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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Bacterial vaginosis in relation to menstrual cycle, menstrual protection method, and sexual intercourse in rural Gambian women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) over the menstrual cycle and in relation to menstrual protection materials and sexual intercourse in a rural African setting. METHODS: Married, regularly menstruating female volunteers were asked to collect self administered swabs on alternate days through four menstrual cycles. BV was assessed using Nugent scores. Menstruation and reported sexual intercourse data were recorded contemporaneously. A crossover design comparing traditional and modern menstrual protection methods was incorporated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations with BV. RESULTS: 30 women completed four menstrual cycles in the study. Completeness and validity of data from the self administered swabs was high. Greater frequencies of BV were found for all women in the second week of the menstrual cycle relative to days 14+, and markedly higher frequencies of BV were found in the first week in women with infrequent BV. BV was (non-significantly) more frequent when modern pads were used compared with traditional cloths. No association was found between BV and intercourse reported in the previous 4 days; or between the frequency of reported intercourse in one menstrual cycle and BV in either the same menstrual cycle or the next. CONCLUSIONS: Similar transient fluctuations over the menstrual cycle were found to those in industrialised countries. We found no evidence that sexual intercourse was associated with increased frequency of BV. Our data do not support hypotheses that menstrual hygiene materials might explain the high prevalences of BV found in sub-Saharan Africa compared to industrialised countries.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Insulin, androgen, and gonadotropin concentrations, body mass index, and waist to hip ratio in the first years after menarche in girls with regular menstrual cycles, irregular menstrual cycles, or oligomenorrhea.

Data on changes in hormone concentrations during the first years after menarche are scarce. We studied the relation between gynecological age (age minus age at menarche), hormone concentrations, and body measurements from the lst to the 6th yr after menarche in 229 observations of girls with regular menstrual cycles, 157 observations of girls with irregular menstrual cycles, and 104 observations of girls with oligomenorrhea. Body Mass Index, waist circumference, hip circumference, LH, androstenedione, testosterone, and dehydro-epiandrosterone sulphate increased significantly (linear regression, P < 0.05) by gynecological age in all menstrual cycle pattern groups. For PRL and estradiol a significant increase with gynecological age was only documented in the regular menstrual cycle group and for waist to hip ratio only in the irregular menstrual cycle group. No significant correlation could be documented between gynecological age and overnight fasting insulin concentrations or glucose to insulin ratio. We found no significant correlation between insulin concentrations or glucose to insulin ratio and androgen concentrations. Significant positive correlations were found between LH and androgens. LH and androgen levels increase during the first years after menarche, and reference values should be adjusted for gynecological age. In these years, no significant correlation between hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenemia could be documented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Is there a link between the consulting patterns of premenopausal women and the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle hormonal changes have been reported to be responsible for a number of physical and behavioural changes. A number of studies have suggested that both physical and mental disorders occur in the premenstrual part of the cycle. The object of this study was to discover whether the frequency with which women of childbearing age seek medical advice is affected by the 'time of the month'. It was hypothesized that because of an increase in symptomatology there would be an increase in the number of requests for consultations to see the doctor in the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Women between the ages of 18 and 45, in two practices, answered a questionnaire when they arrived at the surgery for a consultation. The women were later telephoned to discover the exact first day of their next period. Four hundred and thirty-two questionnaires were analysed. The number of requests for a surgery consultation did appear to vary according to the phase of the cycle. There were fewer than anticipated requests for consultations in the few days prior to the onset of menstruation; however the rate of requests for a consultation during menstruation was significantly increased. These differences from the expected were particularly significant if the appointment had been made within 24 hours of the consultation (that is for urgent consultations) and among women who had high scores on a premenstrual syndrome checklist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Timing of hysterectomy surgery during the menstrual cycle--impact of menstrual cycle phase on rate of complications: preliminary study.

To determine the relationship between the timing of a hysterectomy performed during the menstrual cycle phase and the postoperative complication rate in women who had undergone surgery for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, the authors examined the charts of 24 patients for the 3-month period immediately after the hysterectomy. Twelve of the women were in the follicular phase, and 12 were in the luteal phase at the time they had undergone the hysterectomy. Patients were classified by operative pathology report. No significant differences (P < or = 0.05) were found between the two groups with respect to age, weight, para status, pathology, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels, operation time, blood loss, days before return to full functioning, days in hospital, and uterine morphology. Further prospective studies with longer follow-up time are needed to obtain more conclusive indications regarding the optimal timing of hysterectomy during the menstrual cycle.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Changes in skin blood flow during the menstrual cycle: the influence of the menstrual cycle on the peripheral circulation in healthy female volunteers.

1. It is known that females have a lower skin perfusion than males. In women there are also differences in blood flow at different reproductive stages of their lives. As an initial investigation of the possible contribution of sex hormones to these differences, we studied skin and forearm blood flow during the natural changes in hormone levels which occur during the menstrual cycle. 2. Thirty-one healthy female volunteers were studied. The effect of a standardized finger cooling test (immersion of a gloved hand in a 16 degrees C water bath) on finger skin temperature and on laser Doppler flux in the finger, and forearm blood flow (strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography) was assessed at four different times during one cycle: during menstruation, 1 day before ovulation, 2 days after ovulation and at the mid-luteal phase. Test days were determined by daily measurements of basal body temperature and were confirmed afterwards by determinations of serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone. 3. Peripheral skin circulation varied significantly within one menstrual cycle. The extremes were a mean finger skin temperature of 25.9 +/- 3.0 degrees C in the luteal phase compared with 28.4 +/- 3.7 degrees C in the pre-ovulatory phase (P = 0.002). The respective values for the mean laser Doppler flux were 18.4 +/- 10.9 compared with 29.2 +/- 16.4 arbitrary units (P = 0.003). 4. Baseline forearm muscle blood flow also varied significantly (P = 0.04) within one menstrual cycle, with low values in the menstrual phase compared with the other phases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Clinical investigation of the menstrual cycle. I. Diagram of the normal menstrual cycle.

The clinical definition of normal menstrual cycles has been attempted by using the basal body temperature charts of patients without gynecologic dysfunction who conceived in the following cycle. A second-species linear regression method has been used for statistical comparison of lengths of both follicular and luteal phases. A graphic representation of the equation of the tolerance limit about 46 normal cycles is proposed which can be considered a nomogram of the menstrual cycle.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to analyze the effect of the menstrual cycle phase on maximal anaerobic performance during short-term anaerobic tests. METHODS: Seven eumenorrheic women (NOC) and 10 women using monophasic oral contraceptives (OC) performed three anaerobic tests (force-velocity, multi-jump, and squatting jump tests) during menstruation (M: between days 1 and 4), the midfollicular phase (F: between days 7 and 9), and the midluteal phase (L: between days 19 and 21) of the ovarian cycle. Follicular and luteal phases were confirmed by serum progesterone levels. The order of testing sessions was randomly assigned and a 15-min standardized warm-up preceded each testing session. Rectal temperatures were taken before (Trec(b)) and after (Trec(a)) warm-up. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among M, F, and L in Trec(b), Trec(a) maximal cycling power (Pmax(c)), maximal jumping power (Pmax(j)), or maximal height of jump (h(j)) in either NOC or OC. Ten of the women suffered premenstrual or menstrual symptoms (MS); the other seven did not report any premenstrual or menstrual discomfort (NMS). Presence or absence of symptoms was not correlated with oral contraceptive use. No significant differences were observed among the three stages of the menstrual cycle in Pmax(c), Pmax(j), or h(j) in NMS. In MS, only Pmax(j) decreased by 8% in M compared with that in F (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no significant differences in maximal anaerobic performance during different menstrual cycle phases, results of this study suggest that the presence or absence of premenstrual or menstrual syndrome symptoms may have an effect, possibly through an action on the stretch-shortening cycle of tendons and ligaments.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of body composition measures and menstrual cycle length.

Menstrual cycle disruption has been observed in women with low body weight due to anorexia nervosa, or to athletics. However, the association of the full range of body composition measures with cyclicity has not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the strength and direction of association between body composition measures (Quetelet Index, body fat mass, and body lean mass) and menstrual cycle length. Menstrual cycle diaries were distributed to women aged 24-45 in the Michigan Bone Health Study beginning in 1992. A total of 4392 menstrual cycles from 436 women were analysed from the first year of this ongoing study. Body composition measures (Quetelet Index or body mass index (kg/m2), body fat mass and body lean mass (kg) were obtained at annual clinic visits by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Mixed-model analyses were used to determine the degree of association between menstrual cycle length and body composition measures, controlling for age. There was a significant positive association with cycle length for each body composition measure. The relationship between each body composition measure and cycle length was nonlinear with the longest mean cycle lengths occurring with greater BMI, body fat mass or body lean mass. Longer cycle length was also noted at the lowest levels of BMI and body fat mass. These results may account for the purported later age at menopause for obese women.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Endometrial and myometrial prostaglandin release during the menstrual cycle in relation to menstrual blood loss.

Endometria and myometria were collected at hysterectomy from 42 women with measured menstrual blood loss. Specimens were obtained throughout the menstrual cycle [menstrual (n = 11), follicular (n = 9), early luteal (n = 6), midluteal (n = 9), and late luteal (n = 7)]. In vitro endometrial and myometrial release of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were examined using a superfusion technique. In the endometrium, the principal PG produced was PGF2 alpha, while in the myometrium, it was 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Cyclical changes in PG release were found only in the endometrium, with an increase toward the end of the menstrual cycle and during menstruation. No significant correlation was found between menstrual blood loss (range, 4-840 ml) and PGF2 alpha, PGE2, or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release in either endometrium or myometrium. Furthermore, there was no correlation between either the PGF2 alpha to PGE2 or the PGF2 alpha to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratios and menstrual blood loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The menstrual cycle, science and femininity: assumptions underlying menstrual cycle research.

This paper examines the relationship between popular knowledge of menstruation and scientific research. It suggests that despite evidence to indicate that pre-menstrual cognitive, behavioural and emotional 'impairment' is relatively rare, the population notion that PMS routinely affects many women adversely is difficult to displace. It concludes that mainstream menstrual cycle research is subject to the influence of misogynist mythology upheld as staunchly by women influenced by patriarchy as by men. Reasons are suggested which lie in the differential power of claims to knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects and analysis of the menstrual cycle.

The menstrual cycle is much more than a cycle of periods. Menstruation is only one manifestation of the ovarian cycle which is itself associated with more than 200 physical, psychological and behavioural changes. Numerous medical disorders also appear to be modulated by cyclical ovarian activity. Objective assessment of these cyclical changes can be difficult. One approach is by trend analysis, which can be used to provide both qualitative and quantitative information concerning daily menstrual cycle data. The application of this technique to the assessment of menstrual cycle symptoms and the premenstrual syndrome are demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Withdrawal and pre-menstrual symptomatology during the menstrual cycle in short-term smoking abstinence: effects of menstrual cycle on smoking abstinence.

This study employs a rigorous inpatient laboratory setting to test the hypothesis that withdrawal symptomatology in short-term smoking cessation in women is increased in the late luteal phase when pre-menstrual symptomatology is the highest. Twenty-one female smokers with clinical, anatomical, and hormonal verification of their menstrual cycle phase were randomized to either a smoking abstinence group (n = 16) or a continued smoking group (n = 5). Participants were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center during alternate phases of their cycle for two 7-day admissions with a 1-month interim period when they resumed smoking. Dependent measures, i.e., Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale scores, Questionnaire on Smoking Urges scores and Pre-menstrual Assessment Form scores were collected during 2 days of baseline and 5 days of smoking deprivation. Smoking behavior was documented by self-report, breath CO levels and saliva cotinine measurements. Withdrawal symptomatology was not affected by menstrual cycle phase during short-term cessation in spite of increased pre-menstrual changes seen in the late luteal phase. In addition, no phase effect on smoking behavior was detected and cigarette consumption remained stable across the cycle in both groups. These results suggest that for some smoking cessation studies, complex strategies to control for menstrual cycle effects may not be necessary. However, Smoking Urges scores did suggest increased desire to smoke and desire to relieve negative affect in the late luteal phase when women have higher pre-menstrual symptomatology. This suggests women may have greater difficulty quitting smoking in late luteal phase, and it seems prudent to recommend that women quit during the follicular phase of their cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stability of serum interleukin-10 levels during the menstrual cycle.

PROBLEM: Menstrual cycle-associated variability in the circulating levels of several cytokines can be a confounding factor in measurements of in vivo cytokine levels in clinical studies. Since pregnancy-associated increases in interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels are well documented, we have investigated the variability in serum levels of IL-10 in healthy women at different stages of the menstrual cycle to ascertain whether this is a problem in comparative studies of circulating IL-10 levels. METHOD OF STUDY: We obtained fifty-four successive serum samples at points in the menstrual cycles of 12 healthy fertile women, precisely timed by measurement of the luteinizing hormone surge, and measured the interleukin-10 levels. RESULTS: Levels of IL-10 in successive serum samples from each woman taken on days LH - 7 (that is seven days prior to LH surge), LH - 4, LH + 1, LH + 7, and LH + 10 showed that IL-10 does not vary in a systematic way during the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION: These results validate the sampling of women in studies of IL-10 levels in various clinical situations and establish that these levels are not dependent on menstrual cycle dates. They also suggest that menstrual cycle-related changes in IL-1 are not mediated by IL-10. The rise in progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is not mirrored by a rise in the circulating IL-10 level, which implies either that the pregnancy-associated rise is not related to progesterone or that it is only observed at the higher progesterone levels in pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[The lysosomal acid phosphatase activity of the peripheral blood neutrophils of women in the dynamics of the menstrual cycle].

During menstrual cycle of women, the intensity of fluorescence of acid phosphatase (IAF) was registered in lysosomes from peripheral blood neutrophils after staining with Acridin orange. It has been shown that such integral values as criterion of agreement (chi(2)) and information entropy by Shennon (h) are most informative values of IAF. It is suggested that the dynamics of chi-square and h in menstrual cycle reflects changes in enzymatic activity, and is associated with destroying the ovum utilizing the products of its lysis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

The pineal gland and the menstrual cycle.

The menstrual cycle reflects the expression of a cyclical process involving the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the ovaries. This complex process requires an integrated neural and humoral control mechanism. It is now well established that a hypothalamic "transducer" located in the medial basal hypothalamus integrates neural and humoral information and translates it into an oscillatory signal which eventually results in the release of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), triggering the secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. Recent animal studies indicate that melatonin influences the functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by modifying the firing frequency of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. Consequently, the pineal gland, through the action of melatonin, may exert an important modulatory effect on the mechanisms controlling menstrual cyclicity. Furthermore, abnormal melatonin functions may be involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders of the menstrual cycle including some forms of hypothalamic amenorrhea such as exercise and malnutrition-induced amenorrhea. Consideration of pineal melatonin functions provides a new dimension into the understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms governing the cyclical phenomena of the female reproductive system.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Menstrual-cycle dependence of breast parenchyma elasticity: estimation with magnetic resonance elastography of breast tissue during the menstrual cycle.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a promising diagnostic method that produces images with a contrast proportional to the elasticity of the tissue. This study investigated using MRE the dependence of breast tissue elasticity from the menstrual cycle of healthy volunteers. METHODS: Five volunteers (age 26-36) without breast disease and contraceptive medication were examined once weekly over 2 menstrual cycles. Examinations were performed with a 1.5 T magnet (ACS-NT, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). Low-frequency mechanical waves (65 Hz) were transmitted into the tissue by an oscillator. By means of a motion-sensitive spin-echo sequence, mechanical waves were displayed within the phase of the MR image and phase images were used to reconstruct the local distribution of elasticity. The elasticity of fibroglandular tissue and adipose breast tissue was analyzed individually, and the median and mean values of elasticity over the menstrual cycle were determined. RESULTS: All volunteers presented a repeating pattern concerning the elasticity over the 2 cycles. After 5 days of the onset of menses, the median value of elasticity for fibroglandular adipose tissue declined significantly by -29% (P = 0.010). After the second week of the cycle, fibroglandular tissue showed again an increase in elasticity (P = 0.028). The highest median values of elasticity were obtained during days 11 to 23 with an increase of up to 35%. For adipose tissue, only a slight and not significant variation of elasticity during the menstrual cycle was determined. CONCLUSION: MRE is able to measure a dependence of tissue elasticity on the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗