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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Final report on the safety assessment of Arnica montana extract and Arnica montana.

Arnica Montana Extract is an extract of dried flowerheads of the plant, Arnica montana. Arnica Montana is a generic term used to describe a plant material derived from the dried flowers, roots, or rhizomes of A. montana. Common names for A. montana include leopard's bane, mountain tobacco, mountain snuff, and wolf's bane. Two techniques for preparing Arnica Montana Extract are hydroalcoholic maceration and gentle disintegration in soybean oil. Propylene glycol and butylene glycol extractions were also reported. The composition of these extracts can include fatty acids, especially palmitic, linoleic, myristic, and linolenic acids, essential oil, triterpenic alcohols, sesquiterpene lactones, sugars, phytosterols, phenol acids, tannins, choline, inulin, phulin, arnicin, flavonoids, carotenoids, coumarins, and heavy metals. The components present in these extracts are dependent on where the plant is grown. Arnica Montana Extract was reported to be used in almost 100 cosmetic formulations across a wide range of product types, whereas Arnica Montana was reported only once. Extractions of Arnica Montana were tested and found not toxic in acute toxicity tests in rabbits, mice, and rats; they were not irritating, sensitizing, or phototoxic to mouse or guinea pig skin; and they did not produce significant ocular irritation. In an Ames test, an extract of A. montana was mutagenic, possibly related to the flavenoid content of the extract. No carcinogenicity or reproductive/developmental toxicity data were available. Clinical tests of extractions failed to elicit irritation or sensitization, yet Arnica dermatitis, a delayed type IV allergy, is reported in individuals who handle arnica flowers and may be caused by sesquiterpene lactones found in the flowers. Ingestion of A. montana-containing products has induced severe gastroenteritis, nervousness, accelerated heart rate, muscular weakness, and death. Absent any basis for concluding that data on one member of a botanical ingredient group can be extrapolated to another in the group, or to the same ingredient extracted differently, these data were not considered sufficient to assess the safety of these ingredients. Additional data needs include current concentration of use data; function in cosmetics; ultraviolet (UV) absorption data-if absorption occurs in the UVA or UVB range, photosensitization data are needed; gross pathology and histopathology in skin and other major organ systems associated with repeated dermal exposures; dermal reproductive/developmental toxicity data; inhalation toxicity data, especially addressing the concentration, amount delivered, and particle size; and genotoxicity testing in a mammalian system; if positive, a 2-year dermal carcinogenicity assay performed using National Toxicology Program (NTP) methods is needed. Until these data are available, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Chemical composition and antioxidant test of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds of savory (Satureja montana L. subsp. montana) from Croatia.

The evaluation of antioxidant power of glycosidically bound volatile aglycones from savory shows that these compounds possess antioxidative activity comparable to that of the essential oil, but less effective compared to the well-known antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol. Thus, since the glycosides are able to release their aglycones by enzymatic hydrolysis, they could be considered as possible precursors of antioxidant substances in savory.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2001

Variability of essential oils of Satureja montana L. and Satureja kitaibelii wierzb. ex Heuff. from the central part of the balkan peninsula.

The results of the essential oil composition confirm that there are differences between populations within the same subspecies (Satureja montana ssp. montana, between the subspecies (Satureja montana ssp. montana and Satureja montana ssp. pisidica) and the species (Satureja montana and S. kitabelii). The essential oil composition of S. montana ssp. montana is more related to the Satureja montana ssp. pisidica than S. kitaibelii which separates as a whole species.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2004

Bioacoustic investigations and taxonomic considerations on the Cicadetta montana species complex (Homoptera: Cicadoidea: Tibicinidae).

Recent bioacoustic investigations have shown that Cicadetta montana Scopoli 1772 is a complex of morphologically similar sister species that are best characterized by their song patterns. At the type locality of C. montana, only mountain cicadas with simple, long lasting song phrases were heard, recorded and collected. Therefore, we have good reasons to suggest that this type of song is characteristic for C. montana s. str. Boulard described a song of C. montana from France with phrases composed of a long and a short echeme; this type of song is characteristic for cicadas morphologically corresponding to C. montana var. brevipennis Fieber 1876; we suggest to raise this taxon to species level. On the basis of specific song, Puissant and Boulard described C. cerdaniensis from Pyrénées. A similar case was the discovery and description of C. montana macedonica Schedl 1999 from Macedonia; since these Macedonian cicadas are sympatric with at least two other cryptic species in the C. montana group and molecular investigations showed substantial genetic differences between C. macedonica and C. montana or C. brevipennis, we conclude that this taxon should also be raised to species level. Songs of closely related C. podolica and Korean mountain cicada are presented as well.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1992

Cancer incidence and survival among American Indians registered for Indian health service care in Montana, 1982-1987.

BACKGROUND: Cancer incidence and cancer survival estimates in American Indians are quite limited. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to estimate cancer incidence and survival in American Indians who were registered for Indian Health Service (IHS) care in Montana. METHODS: We linked databases from the IHS and the Montana Central Tumor Registry (MCTR) to ascertain cases for the time period from January 1, 1982, through December 31, 1987. To calculate survival rates, we used a relative survival method that incorporated age-specific risks for noncancer deaths among American Indians. RESULTS: We identified 344 cases that were compatible with the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program) surveillance definition of cancer. Of these cases, 249 (72%) were listed in both the MCTR and the IHS databases; 56 (16%) and 39 (11%) were listed in only the MCTR or the IHS database, respectively. Compared with the overall cancer incidence in U.S. White men, the overall cancer incidence in Montana American Indian men was markedly lower, as was the incidence for colorectal and bladder cancers and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The overall cancer incidence for Montana American Indian women differed less markedly, however, from the overall incidence in U.S. White women. Compared with the cancer incidence in U.S. White women, the incidence in Montana American Indian women was significantly higher for cervical cancer but was significantly lower for colorectal, breast, and uterine cancers. Survival rates from cancer were also examined for the first time in this population. For those sites examined, the survival rates were much lower in Montana American Indians than in U.S. Whites. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that it is feasible to develop state-specific cancer incidence and survival estimates for American Indians in at least some states in different regions of the United States. Collaboration between the IHS and a state tumor registry is likely to improve the case ascertainment achieved by either agency alone.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accuracy of race coding on American Indian death certificates, Montana 1996-1998.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe the consistency of coding of American Indians on Montana death certificates and to identify the characteristics of American Indians in Montana associated with consistent classification on death certificates. METHODS: The Billings Area Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration file was linked with Montana Department of Health and Human Services death certificate files for 1996-1998. RESULTS: A total of 769 Montana residents who had died in 1996-1998 were matched to the IHS registration file. Of these decedents, 696 (91%) were consistently classified as American Indian on the death certificate. Seventy-two (99%) of the 73 decedents not classified as Indian were classified as white. American Indians living in counties on or near the seven Montana reservations were more likely to be consistently classified than Indians living in other counties (95% vs. 70%); those with less than 12 years of education (93% vs. 88%) were more likely to be consistently classified than those with 12 or more years of education. Decedents whose cause of death was suicide were less likely than those with other causes of death to be consistently classified (72% vs. 95%). In contrast, a higher percentage of those with an alcohol-related cause of death than of those with other causes of death were consistently classified, although this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rates for Montana American Indians are underestimated overall, and are differentially under- and overestimated for selected conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Late Quaternary distributional stasis in the submediterranean mountain plant Anthyllis montana L. (Fabaceae) inferred from ITS sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers.

Anthyllis montana is a submediterranean, herbaceous plant of the southern and central European mountains. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced from multiple accessions of the species and several closely related taxa. In addition, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was analysed from 71 individuals of A. montana collected in 20 localities, mainly in the Pyrenees, Alps, Italian Peninsula and Balkans. Our ITS phylogeny showed a sequential branching pattern in A. montana, implying a western Mediterranean origin followed by an eastward migration. ITS clock calibrations suggest that speciation of A. montana took place at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, while intraspecific divergence dates to Late Quaternary times (i.e. 0.7 million years ago). The AFLP analyses revealed a major genetic (west/east) subdivision within A. montana, probably caused by the massive glaciation of the Alps during this latter time period. The present-day absence of A. montana from vast parts of the Alps, which appear ecologically suitable for the species, together with the finding of evenly distributed AFLP variability within each of the two western and eastern lineages identified, is taken as evidence for a largely static Late Quaternary history without large-scale migration. High levels of AFLP variation observed among populations, together with weak or absent patterns of isolation by distance, seem to be in accord with long-term population insularization and distributional stasis. However, recent small-scale migration and a narrow hybrid zone between western and eastern lineages need to be postulated to explain the intermediate genetic composition of individuals from the Maritime Alps, a well-known suture-zone for other plant and animal species.

DNA, Ribosomal Spacer↗
PubMed1999

Inheritance of species differences in female receptivity and song requirement between Drosophila virilis and D. montana.

Females of two Drosophila virilis group species, D. virilis and D. montana, have different requirements for the courting males. In the present study we have examined species differences in female receptivity and male courtship song requirement using females' acceptance signal instead of copulation for measuring female readiness to mate. Behavior of D. virilis and D. montana females and F1 and backcross hybrid females was observed in a single-pair courtships with D. virilis and D. montana males and normal and wingless (mute) F1 hybrid males. D. virilis females were very receptive and they commonly accepted the courtship of males unable to produce courtship song. D. montana females, on the contrary, had a low receptivity and these females accepted the courting male only after hearing his song. Interspecific F1 and backcross (BCm) females resembled D. virilis more than D. montana in their receptivity. These females, however, resembled D. montana in their song requirement. These findings suggest that female song requirement and female receptivity are determined by different genetic factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The advantages and disadvantages of Artemisia princeps and A. montana].

In Japan, Moxa is made from Artemisia princeps and A. montana P. which are plants of the composiae family. Evaluations of the superiority or inferiority of these raw materials for Moxa have been confusing. The judgement of superiority or inferiority is roughly based on the strenght of the fragrance and somewhat of down. When I investigated 14 kinds of documents from the Edo period to the Showa period, 10 of the documents gave good evaluations for Artemisia princeps. On the other hand the remaining four gave good evaluations for A. montana P. But there is quite an opposite opinion, because the four deemed good for Artemisia princeps were misunderstood regarding the discrimination of Artemisia princeps and A. montana P. Since correcting them, each material has seven good evaluations, tying the score. Therefore, I researched the contents of the principal ingredient, Cineole, using an important evaluation index and the fragrances were compared measuring both materials, which were collected from different places. The results to examining six kinds of Artemisia princeps, and eight kinds of A. montana P. (14 kinds in total) are as follows: The A. montana P. contents Cineole was more abundant than the other on average. However, it is from three to five times the change by the growing both ground, and superiority or inferiority cannot be decided indiscriminately. When quality is evaluated, it is necessary to clarify the materials orgin. Generally speaking, the fragrance of A. montana P. is stronger than the other.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed2004

Diabetes in Montana's Indians: the epidemiology of diabetes in the Indians of the Northern Plains and Canada.

The prevalence of diabetes is two- to threefold higher in American Indians in Montana compared with the non-Indian population. High rates of diabetes have also been described in Canadian aboriginal populations closely related to the tribes in Montana. Diabetes in pregnancy has increased among Indian mothers and high-birth-weight babies are increasingly likely to be born to Indian mothers with diabetes in pregnancy. Over 70% of the incident cases of diabetes in youth less than 20 years of age on the reservations have the clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular disease mortality rates are high among Indians in Montana, and the prevalence of smoking in the Indian populations of Montana and the neighboring tribes in Canada is remarkably high. Indians in Montana are more likely than non-Indians of similar age to believe that diabetes is preventable and to recall advice about diabetes risk.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Increasing rate of diabetes in pregnancy among American Indian and white mothers in Montana and North Dakota, 1989-2000.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess trends in diabetes in pregnancy in American Indian and whites mothers in Montana and North Dakota. METHODS: Montana and North Dakota birth records were utilized to assess trends in any diabetes in pregnancy in American Indians and whites from 1989 to 2000. RESULTS: From 1989 through 2000, there were 133,991 and 102,232 births in Montana and North Dakota, respectively. The majority of mothers were American Indian (11%) or white (87%). The rate of any diabetes in pregnancy increased significantly in Montana Indian (3.1-4.1%, p = 0.04) and white mothers (1.8-2.6%, p < 0.001) from 1989-1991 to 1998-2000. The rate also increased significantly in white North Dakota mothers (1.6-3.2%, p < 0.001), but the increase in rate for Indian mothers in North Dakota did not reach statistical significance (3.8-4.8%, p = 0.06) during this time period. In each time period, Montana and North Dakota Indian mothers were more likely than white mothers to have any diabetes in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of diabetes in pregnancy has increased in American Indian and white mothers. Thus public health programs are now facing an increasing number of women with a history of GDM at future risk of type 2 diabetes and an increasing number of offspring of diabetic pregnancies at risk for becoming overweight and developing type 2 diabetes at a young age.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparative polytene chromosome maps of D. montana and D. virilis.

Chromosomal inversion polymorphism was characterized in Finnish Drosophila montana populations. A total of 14 polymorphic inversions were observed in Finnish D. montana of which nine had not been described before. The number of polymorphic inversions in each chromosome was not significantly different from that expected, assuming equal chance of occurrence in the euchromatic genome. There was, however, no correlation between the number of polymorphic inversions and that of fixed inversions in each chromosome. Therefore, a simple neutral model does not explain the evolutionary dynamics of inversions. Furthermore, in contrast to results obtained by others, no significant correlation was found between the two transposable elements (TEs) Penelope and Ulysses and inversion breakpoints in D. montana. This result suggests that these TEs were not involved in the creation of the polymorphic inversions seen in D. montana. A comparative analysis of D. montana and Drosophila virilis polytene chromosomes 4 and 5 was performed with D. virilis bacteriophage P1 clones, thus completing the comparative studies of the two species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Laboratory evaluation of fipronil and imidacloprid topical insecticides for control of the plague vector Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) on california ground squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae).

Two insecticides, fipronil and imidacloprid, were evaluated for efficacy and longevity against Oropsylla montana (Baker), the most important vector of plague in California. Wild-caught California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson), were individually housed in the laboratory to serve as natural hosts to O. montana and for on-animal insecticide trials. Several concentrations oftechnical grade fipronil and imidacloprid in acetone were applied to samples of clean rodent bedding to determine residual activity and longevity against fleas. Immature and adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were used as representative fleas for periodic assays in place of less fecund O. montana. Toxicity of treated bedding did not decrease significantly for 1 yr at all applied concentrations. Fipronil provided 100% kill for at least 1 yr at > or = 100 ppm, whereas imidacloprid required 10,000 ppm for similar performance. Laboratory squirrels were treated with topical formulations of fipronil (Frontline Top Spot) and imidacloprid (Advantage Flea Adulticide) at a dosage rate of 15 mg/kg and evaluated for residual activity every 2 wk against adult O. montana. Residual activity was determined by percent recovery of O. montana adults released on treated and untreated animals after 48 h. Frontline provided 100% kill of adult fleas for at least 10 wk, and up to 26 wk on one animal. Advantage failed to provide 100% kill of adult fleas at 2 wk, with complete loss of efficacy by week 6. Concurrent assays with bedding samples from squirrel nest boxes showed negligible toxicity transfer from treated animals to nest bedding.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Clinical, hematologic, and humoral immune response in female dogs inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia montana.

Female Beagles were inoculated intradermally with a sublethal dose of Rickettsia rickettsii and R montana. Three dogs (group 1) were inoculated with 2 X 10(2) plaque-forming units (PFU) of R rickettsia and were treated with tetracycline beginning on postinoculation day (PID) 12; 3 dogs (group 2) were inoculated with 2 X 10(2) PFU of R rickettsii but were not treated; 3 dogs (group 3) were inoculated with 2 X 10(2) PFU of R montana. Group-3 dogs failed to seroconvert and were inoculated a second time on PID 68. Groups 1 and 2 dogs inoculated with R rickettsii became depressed and developed occasional inappetence, fever, hematochezia, and ocular lesions. These dogs had a decrease in PCV and RBC count, an initial decrease in WBC count followed by leukocytosis, and a decrease in platelet count. Group-3 dogs inoculated with R montana remained healthy. After R rickettsii inoculation, the serologic response to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsial antigens (R rickettsii, R rhipicephali, R montana, and R bellii) was similar. The antibody response to R rickettsii was first detected on PID 9, with peak titers reached by PID 20. Serum titers to R rickettsii remained stable or decreased one dilution through PID 120. Of 4 SFG rickettsial antigens, the highest serologic response was to R rickettsii. A cross-reacting antibody response with R rhipicephali and R montana was nearly identical and was only slightly less than the response to R rickettsii. Cross-reacting antibodies to R belli were of lower mean titer and of shorter duration than were cross-reacting antibodies to other SFG rickettsiae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genomic analysis of breed composition and population structure in Montana composite cattle.

The Montana composite was developed in Brazil from crosses between Bos indicus and Bos taurus and structured into four biological types: Zebu (N), adapted taurine (A), British taurine (B), and continental taurine (C). This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of the Montana composite using genomic data through principal component analysis (PCA), admixture analysis, and Wright's FST statistic. The PCA revealed a clear separation between Bos indicus and Bos taurus groups, with Montana animals distributed in an intermediate position. The first two principal components explained 69.48% and 3.45% of the total variation, respectively. Supervised admixture estimates indicated a predominance of taurine contribution, with type A accounting for 34.47%, 52.64%, and 51.71% at K&#x2009;=&#x2009;4, 9, and 11, respectively. Increasing the ancestry resolution refined the contribution of individual founder breeds without changing the overall predominance of taurine ancestry. Comparisons between breed proportions obtained from pedigree and genomic data revealed significant differences, for most biological types and ancestry models (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), indicating that realized breed composition deviates from theoretical expectations. Estimates of genetic differentiation confirmed greater divergence between Zebu and taurine groups, as well as reduced distances among populations sharing common ancestry. Specific relationships were identified between the composite and some of its founder breeds, particularly Belmont Red, Senepol, and Tuli. Overall, the results demonstrate that the Montana composite has a complex genomic structure, with genomic ancestry varying according to the resolution adopted and differing from pedigree-based expectations.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epizootiology of fascioliasis in Montana.

During 1989-1990, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meat inspection records were used to determine the distribution and incidence of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna) in Montana cattle. Of the cows and bulls slaughtered in USDA-inspected packing plants during a 12 month time period, 17.24% had livers that were condemned because of liver flukes. This was a 12% increase over USDA liver condemnations reported for 1973. Infected animals have been reported from 26 counties in Montana, mostly located in the south-central and western half of the state. Forty-nine percent of the 2.4 million cattle in Montana are raised in these counties. Lymnaeid snail species that may serve as intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica were found in most of the counties where liver flukes were reported. The principal vectors believed to be responsible for the transmission of Fasciola hepatica in Montana are species of the genus Fossaria. Stagnicola montanensis and Lymnaea stagnalis, which may serve as intermediate hosts for this parasite have also been collected. A known intermediate host for Fascioloides magna, Stagnicola caperata, was also found in several locations.

Abattoirs↗