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Goiter prevalence and iodine excretion levels were assessed in schoolchildren aged 9 and 13 in the city of Moscow (n = 91) and the Moscow region, 60 km East of Moscow (n = 92). Goiter prevalence was evaluated by ultrasonography. In Moscow it was found to be 31.1% among children aged 9 and 17.5% among those aged 13. The respective values in the Moscow region were 47.2 and 39.3%. Medium urinary iodine levels were 6.9 to 7.5 micrograms/dl in Moscow and 4.1 to 5.4 micrograms/dl in the region. According to modern criteria, iodine deficiency in Moscow may be regarded as mild and in the region as moderate. Control programs are urgently needed tc prevent development of iodine deficiency disorders.
The genetic analysis of the variants of human immunodeficiency virus of type 1 (HIV-1), circulating among drug addicts in Moscow and Moscow Province, has been carried out. The serological analysis of 122 blood specimens taken from HIV-infected drug addicts, residing in Moscow and 22 settlements of the Moscow region, has shown that in this region HIV-1 variant of subtype A spreads among drug addicts. These data have been confirmed by the results of the analysis of 44 specimens, made with the use of the method of the heteroduplex mobility assay for gene env. As revealed in this study, HIV-1 variants spreading at present among drug addicts in Moscow and the Moscow region are genetically related to viruses of subtype A, detected earlier in this group of risk in other regions of Russia, the Ukraine, Belarus and other countries of Eastern Europe.
Using shrub snail Bradybaena fruticum Müll (20 populations) as a model, we were the first in Russia and in the world to develop a system of urban ecological genetic monitoring of the gene pool of an invertebrate species. The results of isozyme polymorphism studies in shrub snail populations showed a dramatic (up to 70%) reduction in genetic diversity in small isolates from the urbanized environment as compared to large natural populations. In urban populations, genetic diversity parameters were demonstrated to be lower than in natural ones: the mean heterozygosity per locus was reduced up to 0.08 (0.15-0.20 in natural populations); the mean allele number, to 1.9 (2.7 in natural populations); and the number of polymorphic loci, to four, i.e., 2.2-fold (nine in natural populations). In Moscow district, the number of polymorphic loci also decreased to five in the population subjected to anthropogenic pressure. The changes in the population gene pool (as shown by the number of polymorphic loci) were different in Moscow and Moscow district. The percentage of populations with the number of polymorphic loci as low as four to six was 76.9 in Moscow and 23.1% in Moscow district. The gene pool quality of 80% of the urban snail populations was estimated as unsatisfactory, and in half of them, as critical. The main reason for these changes seems to be genetic drift accompanied by inbreeding, caused by fragmentation of the range and reduction in the abundance of populations of the species, due to the anthropogenic pressure. The results of the study were employed in the program of the Moscow government for restoring the gene pools of endangered animals species on the preserved territories of the city.
The investigation was carried out on 134 M. tuberculosis isolated from 134 patients treated at the Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those who were natives of Moscow and the Moscow Region (MR patients); 2) those who were migrants to the Moscow Region from Azerbaijan, Daghestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia (the Caucasian Region) (CR patients) who had fallen in the place of birth. Genotyping by the polymorphism of lengths of the restriction fragments containing the insertion sequence IS6110 revealed a genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis strains. The examined M. tuberculosis strains belonged to 13 genotypic families. The W and AI families were prevalent. The family W M. tuberculosis strains isolated from the Caucasians were highly clustered, as confirmed by the overwhelming predominance of the strain variant W148 (19.7%). The spectrum of the strain variants of the W family, and those of the AI family in particular, greatly differed in MR and CR patients. Only one strain variant AI12 occurring both in MR and CR patients was detected. A study of the transmission activity coefficient (TAC) of the families W and AI indicated that the transmission activity of W strains was significantly higher than that of M. tuberculosis strains of the AI family. A comparative analysis of the TAC of M. tuberculosis strains of the AI family demonstrated that the transmission activity of the strains of this family was identical no matter where a patient had fallen ill (1.59 and 1.41% in the Moscow and Caucasian Regions, respectively). Unlike M. tuberculosis strains of the AI family, the TAC of W strains isolated from the patients infected in the Moscow Region (28.17 and 19.05%, respectively), which suggests the more intensive transmission of the pathogen M. tuberculosis of the W family in the Caucasian Region.
The species and karyotypical composition of malaria mosquitoes in Moscow and in the Moscow Region have been examined. A cytogenetic analysis in the Moscow Region has revealed 3 types of malaria mosquitoes: Anopheles claviger Mg., An. maculipennis Mg., and An. messeae Fall. An. messeae predominates in the Solnechnogorsk and Noginsk Regions, An. maculipennis prevails in the Ramensk and Serpukhov Regions. In the combined habitats, the ratio of two predominant types has been ascertained to vary during a season. The proportion of An. maculipennis increases by the end of summer and decreases during hibernation. The more northern type of An. messeae has been shown to be superior to An. maculipennis in fertility. Thus, the increased relative size of An. maculipennis during summer is due to the higher viability of the larvae of this type. In the Moscow water reservoirs, the larvae of both types develop concurrently; the proportion of An. messeae is 89.8%. The high level of chromosomal variability was found in the urban populations of An. messeae by the inversions of XL1, XL3, 2R1, 3R1. A role of chromosomal variability in the adaptation of mosquitoes to urban conditions is discussed.
A system of urban ecological genetic monitoring has been developed for the first time in Russia and in the world. As a model, two species of brown frogs, Rana arvalis Nilss. and R. temporaria L. (16 populations, seven isozyme loci) were used. An evaluation of the gene pool state in urban frog populations has shown that the diversity in the Moscow frog populations was lower than that in natural populations (up to 80 and 50% in respectively R. anvalis and R. temporaria). Mean heterozygosities per locus were higher in large natural populations than in small urban isolates: in R. arvalis, these values were 0.16 and 0.06; in R. temporaria, 0.34 and 0.18, respectively. The number of polymorphic loci was also higher in natural populations than in the urban ones: 4 versus 2 in R. arvalis and 5 versus 4 in R. temporaria. Using superoxiddismutase as an example, fixation of different alleles of the same locus in different small isolates was shown. The gene pool condition of all but one urban populations of brown frog was evaluated as unsatisfactory, and that of the R. arvalis populations, as critical. These changes of the gene pool are explained mainly by gene drift accompanied by inbreeding, which was caused by human-induced fragmentation of the range and a decrease in population size of the species. The results of this study was employed in the development of the Moscow governmental program on restoration of the gene pools of vanishing animal species on specially protected natural urban territories. The series of works on long-term monitoring and assessment of the state of natural populations of model species in anthropogenic landscapes of Moscow and Moscow district has laid a foundation for a new branch of science, gene urbanology.
The analysis of the contingent of patients with rheumatic diseases taken under dispensary observation (DO) in 1985-1986 (625 persons) showed that in many polyclinics of Moscow and the Moscow region there took place substantial changes in the contingent of these patients and extension of its scope at the expense of inclusion of all nosological forms corresponding to the Regulation of the USSR Ministry of Health. Yet untimely detection and prophylactic medical examination of a great number of patients with rheumatic diseases (RD) was noted. Patients with deforming osteoarthrosis were not given due consideration. The stage of the disease and the functional ability of patients with RD were not always recorded. There were considerable quantitative and qualitative differences in the contingents of patients newly taken under dispensary observation in different polyclinics. The elimination of the above mentioned shortcomings will increase the efficacy of the prophylactic medical examination of patients with RD in polyclinics of Moscow and the Moscow region.
Cases of schistosomiasis (cercarial dermatitis) were recorded in humans in Moscow in 1991. The authors analyze the ecologic conditions conducive to dissemination of cercariasis in 17 natural and artificial water bodies of Moscow and the Moscow region. They point out that high contamination of the water bodies with organic communal wastes and an abundant overgrowth of macrophytes favor the development of molluscs, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma, and promote the increase of the populations thereof. High number of Lymnaea ovata, L. auticularia, L. stagnalis, Planorbarius corneus, P. planorbis, Anisus sp. were found invaded with Trichobilharzia ocellata (up to 50%) and Bilharziella polonica (as much as 10%). A lot of ducks, end hosts of Schistosoma, were found at all the examined water bodies. in 30% of the examined water bodies the risk of human infection was found high. Recommendations on cercariasis prevention are given.
The Herbarium of Moscow State University, Russia, possesses a relatively small (63 specimens), but historically interesting, collection of herbarium specimens linked with Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). Some of these originally formed part of Linnaeus' own herbarium while others, although never his property, were nevertheless studied by him and may be original material for the typification of his plant names. This paper discusses the broad historical background to the gathering of these specimens, their study by Linnaeus and their subsequent fate. Specimens linked with Linnaeus have been encountered in each of the four largest historical collections of the Herbarium of Moscow State University, i. e., in the herbaria of J. F. Ehrhart, G. F. Hoffmann, C. B. von Trinius and C. L. Goldbach. Ehrhart's General Herbarium contains 31 sheets, which were more or less certainly collected or studied by Linnaeus. Ehrhart, a pupil of Linnaeus, received some specimens directly from the latter, while others came to him from Linnaeus filius, A. Dahl, and P. J. Bergius. Ehrhart's collections were purchased by G. F. Hoffmann, later, the first head of the Department of Botany at Moscow University, who took them to Russia. Hoffmann's General Herbarium contains three specimens that may be connected with Linnaeus. They were received from C. P. Thunberg, J. A. Murray, and an unknown person, respectively. At least five specimens from Trinius' collection, although certainly never seen by Linnaeus, are probable duplicates of material that was studied by him. Some of them are almost certainly iso-lectotypes of Linnaean names. Finally, 24 specimens linked with Linnaeus were found in Goldbach's herbarium. The majority of them were collected in the Lower Volga Region by J. Lerche and during the Second Kamchatka Expedition (Great Northern Expedition) by J. G. Gmelin and G. W. Steller.
The clinical course and epidemiological features of campylobacteriosis in Moscow and Moscow Province in 1986-1987 are described. The specific proportion of this infection in the structure of acute enteric infections is, on the average, 4.8%. The level of Campylobacter contamination of animals and birds and their role in the spread of campylobacteriosis have been established. The possible ways and factors of the transfer of this infection are discussed.
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