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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Lack of seasonal variation in idiopathic talipes equinovarus.

BACKGROUND: One proposed etiology of idiopathic talipes equinovarus is an in utero enterovirus infection. Enterovirus infections demonstrate seasonal variation in temperate climates. METHODS: We collected data on 1202 children with idiopathic talipes equinovarus born in the Northeastern United States, Midwestern United States, and the United Kingdom to investigate a seasonal variation in this congenital deformity. Birth date, gestational age at the time of delivery, gender, race, and laterality were tabulated and subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses. RESULTS: There were 774 boys and 428 girls with idiopathic talipes equinovarus. The birth location was the United Kingdom (458 children), the Midwestern United States (426 children), and the Northeastern United States (318 children). No significant differences were detected among the geographic groups with respect to gender, race, or laterality, and no variation in month of birth or month of conception was noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support an in utero enterovirus infection as an etiology of idiopathic talipes equinovarus in industrialized populations.

Clubfoot↗
PubMed2004

Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of monkeypox in the Midwestern United States during June 2003 marks the first documented human infection in the Western Hemisphere. Consistent with those in outbreaks in Africa, most cases in this outbreak were associated with febrile rash illness. We describe a cluster of monkeypox in a family with a spectrum of clinical illness, including encephalitis, and outline the laboratory confirmation of monkeypox. METHODS: Standardized patient information was collected by questionnaire and medical chart review; all cases described were laboratory confirmed. Laboratory methods included nucleic acid detection, viral culture, serologic testing, histopathologic evaluation, and immunohistochemical testing. RESULTS: Of 3 family members with monkeypox, 2 had rash illness only, and 1 required hospitalization for severe encephalitis. The family member with the mildest clinical course had previously received smallpox vaccination. Diagnostic testing by both polymerase chain reaction and culture revealed infectious monkeypox virus in skin lesions of all 3 patients; 2 patients had orthopoxvirus detected by immunohistochemistry in skin lesions. The patient with encephalitis had orthopoxvirus-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM) in cerebrospinal fluid. All patients had detectable IgM responses to orthopoxvirus antigens. CONCLUSIONS: These 3 patients illustrate a spectrum of clinical illness with monkeypox despite a common source of exposure; manifestation and severity of illness may be affected by age and prior smallpox vaccination. We report that monkeypox, in addition to causing febrile rash illness, causes severe neurologic infection, and we discuss the use of novel laboratory tests for its diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Trends in the indications for penetrating keratoplasty in the midwestern United States.

PURPOSE: To examine the leading indications and identify the changing trends for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in the midwestern United States. METHODS: The indications for PKPs at a single center tertiary care referral practice were tabulated to assess trends from 1982 to 1996. The data analysis was prospective after 1985. Age, gender, clinical indication for PKP, date of surgery, status of the lens at the time of surgery (phakic, aphakic, pseudophakic, cataract), and any secondary diagnoses were recorded. In pseudophakic eyes, the type of intraocular lens (IOL) present at the time of surgery was noted. Correlation analysis and linear regression were used in the SAS system, version 6.12, to test for the statistical significance in increasing or decreasing trends over the span of the study. RESULTS: A total of 4,217 PKPs were performed on 3,263 patients. The leading indication for PKP was pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (31.5%), with 73% of these cases associated with an anterior chamber IOL, 21% associated with a posterior chamber IOL, and 6% associated with an iris-fixated IOL. Fuchs' dystrophy (23.2%), keratoconus (11.4%), corneal scarring (11.2%), failed graft (8.9%), and aphakic bullous keratopathy (7.5%) followed pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in frequency. These six groups accounted for approximately 93% of all cases performed. There were significant increasing trends in the incidence of failed grafts (p = 0.0001) and corneal scarring (p = 0.0001), and decreasing trends in the incidence of aphakic bullous keratopathy (p = 0.0001). There was a significant decreasing trend in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy from 1989 to 1996 (p = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy was the leading indication for PKP in our series. This is in agreement with the data reported in other similar studies done in North America. However, unlike most of these studies, our second leading indication was Fuchs' dystrophy. This contrast may be secondary to different genetic demographics in the midwestern United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sexual satisfaction among Korean-American couples in the Midwestern United States.

One hundred couples composed of American husbands and Korean wives from the midwestern United States were surveyed with respect to sexual satisfaction. Though the responses of spouses were correlated highly, husbands were more satisfied with the quality of the sexual relationship than were wives. As found previously with more general populations, self-esteem and higher levels of positive regard, communication, and cohesion were related to higher sexual satisfaction for both husbands and wives. For wives, higher socioeconomic status and younger age were related to higher sexual satisfaction, as was the husband's being a current or retired member of the US military. Cultural factors were also important; conflicts over sexual practices related to cultural differences, though limited to about 10% of the subjects, were related to sexual satisfaction for both husbands and wives. Wives' English proficiency was related slightly to sexual satisfaction, but not husbands' proficiency in Korean. For husbands only, marital conflict over cultural differences and rejection by relatives and friends were related negatively to sexual satisfaction. Clinical implications of the results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of equine onchocerciasis in southeastern and midwestern United States.

Of 664 horses reported to have originated in southeastern and midwestern United States, 341 (51.4%) were positive for Onchocerca cervicalis cutaneous microfilariasis. The highest prevalence of 68.8% was recorded for horses from Virginia. Horses with the highest concentrations of microfilariae (as high as 19,770 microfilariae/mg in 1 horse) were from the Southeast (Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Alabama). For horses from South Carolina, the prevalence of infection was 57.1%; from the Midwest (Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana), 54.4%; from North Carolina, 45.5%; from Pennsylvania, 7.7%; and from Minnesota, 5%. Histories and ages of the horses were not known, but most horses were approximately 15 years old. Compared with horses from other states, horses from Pennsylvania were younger, which may have accounted for their lower prevalence of infection.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

Lead, cadmium, and mercury tissue residues in healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from the midwestern United States.

A survey was conducted in 1975-1976 to determine the background levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury tissues of healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from the midwestern United States. Blood, muscle, liver, and kidney were assayed from cattle and swine slaughtered at federal meat inspection plants and in dogs and horses obtained from local pounds and sales barns. A total of 959 samples for lead, 972 samples for cadmium, and 827 samples for mercury were analyzed. The maximum muscle lead concentration was less than 0.10 ppm in dogs and horses. Fourteen percent of the cattle muscle samples contained between 0.16 and 0.34 ppm lead. The blood lead concentration was generally lower than 0.10 ppm in cattle, swine and horses; however, in dogs 44% of the blood lead values were between 0.11 and 0.37 ppm. The liver and kidney lead content was generally less than 0.50 ppm in all species, and the maximum lead content detected in either tissue was less than 2.0 ppm. Elevated tissue levels of cadmium were observed in horses as compared to other species. While the maximum muscle cadmium content in cattle, swine, and dogs rarely exceeded 0.05 ppm, levels in excess of 0.06 ppm were found in all the 19 horse muscle samples. Blood cadmium levels in all species were near or below the detection limit of 0.005 ppm. The median cadmium concentration in liver and kidney was below 0.2 and 0.6 ppm, respectively, in cattle, swine, and dogs. However, in horses the median concentration was 20 times greater in liver and 4 times higher in kidney. The mercury concentrations in muscle and blood of all species were near or below the detection limit of 0.02 ppm. The median concentrations of mercury in liver and kidney, respectively, were: 0.02 ppm each in swine and cattle; 0.02 ppm and 0.05 ppm in dogs; and 0.12 ppm and 0.72 ppm in horses. The results suggest that exposure of animals to dietary or environmental lead, cadmium, and mercury in the midwestern United States is not significant. The specific cumulation of cadmium and mercury in tissues of horses suggests the need to explore the role these metals play in selective biological processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Carrier rates in the midwestern United States for GJB2 mutations causing inherited deafness.

CONTEXT: Mutations in the GJB2 gene are the most common known cause of inherited congenital severe-to-profound deafness. The carrier frequency of these mutations is not known. OBJECTIVES: To determine the carrier rate of deafness-causing mutations in GJB2 in the midwestern United States and the prevalence of these mutations in persons with congenital sensorineural hearing loss ranging in severity from moderate to profound, and to derive revised data for counseling purposes. DESIGN: Laboratory analysis, performed in 1998, of samples from probands with hearing loss for mutations in GJB2 using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and direct sequencing. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Fifty-two subjects younger than 19 years sequentially referred to a midwestern tertiary referral center for hearing loss or cochlear implantation, with moderate-to-profound congenital hearing loss of unknown cause, parental nonconsanguinity, and nonsyndromic deafness with hearing loss limited to a single generation; 560 control neonates were screened for the 35delG mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of mutations in the GJB2 gene by congenital deafness status. RESULTS: Of 52 sequential probands referred for congenital sensorineural hearing loss, 22 (42%) were found to have GJB2 mutations. The 35delG mutation was identified in 29 of the 41 mutant alleles. Of probands' sibs, all homozygotes and compound heterozygotes had deafness. Fourteen of 560 controls were 35delG heterozygotes, for a carrier rate expressed as a mean (SE) of 2.5% (0.66%). The carrier rate for all recessive deafness-causing GJB2 mutations was determined to be 3.01% (probable range, 2.54%-3.56%). Calculated sensitivity and specificity for a screening test based on 35delG mutation alone were 96.9% and 97.4%, respectively, and observed values were 94% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that mutations in GJB2 are the leading cause of moderate-to-profound congenital inherited deafness in the midwestern United States. Screening of the GJB2 mutation can be offered to individuals with congenital deafness with high sensitivity and specificity by screening only for the 35delG mutation. A positive finding should establish an etiologic diagnosis and affect genetic counseling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Incidence of Campylobacter enteritis in the midwestern United States.

The incidence of Campylobacter enteritis was assessed in an 800-bed medical center in the midwestern United States. Stool specimens from 203 patients were cultured on a modified Skirrow's selective media and incubated for 48 hours at 42 C in a microaerophilic atmosphere. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from 10 patients for an incidence rate of 4.9 percent. All patients were symptomatic. The results suggest that clinical laboratories must establish methods to culture and identify this organism on a routine basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Genetic variation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in the midwestern United States.

The nucleotide sequence of a 3266 bp region encompassing open reading frames (ORFs) 2 through 7 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was determined for 10 isolates recovered from the midwestern United States. Pairwise comparisons showed that genetic distances between isolates ranged from 2.5% to 7.9% (mean 5.8% +/- 0.2%) whereas the Lelystad strain from Europe was, on average, 34.8% divergent from US clones. Thus, US and European PRRSV isolates represent genetically distinct clusters of the same virus. ORF 5, which encodes the envelope glycoprotein, was the most polymorphic [total nucleotide diversity (pi) = 0.097 +/- 0.007] and ORF 6, encoding the viral M protein, was the most conserved (pi = 0.038 +/- 0.003). The substantial differences in nucleotide diversity among ORFs suggests that the virus is evolving by processes other than simple accumulation of random neutral mutations. In support of this hypothesis, statistical analyses of the nucleotide sequence provided strong evidence for intragenic recombination or gene conversion in ORFs 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, but not in ORF 6. An excess of synonymous (silent) substitutions was observed in all six ORFs, indicating an evolutionary pressure to conserve amino acid sequences. Taken together, the data indicate that despite intragenic recombination among extant PRRSV isolates, purifying selection has acted to maintain the primary structure of individual ORFs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Influence of sex on lung cancer histology, stage, and survival in a midwestern United States tumor registry.

BACKGROUND: A study was performed to identify differences between men and women with regard to lung cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and survival in a single hospital system cancer registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was designed based on a study population drawn from the lung cancer tumor registry at a single hospital system composed of 2 independent hospitals in the Midwestern United States. This database included all patients from 1996 to 2002 with known lung cancer or abnormal findings on chest radiography or computed tomography (N=2618). Patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell, small-cell, or large-cell carcinoma were included in the study. Data were collected on patient sex, age, cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and survival status. RESULTS: A total of 1216 men and 997 women met inclusion criteria for the study. There was no significant difference in age between sexes at diagnosis. Women were significantly more likely to have adenocarcinoma or small-cell carcinoma but less likely to have squamous cell carcinoma compared with men. There were no significant differences between sexes in the incidence of large-cell carcinoma. No significant differences were found between men and women in terms of cancer stage at diagnosis. There were significant differences in survival between the histologic types at years 3, 4, and 5. Only patients with stage I disease showed a difference between sexes and only for years 2, 3, 4, and 5. CONCLUSION: Overall differences in lung cancer histology and survival were found between men and women. Because a high mortality rate of lung cancer exists in both sexes, it is important to understand its occurrence and survival rates in both sexes.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Components of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum of young children in upper midwestern United States.

The relative importance of cholecalciferof (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) in maintaining the vitamin D level in children (1/2 to 6 years old) living in the upper midwestern United States was determined by measurement of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), its components, and other indices of calcium homeostasis in serum. In 38 normal children, mean (range) serum total 25-OH-D was 32.8 (less than 5 to 53) ng/ml; in 25 of the 28 sera partitioned, the major component was 25-OH-D3. Significant seasonal variation in serum 25-OH-D3 (mean, range: 35.2, 17 to 51 ng/ml in summer and 15.9, less than 5 to 32 ng/ml in winter) was not accompanied by changes in mean serum 25-OH-D2, calcium, phosphorus, or alkaline phosphatase values. However, individual serum total 25-OH-D values correlated with serum phosphorus values (r = 0.37; P less than 0.05). The proportion of the total represented by 25-OH-D3 varied widely, with a a mean of 83% in summer and 67% in winter. Sources of D3, which include both dermal synthesis and intestinal absorption of D3 added to milk, appear to be more important than sources of D2 in maintaining vitamin D nutrition of young children throughout the year. However, sources of D2 offset the decrease in total 25-OH-D in winter months.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Summer and winter nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from on-road motor vehicles in the Midwestern United States.

On-road vehicle emission rates of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured in two tunnels in Milwaukee, WI, in summer 2000 and winter 2001. Seasonal ambient temperatures in the Midwestern United States vary more widely than in locations where most studies of NMHC emissions from vehicle fleets have been conducted. Ethanol is the added fuel oxygenate in the area, and, thus, emissions measured here are of interest as other regions phase out methyl tertiary butyl ether and increase the use of ethanol. Total emissions of NMHCs in three types of tunnel tests averaged 4560 +/- 800 mg L(-1) fuel burned (average +/- standard error). To investigate the impact of cold start on vehicle emissions, samples were collected as vehicles exited a parking structure in subzero temperatures. NMHC emissions in the subzero cold-start test were 8830 +/- 190 mg L(-1) fuel-nearly double the tunnel emissions. Comparison of ambient data for the Milwaukee area with tunnel emissions showed the impact of seasonal differences in fuels and emissions on the urban atmosphere. Composition of fuel samples collected from area gas stations in both seasons was correlated with vehicle emissions; the predominant difference was increased winter emissions of lighter hydrocarbons present in winter gasoline. A chemical mass balance model was used to determine the contributions of whole gasoline and gasoline headspace vapors to vehicle emissions in the tunnel and cold-start tests, which were found to vary with season. Results of the mass balance model also indicate that partially combusted components of gasoline are a major contributor to emissions of aromatic compounds and air toxic compounds, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, napthalene, and 1,3-butadiene, whereas air toxics hexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane are largely attributed to gasoline and headspace vapors.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998.

Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10,000-fold difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides. Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.01 microg/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 microg/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of these five herbicides exceeded 50 microg/l in approximately 10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2004

The risk for Chagas' disease in the Midwestern United States organ donor population is low.

PURPOSE: Several recent publications have increased awareness that transplanted organs can transmit infectious diseases. In light of the recent report describing the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by an organ donor in the United States (MMWR 2002: 51: 210), we have tested archived serum samples from our Organ Procurement Organization's (OPO's) deceased organ donors and live donors from 23 October 1995 through 1 March 2002. METHODS: A total of 1117 serum samples from 558 locally recovered deceased donors, 178 imported deceased donors, and 212 live donors were tested (several duplicates were included). Samples were screened for antibodies to T. cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas' disease, with a passive particle agglutination assay (Fujirebio, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Indeterminate samples (those agglutinating both sensitized and control particles) were absorbed with control antigen and re-tested. Inconclusive samples (those not yielding clearly negative or positive results) were re-tested using the original test format, and if persistently inconclusive, were assayed by radio-immune precipitation (RIPA). RESULTS: Of the 770 local OPO donors (deceased and live donor) and the 178 imported donors tested, 52 (5.5%) were indeterminate, but following absorption, all were negative. Forty-four samples (4.6%) were inconclusive and after re-testing 34 were negative while 10 remained inconclusive. Those 10 samples were found to be negative by RIPA. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of transmission of Chagas' disease by organ transplantation in the Midwestern United States is low because during a 6.5 year period, none of our deceased or live donors tested positive for antibodies to T. cruzi. Although the passive particle agglutination test is simple to perform, easy to interpret and rapid enough to be used in screening organ donors, because of the rate of false positive results, it should only be utilized when the donor population is at high risk for previous exposure to T. cruzi.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

Soil characteristics and agrichemicals in groundwater of the midwestern United States.

A comprehensive set of soil characteristics were examined to determine the effect of soil on the transport of agrichemicals to groundwater. This paper examines the relation of soil characteristics to concentrations and occurrence nitrate, atrazine, and atrazine residue from 99 wells completed in unconsolidated aquifers across the Midwestern United States. Soil characteristics that determine the rate of water movement were directly related to the occurrence and concentrations of nitrate and atrazine in groundwater. The substantial differences in the relations found among soil characteristics and nitrate and atrazine in groundwater suggest that different processes affect the transformation, adsorption, and transport of these contaminants. A multi-variable analysis determined that the soil characteristics examined explained the amount of variability in concentrations for nitrate (19%), atrazine (33%), and atrazine residue (29%). These results document that, although soils do affect the transport of agrichemicals to groundwater, other factors such as hydrology, land use, and climate must also be considered to understand the occurrence of agrichemicals in groundwater.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Genotypic and phenotypic correlations of DFNB1-related hearing impairment in the Midwestern United States.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the genotypic and phenotypic correlations of hearing impairment (HI) in a midwestern US population related to autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss locus 1 (DFNB1). DESIGN: A retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 160 consecutive children diagnosed with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GJB2 genotype and audiometric phenotype. RESULTS: The prevalence of subjects with HI having biallelic GJB2-related mutations was 15.3% (24/157). Of these 24 patients, 9 (38%) were homozygous 35delG, 6 (25%) had other biallelic nonsense mutations, and 9 (38%) had a missense mutation of at least 1 allele. The allelic prevalence of 35delG was 8.6% (27/314) in the study population and 48% (23/48) in the DFNB1 group. The M34T allele mutation was next most prevalent at 2.2% (7/314) in the study population and 10% (5/48) in the DFNB1 group. Severe to profound HI occurred in 59% of DFNB1 subjects. Genotypes with biallelic nonsense mutations had a high risk of severe to profound HI (88%). DFNB1-related HI was usually bilateral, symmetric, nonprogressive, and had flat audiograms. However, asymmetric HI (22%), sloping audiograms (26%), and even borderline-normal hearing in 1 ear was observed, and these were associated with the presence of at least 1 missense mutation. Two novel mutations, K15T and L90V, were identified. A subject presenting to our clinic with severe to profound HI had a 40% risk of biallelic GJB2 mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our population represents a consecutively enrolled clinic population with sensorineural hearing loss. In our DFNB1-related HI cohort, the 35delG mutation and severe to profound HI rates were lower than previously reported. Our missense mutation and M34T allelic prevalence rates were higher than expected and were associated with a less severe hearing loss. The presence of biallelic nonsense mutations was associated with severe to profound hearing loss in nearly 90% of cases. Mild asymmetric HI and sloping audiograms were more often associated with missense mutations.

Adolescent↗