, and quality of life attributes. CONCLUSION: These studies show that OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray helped provide dry mouth relief and was well liked by the study population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

History of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. Part 2: the 18th century.

In Britain, the great boost to performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for the "suddenly apparently dead" came from William Tossach's 1744 documentation of his own successful case, and then from promotion by John Fothergill and other enthusiasts. Some civic authorities on the Continent were exhorting citizens to employ it from as early as the mid-18th century. The first humane society was founded in Amsterdam in 1767 and initially promoted expired air ventilation (EAV) by the mouth-to-mouth method. Other humane societies were soon established throughout Europe, especially in maritime cities with frequent drownings. The founding of London's humane society in 1774, initially known as "The Institute," was followed by earnest efforts to promote mouth-to-mouth EAV in England, and soon after in Scotland, but not until the 1780s in North America. Disenchantment with the mouth-to-mouth method as less desirable (for various reasons) led to decline in its general use. In 1782, what later became The Royal Humane Society in London changed its expressed preference for artificial ventilation by mouth-to-mouth to manual artificial ventilation using inflating bellows, although mouth-to-mouth was a method of resuscitation which could be attempted by any rescuer. The need to apply artificial ventilation immediately was not really recognised before John Hunter's recommendation to London's Humane Society in 1776. Charles Kite spelt out clearly the principles of resuscitation in 1787-8, though he gave some priority to warming. It seems that only in the latter part of the 18th century was the importance of airway obstruction recognised, largely due to Edmund Goodwyn.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2004

Mouth closing device (chinstrap) reduces mouth leak during nasal CPAP.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mouth leak occasionally complicates continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which leads to discomfort. While a chinstrap prevents the mouth from opening during sleep, its efficacy in diminishing mouth leak has not been studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with mouth leak complaining of mouth dryness and nasal obstruction underwent two consecutive overnight polysomnographies, one with a chinstrap, in random order. Cephalometry with and without a chinstrap was randomly performed on six patients. RESULTS: With the chinstrap, both mouth leak and the arousal index decreased significantly, from (mean+/-SD) 42.9+/-23.5 to 23.8+/-13.3% of total sleep time (TST), and from 33.4+/-18.6 to 23.6+/-9.3/sleep hour, respectively. However, snoring time showed a concomitant increase from 6.7+/-14.3 to 24.0+/-13.2% of TST. The arousal index was significantly higher during leak periods, and its changes correlated positively with changes in mouth leak. Cephalometric measures showed a significant decrease in anterior lower facial height. CONCLUSIONS: The chinstrap, by closing the mouth during CPAP, reduces mouth leak and therefore the arousal index in most patients. Nevertheless, the indices remained unacceptably high. The chinstrap may also increase snoring and, in rare cases, can worsen the respiratory disturbance index. Consideration of these potential effects is important before instituting regular home use of the chinstrap.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

From the foot-mouth reflex to the hand-mouth reflex. A continuum of responses to appendicular compression.

We studied the mouth opening response to appendicular compression in two groups of children. This study was performed with the intention of testing the semiologic role of the act of mouth opening following stimulation of various regions, based on the hand mouth reflex of Babkin. Group I was formed by 33 normal children who underwent monthly follow up assessments since birth; and group II consisted of 50 children older than 6 months of age, known to have a neurologic deficit and a neuro-psychomotor development equivalent to that of a child in the first trimester of life. We observed that the normal mouth opening response in group I was more pronounced following compression of the hand and forearm when compared to compression of the arm (p < 0.001). This response could persist for as long as the first 6 months of life. We were not able to elicit a mouth opening response following compression of the lower limb in this group. Among children from group II, we observed mouth opening responses to stimulation of all limb segments. Within the upper limb, the response was more pronounced following compression of the hand in comparison to the forearm (p < 0.01), and forearm in comparison to the proximal arm (p < 0.01). Stimulation of the foot was more effective in eliciting a mouth opening response when compared to equivalent stimulation of the lower leg (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistical difference when responses to stimulation of the lower leg and thigh were compared. The presence of the previously unreported foot-mouth response may serve as an indicator of central nervous system compromise and could be associated with a poorer prognosis. We believe that our observations of the specific foot-mouth response patterns may serve as a marker of early neuro-psychomotor development dysfunction during childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Does reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation exist among emergency healthcare providers as first responders?].

BACKGROUND: Only 30% of survivors from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receive basic life support (BLS) before the arrival of emergency personnel. This is also due to reluctance to perform BLS, especially mouth-to-mouth ventilation without barrier devices in victims who are unknown to the rescuer (either layperson or healthcare provider). METHODS: To evaluate the incidence of reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation without barrier devices and its consequences in a simulated BLS scenario proposed by a questionnaire to healthcare providers of critical area in a public general hospital. RESULTS: Answers were collected from 128 of 165 (77.5%) interviewed healthcare providers. Physicians were 46 of 128 (35.9%), professional nurses were 78 of 128 (60.9%) and 4 of 128 (3.2%) were other health workers devoted to patient assistance. Seventy-five of 128 (58.6 %) were reluctant to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation without barrier devices; 68 of 75 (90.6%) would perform BLS only by chest compression. Compared with non-reluctant providers, they would have been available to perform assisted ventilation by non-validated alternative methods (54.2 vs 18.8% respectively, p < 0.001). Seven of 75 (9.6%, no physician among them) would perform no BLS at all. The most significant predictors of reluctance were age < 40 years (p = 0.07) and previous attendance of BLS-BLSD courses (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation without barrier devices is frequent and may reduce the number of potential BLS providers. Because of the concern about disease transmission between victim and rescuer, rescuers with a duty to respond such as healthcare providers should follow precautions including the use of barrier device also outside their workplace. When barrier devices are unavailable first responders should consider chest compression alone instead of not performing any BLS maneuvers. BLS training should help give a greater emphasis on this topics.

Adult↗