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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Glaucoma in Mongolia. A population-based survey in Hövsgöl province, northern Mongolia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of glaucoma and suspect glaucoma, and to classify the cases detected according to mechanism. DESIGN: A population-based prevalence study. SETTING: Rural and urban locations in Hövsgöl province, northern Mongolia. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred forty-two (94.2%) of 1000 individuals 40 years of age and older were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary angle-closure glaucoma was diagnosed in subjects with previous acute or intermittent symptoms of angle closure and in individuals with an occludable angle and an intraocular pressure greater than 19 mm Hg or a glaucomatous visual field. RESULTS: The prevalence of manifest primary angle-closure glaucoma was 1.4% (14 subjects). The prevalence of gonioscopically occludable angles was 6.4% (64 subjects, including those with glaucoma). Primary open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 5 subjects (prevalence, 0.5%). As all these subjects were older than 60 years, the prevalence became 2.1% for this age group. Three cases (prevalence, 0.3%) of secondary open-angle glaucoma were detected. No cases of secondary angle-closure glaucoma were diagnosed. The prevalence of blindness was 1.2% (12 subjects), and primary glaucoma accounted for one third of these cases (4 subjects). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed glaucoma as a major public health problem in northern Mongolia. Primary angle-closure glaucoma is more prevalent than primary open-angle glaucoma, supporting clinic-based data from other east Asian countries. Among the subjects examined, 97 (9.7%) had either manifest, latent, or suspect glaucoma. Neighboring populations may be similarly affected owing to a shared genetic heritage.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Genetic differentiation of the inhabitants of Mongolia. Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA RFLPs and mitotypes in the inhabitants of Mongolia and a population assessment of the mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome].

The geographical distribution of the Asian specific deletion--insertion polymorphisms and or the RFLP's in the V noncoding region and the D-loop and of the mitotypes was analysed in Mongolia. The frequencies of the mtDNA markers demonstrated homogeneity of 18 local groups in Mongolia. The geographical distribution of the mitotypes showed the existence of two ancestral maternal lineages in mongols. There was no significant difference in the average FST values between mitochondrial gene flow and the nuclear gene flow of the Mongolian population. The equality of FST values permit to calculate the mutation rate for the human mtDNA--6.10(-9) per nucleotide per year. The data reveals the Mongolian population is in the equilibrium.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1998

[Time trend in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis and characteristics of notified tuberculosis patients in urban area of Mongolia].

Recent Mongolian political, social and economic changes have had a great impact on its health care system and tuberculosis control program. The objective of this study is to assess time trend in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis and characteristics of notified tuberculosis cases in Mongolia. 1) Data on statistics of tuberculosis are obtained from reports of the National Tuberculosis Center in Mongolia. The mortality of tuberculosis in Mongolia shows a downward trend during 1985-1995. The number of notified tuberculosis cases had gradually decreased during 1985-1989. It suddenly dropped in 1990 and was the lowest in 1993. After that, about two fold increase in the notified cases was observed in recent three years from 1993 to 1995. Such a large fluctuation in the number of notified cases after 1990 is unlikely to be associated with the epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis, but rather due to a reporting bias. The shortage of drugs and economic hardship prevented patients from consulting medical facilities. The shortage of drugs also prevented doctors from notifying patients to the tuberculosis registry, because the notification did not lead to treating the disease. The improvement of health care system and the supply of essential drugs since 1994 seems to contribute to the increase in the number of notified cases. 2) The study subjects include 618 patients who were diagnosed as active tuberculosis at ten tuberculosis specialized facilities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia from May 1995 to March 1996. Patients were interviewed about their demographic factors and their medical records were reviewed. Fifty one percent of the cases were female. The mean age was 26.9 years old. Ninety percent of the cases underwent chest X-ray examination, while 72% of the cases underwent bacteriological examination and only 21% were confirmed bacteriologically. It is necessary to improve the quality control of sputum smear examination and the validity of diagnosis of tuberculosis in Mongolia. As for treatment regimens, only 29% of the cases were being treated with at least four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and/or streptomycin). It is needed to provide directly observed treatment using the WHO recommended standard regimen to at least smear positive tuberculosis cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Helminths of goats in Mongolia.

Post-mortem examinations of 236 goats from all provinces in Mongolia were performed for the study of helminths in goats. Thirty-nine helminth species belonging to three classes, 14 families and 23 genera were found. Trichocephalus spiralis and Avitellina centripunctata are reported for the first time in goats in Mongolia. The prevalence and intensity of helminth infections are reported for three age groups of goats in four seasons and three geographic zones in Mongolia. Common helminth infections of goats in all zones of Mongolia were infections of Ostertagia, Marshallagia and Nematodirus. In addition, fecal samples of 15 kids, 15 yearlings and 15 adult goats were examined monthly for eggs. The highest number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was counted in March (average 1335.3+/-405.3) and the lowest count was in November (54+/-18.6).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Educational desert or oasis? An educator's trek to Outer Mongolia.

Mongolia has long been associated with isolation from the western world. Sandwiched between Russia on the north and China on the south, it is little known and little understood. Now split into two separate nations, Inner Mongolia is under the control of Red China, and Outer Mongolia under the control of Russia. Outer Mongolia has a population of 1.3 million and is about one-fifth the size of the United States. Education follows the Russian (communist) model and, of course, has a Five-Year Plan. Since World War II the literacy rate has jumped to 90%, and has received recognition by UNESCO for its efforts. Mongolian schools are on a two-track system, one for those going into trades or agriculture, and the other for those going on to higher education and the professions. Considering the Mongolian economic structure, its geography, and the nature of its people, it can be said that they have done a good job of educating their people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Four geographically distinct genotypes of JC virus are prevalent in China and Mongolia: implications for the racial composition of modern China.

JC polyomavirus (JCV) is ubiquitous in humans, persisting in renal tissue and excreting progeny in urine. It has been shown that the genotyping of urinary JCV offers a novel means of tracing human migrations. This approach was used to elucidate the racial composition of modern China. JCV isolates in the Old World were previously classified into nine distinct genotypes. One of them (B1) has a wide domain, encompassing part of Europe and the entirety of Asia. By constructing a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, all B1 isolates detected so far were classified into four distinct groups (B1-a to -d), each occupying unique domains in the world. According to this revised classification system of JCV DNAs, four genotypes (CY, SC, B1-a and -b) were found to be prevalent in China and Mongolia (Mongolia was studied instead of Inner Mongolia, which is part of China). There was a remarkable variation in the incidence of genotypes among the sites of sample collection. CY was more frequently detected in Northern China, SC was predominant in Southern China and B1-b was detected only in Mongolia. B1-a was spread throughout China. These data were statistically analysed and the observed regional differences in the incidence of genotypes were found to be significant. It is likely that these differences in JCV distribution in China reflect the intermingling of different population groups that constitute modern China.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of red cell blood groups in Han subpopulations of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Henan Provinces, China.

Three Han subpopulations, Gansu, Henan, and Inner Mongolia were examined for red cell blood group systems, including ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kidd, Duffy, Diego, and Xg. There was no MS type in Gansu, no SS type in Henan and no MNS and NS types in Inner Mongolia, no CCDE- and CcDEE types in Henan, and no ccDee type in Inner Mongolia. The gene frequencies of S (0.0975) and P1 (0.2584) as well as the MS haplotype frequency (0.0629) in Gansu were the highest, while the Di(a) gene frequency (0.0151) in Henan was the lowest among the subpopulations of Han nationality studied so far. The Xg(a) gene frequency in Henan was 0.6055, the highest value observed in China. The genetic distances and phylogenetic tree of eight Han subpopulations showed that the Han in Henan were closest to the Han in Inner Mongolia, and that the Han in Fujian were closest to the Han in Guizhou among others.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1998

Sexually transmitted diseases in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rates are increasing rapidly in Asia, a full understanding of the extent of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in many of these areas is lacking. There have been anecdotes of rising rates of STDs in Mongolia, a country thus far relatively unaffected by HIV. To further the understanding of STDs, a prevalence study was conducted in the STD clinic in Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city in Mongolia. Among 260 patients, the prevalence of gonorrhoea, chlamydia and syphilis was 31.1%, 8.1% and 8.6% respectively for males and 10.3%, 9.9% and 6.0% for females. Sixty-seven per cent of females had trichomoniasis and 19.7% of males had non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Forty-two per cent of gonococcal isolates had plasmid mediated resistance to penicillin, and chromosomal resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was documented. No patients were infected with HIV. STDs are a significant problem in Mongolia. Improved control efforts are urgently needed to prevent the emergence of HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

mtDNA variation indicates Mongolia may have been the source for the founding population for the New World.

mtDNA RFLP variation was analyzed in 42 Mongolians from Ulan Bator. All four founding lineage types (A [4.76%], B [2.38%], C [11.9%], and D [19.04%]) identified by Torroni and colleagues were detected. Seven of the nine founding lineage types proposed by Bailliet and colleagues and Merriwether and Ferrell were detected (A2 [4.76%], B [2.38%], C1 [11.9%], D1 [7.14%], D2 [11.9%], X6 [16.7%], and X7 [9.5%]). Sixty-four percent of these 42 individuals had "Amerindian founding lineage" haplotypes. A survey of 24 restriction sites yielded 16 polymorphic sites and 21 different haplotypes. The presence of all four of the founding lineages identified by the Torroni group (and seven of Merriwether and Ferrell's nine founding lineages), combined with Mongolia's location with respect to the Bering Strait, indicates that Mongolia is a potential location for the origin of the founders of the New World. Since lineage B, which is widely distributed in the New World, is absent in Siberia, we conclude that Mongolia or a geographic location common to both contemporary Mongolians and American aboriginals is the more likely origin of the founders of the New World.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2000

[Estimates of breeding value of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats using animal model BLUP method].

In this study, single trait animal model of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedures was used to obtain estimates of 3,981 Inner Mongolia cashmere goats' breeding value for body weight and cashmere yield. The data were collected during 1989-1998 at Arbas cashmere goats farm, Etuoke banner, Inner Mongolia. Multiple traits of BLUP were used to get estimates of total breeding values (TBV) of all goats. The model included age and sex-herd-year as fixed effects, and individual additive effect and individual permanent environment as random effects. The selection based on breeding value and phenotypic value was compared. The results showed as following: (1) There was a large difference between weaning weight selection and TBV selection of ram lamb; (2) The difference between phenotypic selection and TBV selection of gimmer hogg reached a significant level (P < 0.01); (3) The difference between phenotypic selection and TBV selection of ram hogg reached a significant level (P < 0.01); (4) Rank correlation between body weight selection and body weight' EBV selection and that between cashmere yield selection and cashmere yield' EBV selection were not significant (P > 0.05). The study concluded precision of individual phenotypic selection was low and animal model BLUP was suitable to select Inner Mongolia cashmere goats. At last, this study gave a series of methods of selecting sires based on objective reality.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Correlation between HLA-DQA1 allele and anaphylactoid purpura in juvenile Hans residing in Inner Mongolia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genetic susceptibility of HLA-DQA1 allele to anaphylactoid purpura(AP)and its association with the clinical features in juvenile Hans residing in Inner Mongolia. METHODS: Seventy children with AP and ninety normal controls of Hans in Inner Mongolia were subjected to HLA-DQA1 genotyping with the use of polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique. RESULTS: (1) The gene frequency of HLA-DQA1*0301 of AP group (33.4%) was significantly higher than that (10.6%) of control group (chi square=21.899, P<0.01). On the other hand, the gene frequencies of HLA-DQA1*0302 were 6.7% and 19% in the AP group and the control group respectively; a significant difference between them was seen (chi square=9.786, P<0.01); (2)The gene frequencies of both DQA1*0301 and DQA1*0302 in the cutaneous purpura simplex cases and the controls were not significantly different (P>0.05). The gene frequencies of DQA1*0301 of the cutaneous purpura cases associated with gastrointestinal, joint and renal impairment were 26.7%, 28.5% and 29.3% respectively, which were higher than that of the control group (10.6%); the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01, 0.01, 0.01; respectively). The gene frequencies of HLA-DQA1*0302(3.9%, 5.7% and 9.6%) for the cutaneous purpura cases associated with gastrointestinal, joint and renal impairment were significantly lower than that (19%) of the controls except renal impairment(P<0.01, 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The allele of HLA-DQA1*0301 was probably a susceptible gene while HLA-DQA1*0302 was the protective one in AP of the children who were Han inhabitants in Inner Mongolia. The results of this study also revealed that patients with the allele of HLA-DQA1*0301 tended to involve gastrointestinal, joint and renal impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Extraction of humic acid from drinking water in area with arsenosis in inner Mongolia and Taiwan and comparison of its spectrometry].

In order to study etiology of blackfoot disease in Taiwan and to explore whether it can occur in the area with arsenosis in Inner Mongolia in the future, chemical components of specimens of drinking water from Taiwan and Inner Mongolia were determined and compared with infrared (IR), ultra-violet (UV) spectrometry and fluorescence spectrometry. Humic acid was extracted from the water samples by XAD-7 ion-exchange resin and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography, respectively, yielding the same results. Studies showed arsenic and humic acid levels in water samples both from Taiwan and Inner Mongolia all were higher, and their fluorescence and UV-spectra were similar, except a small difference in their IR spectra. Their effects on environment are under further studies.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1994

Immunochemical and antigenic characterization of Coxiella burnetii strains isolated in Europe and Mongolia.

SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and serological methods such as microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test and ELISA were used to compare protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles and antigenicity of 12 Coxiella burnetii strains isolated mostly from ticks in Europe and Mongolia with three reference C. burnetii strains originating from USA, namely Nine Mile from tick, Priscilla from goat placenta and S from human heart valve. Among strains from Europe and Mongolia, no significant differences in protein and LPS profiles were observed, irrespective of their origin, i.e. the country and source of isolation. The LPS profiles of these strains appeared to be more related to those of Nine Mile strain associated with acute Q fever, than to those of strains S and Priscilla associated with chronic Q fever. In immunoblots all strains isolated from Slovakia and Poland reacted more expressively with rabbit serum against Nine Mile than with serum against Priscilla strain. In the MIF test and ELISA there were no substantial differences in antibody-binding capacity between the reference and newly isolated C. burnetii strains, except for strain Priscilla reacting with homologous serum in lower antigenic concentration than other strains under study. However, in the MIF test much higher antigenic concentrations of each C. burnetii strain was required to detect antibodies in the Priscilla serum than in the Nine Mile, Luga and S sera.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

High prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of TT-virus infection in Mongolia.

A novel DNA virus, TT-virus (TTV), was isolated from a post-transfusion hepatitis patient in Japan. The prevalence of TTV infection was investigated among patients with chronic liver disease and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) volunteers as controls in Mongolia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect TTV DNA using specific primers derived from open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the TTV genome. Nucleotide sequences of samples positive for TTV DNA were determined. The sequences were analyzed by a molecular evolutionary method. Fifty (60.2%) hepatitis patients and 12 (42.9%) volunteers were positive for TTV DNA. The serum ALT levels did not differ significantly between patients with single TTV infection and without TTV, HBV and HCV infection. Similarly, the serum ALT levels did not differ significantly between controls with and without TTV infection. Dual infection of TTV with either HBV or HCV did not affect the ALT levels of hepatitis patients. The molecular evolutionary tree showed that TTV was a heterogeneous virus and all strains could be divided into three genotypes in Mongolia. A new genotype was identified that was distinct from those previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Health status and risk factors of seminomadic pastoralists in Mongolia: a geographical approach.

The particular lifestyle of nomadic or seminomadic people has much to do with their health status. This discussion of the conceptual basis and some preliminary results of the 1992-94 health status and risk factor survey in Mongolia serves to highlight some of the relationships existing between the general health status and potential risk factors observed among pastoral nomads. In addition to graphic description of the data, a statistical analysis suggests significant associations between certain health status indicators and gender, location, lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking) socio-economic status, preventive health care and the physical environment. With regard to locational factors, there are strong regional differences in a wide-ranging number of health status indicators. The results of this study, obtained as they were at the threshold of Mongolia's economic and political transformation, will serve as a baseline against which to evaluate future changes in the health of Mongolians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Free radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Mongolia.

In the present study we evaluated the free radical scavenging action of some medicinal herbs growing in Mongolia. The aqueous extract of nine herbs Chamenerion angustifolium (Ch.ang), Equisetum arvense (Eq.arv), Gentiana decumbens (Gn.dec), Geranium pratense (Gr.pra), Lomatogonium carinthiacum (L.car), Nonea poulla (N.pl), Phodococcum vitis-idaea (Ph.v), Sphallerocarpus gracilis (Sph.gr), Stellera chamaejasme (St.cha) were used in the present experiment. The free radical scavenging action was determined in vitro and ex vivo by using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer. The results showed that extracts of Ch.ang, Gn.dec, Gr.pra, L.car, N.pl, Ph.v, Sph.gr and St. cha possess strong scavenging action of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. On the other hand, the radical scavenging action of Eq.arv was low. Extracts of N.pl and Ph.v markedly inhibited the CL generated from rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 system whereas the CL was moderately inhibited by Eq.arv, Gn.dec, Gr.pra, L.car and St.cha. The extracts of Ch.ang and Sph.gr did not decrease the CL generation. Ch.ang, Gr.pra, L.car, N.pl, Ph.v and St.cha also depressed reactive oxygen production from polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate acetate ex vivo. Thus it was confirmed that the medicinal herbs from Mongolia possess high antioxidant potency in vitro and ex vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Glucose intolerance and associated factors in Mongolia: results of a national survey.

AIMS: Prevalence of glucose intolerance-diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)-and of related conditions such as obesity and hypertension, was studied in six population samples in Mongolia in 1999. METHODS: Diagnosis of glucose intolerance was made on the basis of 2-h blood glucose concentration, according to criteria recommended by the latest report of a WHO Expert Group. RESULTS: Crude prevalence of diabetes was 2.9% (2.6% in men and 3.2% in women). Prevalence of IGT was 10.2% (9.3% in men and 10.8% in women). Age standardization to the standard world population of Segi resulted in a total sample prevalence of 3.1% for diabetes and 9.2% for IGT. Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance differed according to district of residence. Approximately one-third of the subjects with diabetes were diagnosed prior to the survey. Of those who were diagnosed previously, approximately one-half were not under any form of treatment. Subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance were older, more obese and had higher blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension than those with normoglycaemia. One-half of men and almost one-half of women were hypertensive. Three-quarters of the diabetic subjects were hypertensive. One-third of all subjects were centrally obese. Considering the conditions of principal interest-glucose intolerance, hypertension and obesity-one-half of all subjects demonstrated one or more of these conditions. Central obesity was the most common condition, followed by hypertension and then glucose intolerance. Central obesity and hypertension was the most common combination (17% of all subjects) and 4% exhibited all three conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Non-communicable diseases are already a threat to public health in Mongolia. Although the prevalence of diabetes is not high by international standards, the relatively high prevalence of IGT suggests that the situation may deteriorate in the future in the absence of concerted action to prevent and control diabetes and related conditions.

Adult↗