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PubMed2026

Epigenetic Regulation of the BDNF Gene by Molybdenum in 9 to 11-Year-Old Children: A Targeted Gene DNA Methylation Study.

While essential trace minerals are known to influence DNA methylation (DNAm), molybdenum's (Mo) role in epigenetic regulation remains largely unexplored. This study examined associations between Mo status and DNAm of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a critical regulator of neurogenesis, in children aged 9-11 years, focusing on 107 CpG sites across BDNF and its antisense transcript (BDNF-AS).BDNF and BDNF-AS methylation was analyzed in blood samples from 72 children randomly selected from a cohort of 292 participants. Dietary Mo intake was estimated from food records, and creatinine-adjusted urinary Mo levels were quantified. Higher urinary molybdenum was significantly associated with decreased methylation at five BDNF 5'UTR sites (p<.05) and increased methylation of BDNF-AS (p =  .0001), consistent with enhanced BDNF transcriptional activity. African American children exhibited lower urinary Mo excretion than European American children, suggesting greater retention, and showed cortisol-associated increases in BDNF methylation not observed in European American children.These findings demonstrate associations between molybdenum status and DNA methylation patterns at the BDNF locus in children. While functional validation through BDNF protein measurement is needed, results suggest molybdenum may influence neurotrophin gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms, highlighting the importance of trace mineral nutrition during neurodevelopment.

Humans↗

PubMed2024

Novel pathogenic variant in a mild case of type B molybdenum cofactor deficiency: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the highly conserved biosynthetic pathway of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), resulting in sulfite intoxication. MoCD may present in a clinically severe, fatal form marked by intractable seizures after birth, hyperekplexia, microcephaly and cerebral atrophy, or a later onset form with a more varied clinical course. Three types of MoCD have been described based on the effected gene along the MoCo synthesis pathway: type A (MOCS1); type B (MOCS2 or MOCS3) and type C (GPHN). The MOCS2 gene is bicistronic, encoding the small (MOCS2A) and large (MOCS2B) subunits with an overlapping coding region. This case report describes a patient with the first known variant causative of mild disease in the overlapping bicistronic region (c.263 G > C) and the first ever described in the highly conserved C-terminal glycine-glycine motif of MOCS2A. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient developed normally until age 12 months when she presented in the setting of acute illness with developmental regression, low serum uric acid, and MRI with bilateral globus pallidus (GP) injury. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous variant of unknown significance in the MOCS2 gene and the diagnosis of MoCD type B was confirmed by the patient's low serum uric acid coupled with elevated urine sulfocysteine and associated metabolites, resulting in gene reclassification. Nearly four years after her initial presentation she has demonstrated progress in language and motor domains, consistent with a mild phenotype of MoCD. CONCLUSIONS: The case emphasizes challenges in identifying atypical forms of rare diseases, the importance of exome sequencing to identify mild cases of MoCD, and the ongoing challenges with understanding the MOCS2 gene. While one FDA approved treatment exists for MoCD type A, further research into the mechanisms of phenotype-genotype differences among this patient population may aid in additional therapeutic options for MoCD.

Female↗

PubMed2026

Quantitative proteomics of molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and utilization in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is a chemically labile prosthetic group required by a small but essential set of metazoan enzymes, including sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidases, and the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing components (MARC). Disruption of Moco biosynthesis in humans causes Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency (MoCD), a severe neonatal encephalopathy. Caenorhabditis elegans is unique among animals studied so far in that it can meet its Moco requirement through both endogenous biosynthesis and direct uptake of mature Moco from its bacterial diet. However, the organism-wide abundance of the Moco biosynthetic machinery and Moco-dependent enzymes, and their response to altered Moco supply, have remained unknown. Here, using data independent acquisition proteomics with histone anchored absolute quantification, we generated an organism wide quantitative atlas of Moco biosynthesis and utilization in C. elegans under standard and Moco limiting conditions. Components of the biosynthetic pathway showed a strikingly asymmetric abundance. The mitochondrial enzyme MOC-5, which catalyzes the first committed step in Moco biosynthesis, was present at only about 120 copies per genome equivalent, roughly fifty-fold below the downstream cytoplasmic biosynthetic machinery, which ranged from about 5,000 to 8,500 copies per genome equivalent, identifying MOC-5 as a stoichiometric bottleneck. On the utilization side, the MARC paralogs were the dominant Moco consumers, with MARC-1 exceeding 20,000 copies per genome equivalent. Loss of dietary or endogenous Moco selectively depleted the nonsulfurated clients SUOX-1 and MARC-1, whereas biosynthetic proteins remained unchanged, indicating that protein stability, rather than compensatory expression, is the main response to Moco limitation.

Caenorhabditis elegans↗

PubMed2024

The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus lacks molybdenum cofactor synthesis, leading to sulphite sensitivity and lethality in vitro.

Sulphite oxidase has an essential role in detoxifying environmental and endogenously generated sulphite into sulphate and requires the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) to function. Until recently it was believed that the synthesis pathway for Moco was so important for survival that it was conserved in all multicellular animals. Here we report the use of comparative genomics to identify the absence of the first enzyme involved in Moco synthesis in Haemonchus contortus, a highly pathogenic and economically important helminth of livestock that, similar to many parasitic nematode species, has proved difficult to maintain in vitro. We show that Moco deficiency in Haemonchus leads to a high sensitivity to environmental sulphite and limits the ability to maintain the early parasitic larval stages in vitro. Analogous losses in Moco synthesis in other recently sequenced nematode species are also identified. These findings may lead to improved culture methods for parasitic nematodes and to novel approaches for their control.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Salmonella uses sulfate reductases with unique catalytic activity to promote gut colonization in mice.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella use molybdenum cofactor-containing MopB- or DMSO reductase-family members to respire chemically diverse substrates, including formate, nitrate and methionine sulfoxide, during infection. The DmsABC enzymatic complex encodes one such DMSO reductase to promote oxidative stress resistance. The Salmonella genome encodes several gene paralogues but their role in virulence is unclear. Here we characterize three Salmonella MopB-family extracytoplasmic sulfate reductases, which we call Xsr1A, Xsr2A and Xsr3A. Infection experiments in mice and macrophages show that these sulfate reductases support Salmonella growth and virulence in the gut and during systemic infection, countering the oxidative effects of host respiratory burst activity. Further experiments show that they are molybdenum cofactor-independent enzymes, and instead depend on the nearby redox-active [4Fe-4S] prosthetic group for catalytic activity. Orthologues of these sulfate reductases were found across distant evolutionary branches, suggesting that [4Fe-4S]-dependent catalysis may occur across the ubiquitous MopB superfamily. Our findings offer insights into the modular evolution of redox centres in the widespread MopB superfamily.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Associations between multiple essential trace metal concentrations and risk of hyperuricemia: insights from a central Chinese population.

Previous studies have indicated that levels of individual essential trace metals are related to hyperuricemia (HUA), but evidence on their combined effects is limited. To address this gap, the associations of individual and joint levels of 12 essential trace metals (manganese, selenium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, tin, iron, molybdenum, zinc, strontium, vanadium, and copper) with the risk of HUA were investigated in 2,021 adults recruited from Hunan Province, China. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to determine urinary metal concentrations. Logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile g calculation (Qgcomp) were applied to evaluate the associations of single and mixture metal concentrations with HUA. Of the participants, 516 (25.53%) were diagnosed with HUA. Inverse associations were found between vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, selenium, strontium, and molybdenum levels and HUA, with ORs ranging from 0.63 to 0.91. Conversely, a positive association was observed between zinc concentration and HUA [OR (95% CI): 1.17 (1.01, 1.37)]. Both BKMR and Qgcomp models showed a negative overall effect of essential trace metals on HUA risk, with strontium (- 43.6%) and vanadium (- 27.8%) being the main contributors. In addition, formal interaction tests revealed significant effect modification by age for tin and by BMI for zinc. In conclusion, the levels of essential trace metals were linked to a decreased risk of HUA, and these associations were modified by age and BMI only for specific metals.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

ModE Regulates Alternative Nitrogenase Expression in the Methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans.

All methanogens that can fix nitrogen use molybdenum (Mo) nitrogenase. Some methanogens, including Methanosarcina acetivorans , also contain alternative vanadium- and iron-nitrogenases, encoded by the vnf and anf operons, respectively. These nitrogenases are produced when there is insufficient Mo to support Mo-nitrogenase activity. The factors that control the expression of the alternative nitrogenases in response to Mo availability are unknown in methanogens. Here we show that ModE is the regulator that represses transcription of the vnf and anf operons in M. acetivorans when cells are grown with Mo. CRISPRi repression of modE results in a significant increase in the transcription of the vnf and anf operons as well as the detection of Fe-nitrogenase during nitrogen fixation in the presence of Mo. Gel shift assays with recombinant ModE demonstrated that ModE binds a specific sequence motif upstream of the vnf and anf operons, as well as other genes and operons related to nitrogen fixation and Mo transport. However, purified ModE does not contain Mo, and the addition of Mo does not alter the affinity of ModE for DNA, indicating M. acetivorans ModE may not directly bind Mo. This study shows that ModE is the primary Mo-responsive regulator of alternative nitrogenase expression in M. acetivorans , but other factor(s) are likely involved in directly sensing Mo.

Methanosarcina↗

PubMed2026

Albidovulum molybdatiresistens sp. nov., a molybdate-resistant bacterium isolated from river water.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, white rod-shaped strain, RF13T, was isolated from water samples of the Qingliang River in Fucheng County, Hebei Province, China, and was grown at 15-42 °C (optimum 35 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7), and 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum concentration 0%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RF13T belonged to the genus Albidovulum, with closest sequence similarity to Albidovulum salinarum MCCC 1K0602T (97.2%), Frigidibacter oleivorans CGMCC 1.3778T (97.2%), Allgaiera indica MCCC 1A01802T (96.8%), and Pseudothioclava arenosa KCTC 52190T (96.4%). The genome size of strain RF13T was 3.7 Mb, and the DNA G+C content was 64.6%. The DNA-DNA hybridisation value (dDDH), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and average amino acid identity (AAI) between strain RF13T and the reference strain were less than 20.0%, 78.8%, and 72.8%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed Summed feature 8 (48.4%) (C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c), C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl (22.1%), C18:0 3OH (7.9%), and C10:0 3OH (5.0%) as predominant fatty acids. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10), and a small amount of Q-9 was also detected. In addition, strain RF13T exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20 mM for molybdate in R2A broth medium and was capable of reducing molybdate to molybdenum blue. Based on the results of biochemical, physiological, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic analyses, combined with 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses and draft genome sequence comparisons, strain RF13T was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Albidovulum, and was therefore named Albidovulum molybdatiresistens sp. nov. The type strain was RF13T (= GDMCC 1.3414T= JCM 35643T).

Phylogeny↗

PubMed2026

Trade-off between photosynthetic promotion and nitrogen fixation suppression induced by chloroplast-targeted Mo nanoparticles in soybean.

Organelle-targeted nanomaterials offer opportunities to improve crop photosynthesis, yet their unintended effects on symbiotic nitrogen fixation remain poorly understood. Here, we developed chloroplast-targeted molybdenum nanoparticles (Chl-Mo) and compared their effects with those of ionic Mo (IonMo) and non-targeted Mo nanoparticles in soybean. Chl-Mo preferentially accumulated in chloroplasts, enhancing photosynthetic carbon assimilation, thylakoid development, PSII performance, sucrose transport, and biomass accumulation. However, this growth promotion was accompanied by suppressed nodule nitrogenase activity, reduced nif gene expression, inhibited GS/GOGAT-mediated nitrogen assimilation, and disrupted microoxic and ROS homeostasis in nodules. Integrated nodule proteomics and metabolomics showed downregulation of sucrose transport, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis, indicating a decoupling between enhanced carbon input and nitrogen utilization. Root transcriptomics further revealed oxidative stress, impaired nitrate assimilation, and attenuated early symbiotic signaling. These findings demonstrate that chloroplast-targeted Mo delivery can enhance photosynthesis while compromising symbiotic nitrogen fixation, highlighting the need to evaluate belowground symbiotic functions when developing organelle-targeted nanotechnologies for sustainable agriculture.

Chloroplast-targeted Mo↗

PubMed2026

Unraveling anaerobic indole degradation in an acclimated sludge consortium: Candidate pathways and microbial division of labor inferred from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses.

Indole is a widespread nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound in manure, sludge, and wastewater systems, yet the enzymes and microbial populations involved in its anaerobic transformation remain poorly resolved. Here, we established a long-term acclimated anaerobic sludge consortium and combined degradation assays, metabolite profiling, metatranscriptomics, and genome-resolved metagenomics to investigate the functional basis of anaerobic indole degradation. After 120 days of acclimation, the consortium stably degraded 100 mg/L indole, whereas skatole was not effectively removed under the same strategy, indicating substrate-specific adaptation of the microbial community. Metabolite profiling detected oxindole, dioxindole, isatin, and anthranilic acid, supporting a putative transformation route involving pyrrole-ring oxidation and ring cleavage toward anthranilate-like intermediates. Metatranscriptomic analysis identified 16,660 differentially expressed genes after indole addition, with strong transcriptional responses involving oxidoreductases, hydrolases, cofactor-dependent redox metabolism, aromatic-CoA-related metabolism, and methane metabolism-associated pathways. Transcriptional responses highlighted the xanthine dehydrogenase-like molybdenum-enzyme system and isatin hydrolase as candidate contributors to upstream indole transformation, whereas those of abmG-like, bcrC, and oah genes were consistent with possible anthranilic acid activation and downstream CoA-type processing. MAG-resolved analysis further suggested that these candidate functions may be distributed among populations affiliated with Bacteroidota, Chloroflexota, Desulfobacterota, and Methanobacterium. Together, these findings establish a stable anaerobic indole-degrading consortium and provide a testable functional framework for syntrophic interactions linking upstream indole transformation, aromatic-CoA metabolism, and methanogenesis-associated carbon flow.

Anaerobic degradation↗

PubMed2026

Transfer Learning across Material Properties Using Center-Environment Features: From Energetics to Mechanical Properties in Multicomponent Mo Alloys.

Transfer learning (TL) provides a viable approach to mitigate data scarcity in materials informatics. While conventional TL focuses on predicting identical properties across different systems, this work demonstrates a cross-property extension of TL from energy to mechanical properties via end-to-end model weight pre-training and fine-tuning: knowledge learned from predicting substitution energies is transferred to predict distinctly different mechanical properties, substantially improving computational efficiency given the typically higher cost of acquiring target-domain data. To accelerate computational alloy design, machine learning models using center-environment (CE) features were first developed to predict substitution energies of alloying elements in molybdenum (Mo)-based alloys. The Random Forest models achieved the optimal performance and transferability-R2 = 0.97, 〈MAE〉 = 0.11 eV, and 〈RMSE〉 = 0.16 eV-against the density functional theory (DFT) benchmark. The model dependency of feature selection and importance analysis was discussed. The transferability of the energy models was validated on unknown systems with new elements. Subsequently, the energy models were fine-tuned using limited mechanical property data to construct energy-to-property (E2P) TL models capable of predicting elastic properties, including bulk modulus, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and elastic constants, achieving an improved accuracy over the non-transferred ML by ∼10-30%, with its transferability verified by additional DFT calculations. This cross-property E2P transfer learning framework opens a new avenue for accelerating computational materials discovery and may be extended to other multiproperty predictions governed by similar physical principles.

center-environment feature↗

PubMed2024

Environmental stress mediates groundwater microbial community assembly.

Community assembly describes how different ecological processes shape microbial community composition and structure. How environmental factors impact community assembly remains elusive. Here we sampled microbial communities and >200 biogeochemical variables in groundwater at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center, a former nuclear waste disposal site, and developed a theoretical framework to conceptualize the relationships between community assembly processes and environmental stresses. We found that stochastic assembly processes were critical (>60% on average) in shaping community structure, but their relative importance decreased as stress increased. Dispersal limitation and 'drift' related to random birth and death had negative correlations with stresses, whereas the selection processes leading to dissimilar communities increased with stresses, primarily related to pH, cobalt and molybdenum. Assembly mechanisms also varied greatly among different phylogenetic groups. Our findings highlight the importance of microbial dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity in ecosystem restoration and management.

Phylogeny↗

PubMed2026

Carbon monoxide-driven proton respiration enables facultative anaerobes to survive electron acceptor limitation.

Diverse microorganisms couple the oxidation of carbon monoxide gas (CO) to the reduction of protons, producing hydrogen gas (H2) using nickel-containing CO dehydrogenase/energy-converting hydrogenase (Ni-CODH/ECH). Although this process yields one of the lowest free-energy gains in biology, its physiological role at environmentally relevant CO levels remains unresolved. Here, we show that Ni-CODH/ECH functions as a survival-oriented energy conservation system that enables heterotrophic facultative anaerobes to survive electron acceptor limitation, rather than primarily supporting growth or CO detoxification. Analysis of 387 genomes of Anoxybacillaceae species revealed that Ni-CODH/ECH had a patchy distribution and, with one exception, was mutually exclusive with the oxygen-tolerant molybdenum-containing CODH, suggesting ecological specialization. Culture experiments using three isolates (Parageobacillus sp. G301, P. thermoglucosidasius NBRC 107763, and Thermolongibacillus altinsuensis B1-1) demonstrated that CO-dependent proton respiration is activated during stationary phase when exogenous electron acceptors are limiting, maintaining cell density under 25% CO, whereas no effect was observed in a Ni-CODH knockout (ΔcooCSF) strain. RNA-seq analysis of Parageobacillus sp. G301 under twelve conditions revealed that Ni-CODH/ECH genes are highly expressed (top 0.2%-1.9% of all genes) under electron acceptor-free conditions, independent of CO presence, under the predicted control of the redox-dependent transcriptional repressor Rex. ΔcooCSF cultures accumulated more CO than the wild-type (WT), suggesting trace CO scavenging by the WT. Together, our results redefine Ni-CODH/ECH as a redox-regulated auxiliary energy-conservation strategy that supports survival and maintenance in anaerobic energy-limited environments using two ubiquitous substrates. This work extends the carboxydovore paradigm of trace gas-based survival from aerobic to spatiotemporally variable anaerobic environments.

Carbon Monoxide↗

PubMed2026

Genome mining of alkaliphilic cyanobacterial consortia: identification of biosynthetic gene clusters in Sodalinema and associated heterotrophs.

Alkaline soda lakes are high-pH environments that host specialized microbial communities with potential for biotechnology and natural product discovery. We characterized three Sodalinema-dominated cyanobacterial consortia enriched from Canadian soda lakes over 510 days. Using hybrid metagenomic sequencing and metatranscriptomics across pH, alkalinity, and temperature gradients, we reconstructed high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes and assessed functional activity. All consortia converged toward cyanobacteria dominance and exhibited temperature optima between 21°C and 30°C. Phylogenetic analysis placed Sodalinema genomes within a distinct clade affiliated with Candidatus Sodalinema alkaliphilum. Genomic analysis indicated complete biosynthetic pathways for vitamin B5, vitamin B7, and the molybdenum cofactor, but incomplete pathways for vitamins B1, B9, and B12, consistent with patterns observed in Sodalinema yuhuli. Metatranscriptomic profiles showed increased expression of genes involved in phycocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis at pH 10.2 relative to pH 8.5. Biosynthetic gene cluster analysis revealed that most secondary metabolic potential resided in heterotrophic community members. Roseinatronobacter encoded pathways for N-acyl homoserine lactones, osmoprotectants, betalactones, and prodigiosin, while Alkalimonas, Wenzhouxiangella, and members of the Kiloniellales encoded clusters for lanthipeptides, cyclodipeptides, hydrogen cyanide, and pyrroloquinoline quinone. These findings indicate functional partitioning within the consortia and highlight the contribution of heterotrophs to secondary metabolism.IMPORTANCEAlkaline soda lakes contain microbial communities adapted to high pH that remain underexplored for biotechnology. This study focuses on Sodalinema, a filamentous cyanobacterium that dominates enriched consortia from Canadian soda lakes, and its associated heterotrophic partners. We show that while Sodalinema drives primary productivity, heterotrophic bacteria encode most of the pathways for antimicrobial and signaling compounds. These interactions may support community stability and defense against competing microorganisms. By linking genomic potential with gene expression, this work identifies alkaline cyanobacterial consortia as a source of bioactive compounds and provides a framework for exploring extremophilic microbial communities for natural product discovery.

Sodalinema↗

PubMed2025

The biological relevance of potentially toxic metals in freshwater fish.

Trace elements are essential for a number of physiological functions including oxygen transfer, enzymatic reactions and antioxidant protection of the animal organism. Elevated concentrations outside the physiological optimum, on the other hand, can cause undesirable health complications, disrupt metabolic pathways, reproductive capacity, or oxidative balance. The negative anthropogenic impacts on the environment are alarming and the impacts on the aquatic environment have been increasing disproportionately in recent years. Against this background, all potential threats to biota need to be explained and better understood, the possible risks need to be better informed and understood, and a balance needs to be struck between the fundamental nature and the harmful effects of these metals. This mini-review examines the roles of potentially toxic metals including cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn) in fish physiology. This document also elucidates the mechanisms underlying the assessment of regulatory processes, the potential negative consequences of overexposure, the interactions of these metals on fish health, and in the environmental context.

biomarker↗

PubMed2026

Salinimicrobium molybdatiresistens sp. nov., a novel molybdate-resistant and selenite-reducing bacterium isolated from river silt.

Strain TH3T was isolated from the river bottom silt collected in Hengshui, Hebei Province, China. The bacterium is a yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, Gram-staining negative and aerobic organism. It was able to grow between 10 and 37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH values from 5.0 to 9.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and tolerated NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 13% (w/v, optimum 2%). The 16 S rRNA gene sequence of strain TH3T was found to be most closely related to Salinimicrobium sediminilitoris ASW11-47T (99.7%). Nevertheless, genome comparison revealed the relatedness indices below species delineation thresholds: digital DNA-DNA hybridization was 49.7%, and average nucleotide identity was 93.2%, and average amino acid identity was 94.2% compared to Salinimicrobium sediminilitoris ASW11-47T. Strain TH3T had a genome size of 3.7 Mb and a DNA G + C content of 41.0%. The major fatty acids observed for strain TH3T (≥ 5%) were iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, iso-C16:0 3-OH, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3. The polar lipid composition included phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two aminolipids, along with five unknown lipids. The sole respiratory quinone in strain TH3T was menaquinone-6. In addition, strain TH3T was highly resistant to molybdate (500 mM) and selenite (20 mM), and could completely reduce 1 mM selenite to red elemental SeNPs within 3 d. Strain TH3T contains several putative selenite-reducing genes, including sodA, serA, serC, cysH, deoC, tktA, and pdhC. Based on polyphasic characterization, strain TH3T was found to be a novel species in the genus Salinimicrobium, and the proposed name is Salinimicrobium molybdatiresistens sp. nov. The type strain is TH3T (= GDMCC 1.3399T = JCM 35713T).

Rivers↗