Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Morus”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Revision of Bursacetabulus (Diplostomidae: Diplostominae) with the proposal of Bursatintinnabulus n. gen., and description of Bursatintinnabus bassanus n. sp. and Bursacetabulus morus n. sp. from northern gannet, Morus bassanus (Aves), from the Texas gulf coast.

During a study of digeneans of shorebirds from the Texas gulf coast, 2 undescribed species of diplostomes were found in northern gannet, Morus bassanus. Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. (Diplostomidae) is established with reassignment of Bursacetabulus macrobursus Dronen et al., 1999, as type species, and the second species in the proposed genus is described, Bursatintinnabulus bassanus n. sp. Generic diagnosis of Bursacetabulus Dronen et al., 1999, is emended to include a conical hindbody, an inconspicuous pouchlike or conspicuous well-developed tribocytic organ, and digitiform vitellaria distributed mainly in the hindbody with processes extending into the tribocytic organ and ventrolaterally in the hindbody to the level of the testes. Bursacetabulus morus n. sp. is described as the second species in that genus. In Diplostominae, Bursacetabulus and Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. are most similar to Tylodelphys Diesing 1850, but can be distinguished by having smooth testes and vitellaria that extend ventrolaterally into the hindbody to the level of the posterior testis; and the absence of a genital cone, an acetabulum, and a prepharynx. Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. is different from Bursacetabulus and all other genera of Diplostominae by a well-developed, bell-like skirt surrounding the bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai.

Antimicrobial activity of the 18 prenylated flavonoids, which were purified from five different medicinal plants, was evaluated by determination of MIC using the broth microdilution methods against four bacterial and two fungal microorganisms (Candida albicans, Saccaromyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus). Papyriflavonol A, kuraridin, sophoraflavanone D and sophoraisoflavanone A exhibited a good antifungal activity with strong antibacterial activity. Kuwanon C, mulberrofuran G, albanol B, kenusanone A and sophoraflavanone G showed strong antibacterial activity with 5-30 microg/ml of MICs. Morusin, sanggenon B and D, kazinol B, kurarinone, kenusanone C and isosophoranone were effective to only gram positive bacteria, and broussochalcone A was effective to C. albicans. IC50 values of papyriflavonol A, kuraridin, sophoraflavanone D, sophoraisoflavanone A and broussochalcone A in HepG2 cells were 20.9, 37.8, 39.1, 22.1, and 22.0 microg/ml, respectively. These results support the use of prenylated flavonoids in Asian traditional medicine to treat microbial infection and indicate a high potential for prenylated flavonoids as antimicrobial agents as well as anti-inflammatory agents.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Molecular characterization of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene from mulberry (Morus alba L.).

The genus Morus consists of trees and shrubs, which are distributed in temperate and subtropical regions. Commonly known as mulberry, a few of the Morus species are valued for their foliage, which constitutes the chief feed for mulberry silkworms. Steroids and isoprenoid compounds present in the foliage not only add nutritive factors to the feed but also contribute greatly to silkworm health and silk production. Mevalonate synthesis, which is the first step in isoprenoid biosynthesis, is catalyzed by the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAreductase (HMGR). A genomic clone, Mahmg1, was isolated from Morus alba and its expression characterized in mulberry and transgenic tobacco. In mulberry, Mahmg1 transcripts were highest in young leaves and flowers. The promoter region of the Mahmg1 gene was fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the fusion introduced into tobacco. In imbibed embryos, GUS expression was limited to the cotyledons, epicotyl, and root elongation zone. Later, GUS staining was observed in floral tissues, guard cells, and the heads of trichomes on the stem and petioles. Mahmg1::GUS activity increased 3-4-fold by treatment with 100 microM abscisic acid and 15-80-fold in dark-grown versus light-grown seedlings. These results show that expression of the Mahmg1 gene is differentially regulated by developmental and environmental cues, suggesting that its HMGR isozyme a may provide a precursor for synthesis of specific isoprenoids during mulberry growth and development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morus alba root bark extract: effect on diabetes and lipid peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The hypoglycemic activity of the flavonoids rich fraction of 70% alcohol extract of the Egyptian Morus alba root bark (MRBF-3) was evaluated after its oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by injection of 60 mg kg(-1) i.p. The administration of MRBF-3 to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats for 10 days in a dose of 200 and 400 mg kg(-1)day(-1) was not significant. However, administration of MRBF-3 for 10 days (600 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) significantly reduced the amount of the glucose from control level (379+/-9 mg/dl) to a lower level (155+/-8 mg/dl) and significantly increased the insulin level from control (10.8+/-0.3 microU/ml) to a high level (15.6+/-0.3 microU/ml). The measurement of produced lipid peroxides (expressed as the amount of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substance, nmol TBARS/ml serum) indicated antiperoxidative activity of MRBF-3. The oral administration of MRBF-3 to STZ-diabetic rats significantly decreased the lipid peroxides from 6.3+/-0.8 to 5.1+/-0.7 nmol TBARS/ml serum. The phytochemical investigation of MRBF-3 resulted in the isolation of four hydrophobic flavonoids with one or two isoprenoid groups (log P=5-9): morusin, cyclomorusin, neocyclomorusin, and kuwanon E, a 2-arylbenzofuran, moracin M, and two triterpenes, betulinic acid and methyl ursolate. The data obtained from this study revealed that MRBF-3 may protect pancreatic beta cells from degeneration and diminish lipid peroxidation. However, this is the first biological screening of the Egyptian Morus alba root bark; further future merit studies including clinical study will be necessary in order to confirm the results obtained from this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Morphological and molecular variation of Morus laevigata in India.

Morus spp., commonly known as mulberry, is significantly associated with human civilization and spread of silk-culture from Asia to Europe, Africa and Latin America. One of its species, Morus laevigata, traditionally well known for its timber value, forage use and silkworm's feed, is widely distributed in India extending from Himalayan foothill to Andaman islands. The variability occurring for 12 morpho-biochemical parameters and RAPD profiles, generated with 13 selected RAPD primers, for M. laevigata accessions from six different zones were investigated. Analyses revealed high degree of genotypic similarity of collection from Himalayan foothill (West Bengal) with those from Andaman Islands. Specific accessions from central India and south India also revealed genotypic similarities with specific accessions from north-east India. These observations are discussed in the context of clonal propagation of mulberry and evolutionary perspective of dispersal of this species, through human activities

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2005

Discovering COX-inhibiting constituents of Morus root bark: activity-guided versus computer-aided methods.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of two well known approaches for the discovery of the bioactive principle/s in medicinal plants, namely the activity-guided isolation versus the computer-aided drug discovery by means of virtual screening (VS) techniques. Morus root bark of Morus sp. L. (Moraceae) was selected as application example for the discovery of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. The two cyclooxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 were chosen as targets and the corresponding pharmacophore models were generated by our research. The activity-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of the root bark resulted in the isolation of nine compounds. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry, 1- and 2-dimensional NMR experiments and identified as moracins B, M, the regioisomers O/P as a mixture, and sanggenons B, C, D, E and O. The COX-1 and COX-2 inhibiting activities of these compounds were established in an enzyme assay and compared with the predicted hits obtained from the VS. Sanggenons C, E, and O, that were tested the first time for an inhibitory effect on COX-1 and -2, showed IC50 values of 10-14 microM, and 40-50 microM, respectively. The results show that the COX activities obtained for the sanggenons are correctly predicted by the in silico filtering experiment. In the case of the isolated moracins, however, it failed because the COX inhibiting activities of moracins M and P/O were not retrieved by the VS. Structure-activity relationships of the isolated compounds are discussed as well as potential pitfalls and advantages of the applied strategies.

Cyclooxygenase 1↗
PubMed2005

Asymmetrical introgression between two Morus species (M. alba, M. rubra) that differ in abundance.

Asymmetrical introgression is an expected genetic consequence of hybridization when parental taxa differ in abundance; however, evidence for such effects in small populations is scarce. To test this prediction, we estimated the magnitude and direction of hybridization between red mulberry (Morus rubra L.), an endangered species in Canada, and the introduced and more abundant white mulberry (Morus alba L.) using nuclear (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and cytoplasmic (chloroplast DNA sequence) markers. Parentage of 184 trees (n = 42 using cpDNA) from four sympatric populations was estimated using a hybrid index and related to six morphological characters and population frequencies of the parental classes. Overall, the frequency of nuclear hybrids was 53.7% (n = 99) and ranged from 43% to 67% among populations. The parental and hybrid taxa differed with respect to all of the morphological traits. Sixty-seven percent of all hybrids contained more nuclear markers from M. alba than M. rubra (hybrid index x = 0.46); among populations, the degree of M. alba bias was correlated with the frequency of M. alba. In addition, the majority of hybrids (68%) contained the chloroplast genome of white mulberry. These results suggest that introgression is bidirectional but asymmetrical and is related, in part, to the relative frequency of parental taxa.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

[Determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin in leaves of Morus alba by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of DNJ in Morus alba leaves with fluorimetric detection after precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmnethyl chlorformate (FMOC-Cl). METHOD: DNJ in Morus alba leaves was extracted with 0.05 mol x L(-1) HCl, reacted with FMOC-Cl, and separated on a HiQSiL C18 column at 250 degrees C. Mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% aqueous acetic acid (55:45) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min. The fluorescence detector was operated at lambdaEX = 254 nm, lambdaEM = 322 nm. RESULT: A satisfactory separation between DNJ and impurity was obtained. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range from 0.567 microg x mL(-1) to 34 microg mL(-1), r = 0.9998. The average recovery was 97.2%. The contents of DNJ in M. alba collected in different seasons and grown in different environment were determined. CONCLUSION: The quantity of DNJ in leaves of M. alba is related to the environment factor, temperature and growing period. The method can be used for qualioy control of the medicinal material.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed2004

Antioxidant activity of three extracts of Morus nigra.

The antioxidant effect of three different extracts of Morus nigra fruit (fruit juice, hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic) on haemoglobin glycosylation, peroxidative damage to human erythrocytes, liver hepatooytes of rats and human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were studied. The results show that all three extracts inhibited haemoglobin glycosylation induced by glucose to differing degrees. The haemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide was also inhibited. The production of malondialdehyde (MDA) during peroxidative damage to plasma membranes of isolated rat hepatocytes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) was also inhibited. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of LDL induced by copper (II) ion was achieved during the study. The results suggest that Morus nigra fruit has a protective action against peroxidative damage to biomembranes and biomolecules.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sugars with nitrogen in the ring isolated from the leaves of Morus bombycis.

It is known that 1-deoxynojirimycin (1) is contained in the leaves and roots of Morus sp. The modified purification procedures of 1 from leaves of Morus bombycis led to the isolation of many polyhydroxylated alkaloids. These include 1, N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (2), 2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (3), fagomine (4), 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (5), 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-arabinitol (6), and 1 alpha,2 beta,3 alpha,4 beta-tetrahydroxy-nor-tropane (7), designated nortropanoline. The isolation of 2 is the first report of its natural occurrence. Compounds 3 and 6 are the first naturally occurring glycosides of 1 and 5, respectively. Natural alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors are classified into five structural types: namely polyhydroxylated piperidines, pyrrolidines, pyrrolines, indolizidines, and pyrrolizidines. Nortropanoline is a novel tropane alkaloid and a new type of polyhydroxylated alkaloid.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed1994

N-containing sugars from Morus alba and their glycosidase inhibitory activities.

The reexamination of N-containing sugars from the roots of Morus alba by improved purification procedures led to the isolation of eighteen N-containing sugars, including seven that were isolated from the leaves of Morus bombycis. These N-containing sugars are 1-deoxynojirimycin (1), N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (2), fagomine (3), 3-epi-fagomine (4), 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (5), 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (6), calystegin B2 (1 alpha,2 beta,3 alpha,4 beta-tetrahydroxy-nor-tropane, 7), calystegin C1 (1 alpha,2 beta,3 alpha,4 beta,6 alpha-pentahydroxy-nor-tropane, 8), 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-arabinitol (9), and nine glycosides of 1. These glycosides consist of 2-O- and 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1-deoxynojirimycins (10 and 11, respectively), 2-O-, 3-O- and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1-deoxynojirimycins (12, 13, and 14, respectively), and 2-O-, 3-O-, 4-O- and 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-deoxynojirimycins (15, 16, 17, and 18, respectively). Compound 4 is a new member of polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloids, and the isolation of 6 is the first report of its natural occurrence. It has recently been found that the polyhydroxy-nor-tropane alkaloids possess potent glycosidase inhibitory activities. Calystegin A3 is the trihydroxy-nor-tropane, and calystegins B1 and B2 are the tetrahydroxy-nor-tropane. Calystegin C1, a new member of calystegins, is the first naturally occurring pentahydroxy-nor-tropane alkaloid. The inhibitory activities of these compounds were investigated against rat digestive glycosidases and various commercially available glycosidases.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed2001

Cytotoxic flavonoids with isoprenoid groups from Morus mongolica.

A new pyranoflavanone, sanggenol L (1), a Diels-Alder type adduct regarded as a cycloaddition product of a dehydrogeranylflavanone and a prenylchalcone, sanggenol M (2), along with four new 2-arylbenzofurans with isoprenoid units, mulberrofurans W-Z (3-6), were isolated together with 10 known flavonoids from Chinese Morus mongolica. The structures of these novel compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All flavanones investigated here showed higher cytotoxicity against human oral tumor cell lines (HSC-2 and HSG) than against normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Among them, the cytotoxicity of compound 2 and the Diels-Alder type flavanone sanggenon C (7) isolated from Morus cathayana were the most potent. On the other hand, seven 2-arylbenzofurans exhibited lower cytotoxicity and tumor specificity as compared with flavanones.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative analysis of aglycone quercetin in mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) by capillary zone electrophoresis.

A capillary zone electrophoresis method was established for analysis of aglycone quercetin in mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.). The influence of, e.g., background electrolyte concentrations and pH, surfactant concentrations, organic solvents, temperature, and voltage on the separation of aglycone quercetin, rutin, quercitrin, kaempferol, catechin, and gallic acid was systematically investigated. The optimum condition providing baseline separation of all compounds within 16.5 min was obtained in 150 mM boric acid (pH 10.0) using a fused-silica capillary with an effective length of 42.5 cm (50 microm inner diameter), temperature of 32 degrees C, and voltage of 15 kV. Method assessment was performed by standard addition method using rutin as an internal standard. Linearity of the method was excellent (r(2) > 0.999) over the concentration tested (40-160 microg/mL). The relative standard deviations (%RSDs) from injection, intraday, and interday precision were less than 2.5%. Recoveries were good (asymptotically equal to 100.0%,%RSD = 0.8%) with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.86 and 3.16 microg/mL (%RSD = 1.8%), respectively. The aglycone quercetin found in the mulberry leaves was 0.452 g/100 g (%RSD = 0.6%) on dry weight.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A novel lectin (Morniga M) from mulberry (Morus nigra) bark recognizes oligomannosyl residues in N-glycans.

Morniga M is a jacalin-related and mannose-specific lectin isolated from the bark of the mulberry (Morus nigra). In order to understand the function and application of this novel lectin, the binding property of Morniga M was studied in detail using an enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay and lectin-glycan inhibition assay with extended glycan/ligand collection. From the results, it was found that the di-, tri-, and oligomannosyl structural units of N-glycans such as those of the bovine alpha1-acid glycoprotein (gp) and lactoferrin were the most active gps, but not the O-glycans or polysaccharides including mannan from yeast. The binding affinity of Morniga M for ligands can be ranked in decreasing order as follows: gps carrying multiple N-glycans with oligomannosyl residues >> N-glycopeptide with a single trimannosyl core > Tri-Man oligomer [Man alpha1-->6(Man alpha1-->3) Man], Penta-Man oligomer [Man alpha1-->6(Man alpha1-->3)Man alpha1-->6(Man alpha1-->3) Man] > or = Man alpha1-->2, 3 or 6 Man > Man > GlcNAc, Glc >> L-Fuc, Gal, GalNAc (inactive), demonstrating the unique specificity of this lectin that may not only assist in our understanding of cell surface carbohydrate ligand-lectin recognition, but also provide informative guidelines for the application of this structural probe in biotechnological and clinical regimens, especially in the detection and purification of N-linked glycans.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Indian mulberry, Morus indica cv. K2: a time-phased screening strategy.

An efficient and reproducible protocol for the production of transgenic plants was developed for Morus indica cv. K2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The hypocotyls, cotyledon, leaf and leaf callus explants precultured for 5 days on regeneration medium were co-cultivated with a bacterial suspension at 10(9) cells/ml for 3 days in the dark. Infectivity of A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 was more than that of strains GV2260 and A281, and among the various plasmids tried, pBI121 and pBI101:Act1 transformed nearly 100% of the explants followed closely by p35SGUSINT. About 90-100% of the explants tested positive in the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical assay performed after 3 days of co-cultivation. This high level of transient expression, however, decreased to 20-25% after 15 days. Gus activity was most stable in the callus explants, which emerged as the explant of choice for transformation. The transformed explants were selected on 50-75 mg/l kanamycin for 1 month, and 25-50% of the explants developed adventitious buds. On the basis of kanamycin-resistant shoots produced from the total number of explants inoculated, the transformation efficiency was 44%. After 1 month, 40% of these shoots displayed high gus activity as assessed by the GUS fluorometric assay. On a selection-free root induction medium, 80% of the shoots developed roots and 90% of the potted plantlets acclimatized to the growth room conditions. The 3-month-old regenerates showed gus and nptII(neomycin phosphotransferase II) gene activity as assayed by the GUS fluorometric assay and nptII enzyme assay, followed by PCR polymerase chain reaction (54.5%) analysis after 6-months. Transgene integration into the nuclear genome of 1-year-old regenerates was confirmed in 10 of the 18 transformants tested by Southern analysis. The transformation efficiency as defined by the number of transgenic plants produced from the total number of explants co-cultivated was 6%.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2003

In vitro screening of mulberry ( Morus spp.) for salinity tolerance.

An efficient in vitro screening method has been developed for mulberry ( Morus spp. ) to screen salinity-tolerant genotypes from a large population. Axillary buds from field-grown plants were cultured on MS medium containing five different concentrations (0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.00%) of sodium chloride (NaCl) in order to study the shoot growth pattern. Rooting was also tested at four different concentrations of NaCl (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3.%). NaCl has been found to inhibit the growth and development of mulberry shoots and roots in vitro. The survivability of the axillary buds of the genotypes tested was reduced from 83.7% for the controls to 6.1% in 1.0% NaCl. The average number of roots developed by the genotypes ranged from 11.9 (controls) to 0.2 (0.3% NaCl). Out of the 63 genotypes tested, only seven--Rotundiloba, English black, Kolitha-3, Berhampore-A, Kajli, BC(2)59 and C776--developed roots in 0.3% NaCl. Root growth was also reduced drastically from 1.8 cm for the controls to 0.1 cm in 0.3% NaCl. To test the reproducibility of the results in soil, five tolerant and two susceptible genotypes, identified in this in vitro study, were selected and tested under ex vitro conditions. The significant correlation coefficients obtained between the performances of these genotypes under both types of cultural conditions revealed that in vitro screening of mulberry through axillary bud culture is an easy and efficient method to identify salt-adapted genotypes within a limited space and time period.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of genetic transformation in Morus alba L. via different regeneration systems.

Three different regeneration systems, viz. direct regeneration of adventitious shoot buds from explant, regeneration through callus cultures and somatic embryos were compared to see their effect on transfer of neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (gus) to Morus alba clone M5, through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Pre-conditioning and co-cultivation durations had a marked effect on transformation frequency. The highest transformation frequency of 18.6% was obtained using direct induction of adventitious shoot buds. Expression and presence of transgene were assayed histochemically and through polymerase chain reaction. Southern analysis of GUS and PCR positive transformants confirmed stable integration of transgenes with two to four copy numbers. The selected transformants showed normal phenotype under in vitro and field conditions.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2005

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Morus bombycis Koidzumi on CCl4-induced liver damage.

The antioxidant activity and liver protective effect of Morus bombycis Koidzumi were investigated. Aqueous extracts of M. bombycis Koidzumi had higher superoxide radical scavenging activity than other types of extracts. The aqueous extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg showed significant hepatoprotective activity when compared with that of a standard agent. The biochemical results were confirmed by histological observations indicating that M. bombycis Koidzumi extract together with CCl(4) treatment decreased ballooning degeneration. The water extract recovered the CCl(4)-induced liver injury and showed antioxidant effects in assays of FeCl(2)-ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Based on these results, we suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of the M. bombycis Koidzumi extract is related to its antioxidative activity.

Animals↗