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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Prevention of meningococcal meningitis].

Meningococcal meningitis as well as meningococcal sepsis must be regarded as complications of an otherwise mild meningococcal infection of the nasopharynx. Only individuals without antibodies against a given meningococcal type will contract the above-mentioned diseases. Causal prophylactic measures have proved to be ineffective because of the great number of "carriers" of meningococci. Immunprophylaxis with specific polysaccharides is effective and presently available for use against types A and C but not against type B. Chemoprophylaxis is most effective when administered to those living in close quarters. Sulfonamides are the prophylaxis of choice agianst meningococci sensitive to sulfonamides. With the appearance of sulfonamide-resistant meningococci, the sulfonamide must be replaced by rifamycin or minocyclin. Though treatment with penicillin gives protection against infection, it does not eradicate the carrier state.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Control of meningococcal meningitis with meningococcal vaccines.

The development of effective meinigococcal vaccines was based upon the finding that immunity to the meningococcus was directly correlated with serum bactericidal antibodies. Purified high molecular weight capsular polysaccharides of serogroups A and C meningococci stimulated the production of humoral antibodies which had group specific bactericidal activity. In controlled field trials in Army recruits, group C polysaccharide vaccines were highly effective in preventing group C disease. Following its use as a routine immunization in recruits in October 1971 group C meningococcal disease has been almost completely eliminated from Army training centers. Group A vaccine has been field tested in Egyptian school children with great success. Group B polysaccharide has failed to induce bactericidal antibodies in humans and, therefore, new research is underway to attempt to develop a cell wall protein antigen as a vaccine against group B disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Pulmonary oedema in meningococcal meningitis.

Two cases of meningococcal meningitis complicated by pulmonary oedema are described. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was raised in the one case studied. Profound sympathetic over-activity may be the cause of the pulmonary oedema occurring in this situation. If this is so, adrenergic blockade would appear to be a rational approach to therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

How Do Climatic Factors Directly Influence the Incidence and Risk of Meningococcal Meningitis Across the African Meningitis Belt? A Narrative Literature Review.

Globally, the highest incidence of meningococcal meningitis occurs within the African meningitis belt, spanning 26 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Meningococcal meningitis incidence is highly seasonal in this region specifically, with outbreaks mostly occurring during the dry season, characterized by low rainfall and atmospheric humidity, high temperature, and increased dust and wind speed. The strong seasonality of meningococcal outbreaks coincides with seasonal variation in climatic factors. This multicollinearity can make it difficult to identify environmental drivers of disease and the mechanisms by which they operate. This review aims to collate existing evidence to better clarify the mechanisms by which climatic variables influence meningococcal meningitis incidence. We examined the impact of dust, wind speed, temperature, rainfall, and land cover on meningococcal meningitis outbreaks. Within the literature, atmospheric dust and wind speed had the strongest statistical association with meningococcal outbreaks and demonstrated greater predictive probability than other climatic variables. However, several climatic factors have demonstrable influences on one another, reflected in the seasonality of meningococcal meningitis. Atmospheric dust can reduce precipitation levels in part through its radiative properties. Decreased rainfall and increasing temperatures can dry out soil, increasing its availability to be uplifted as dust. Alongside, this lower atmospheric humidity increases evaporative demand, leading to faster soil moisture loss and enhanced surface drying. We argue that rainfall, temperature, and land cover variability may act as part of a broader climatic mechanism, increasing atmospheric dust. This increases the incidence and risk of meningococcal meningitis.

Africa↗
PubMed1977

Meningococcal meningitis in northern Ghana: epidemiology and control measures.

Hospitalized meningococcal meningitis patients in northeastern Ghana during 1972-1973 were studied to provide baseline information about case clustering and age-specific attack rates to guide meningitis control programs. In 1973, group A meningococci were prevalent and 7% of isolates were sulfadiazine-resistant. In contrast to the age distribution of meningococcal meningitis in North and South America, peak attack rates occurred in 10- to 14-year-old Ghanaians. A mass immunization campaign using group A polysaccharide vaccine in heavily populated areas of the Bawku and Nalgerigu districts is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Hearing impairment in meningococcal meningitis.

Hearing affection as a sequel of meningococcal meningitis and its relation to age, sex, severity and duration of disease was studied in Cairo, Egypt during the period December 1966--December 1973. The total incidence of impaired hearing in the 775 cases was 5.8%. This incidence was higher in the younger age groups, females, severe cases of meningitis and in patients who received specific therapy shortly after the onset of signs and symptoms of the disease. The aetiology of hearing impairment in meningitis was reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

An intercity outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in adults.

An intercity outbreak of meningococcal meningitis occurred in five adults, with the acute onset of symptoms developing in two of the patients after they returned to Los Angeles from the San Francisco Bay area. The secondary attack rate was 36.4 percent in this entirely adult household. The authors review reports of secondary cases in civilian epidemics, as well as recommendations for chemoprophylaxis in household contacts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Recurrent meningococcal meningitis with occult CSF leak.

Recurrent meningococcal meningitis was associated with a slow CSF leak in a 24-year-old man. Unique features of the case included isolation of meningococcal group 29E. We speculate that an association exists between subclinical CSF leaks and sporadic cases of meningitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Meningococcal meningitis in children.

Forty-four cases of meningococcal meningitis in children at one hospital between 1971 and 1975 inclusive were studied to document the course and complications of this disease in children in the current therapeutic era. The mortality was 5%. Of the 41 survivors 76% were healthy 1 to 5 years after the episode of meningitis. Permanent severe sequelae (facial palsy, optic atrophy and ptosis) were seen in three (7%) of the survivors, and mild hearing loss, hyperactivity and nervousness were noted in seven (17%). Electroencephalography was not useful in determining management or prognosis. Both the mortality and the frequency of early and late complications among the survivors were lower than those reported from earlier studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and therapeutic observations on 34 cases of meningococcic meningitis].

The present paper reports on 34 cases of meningococcal meningitis admitted during the last three years to the Clinic of Communicable Diseases of Cluj. The incidence was higher in adolescents and young adults (76%). The clinical form was severe in 10 cases, medium in 19 cases and mild in 5 cases. All the patients recovered, with a mean duration of the disease of 9-12 days. No sequelae or relapses were recorded. The treatment was based upon penicillin G, 15 million U/day. In 17 cases sulfonamides were associated and in 5 cases chloramphenicol and ampicillin. In 29 cases intravenous, intramuscular or oral cortisone was administered and in 5 cases intrathecally. The results obtained in the cases treated only with penicillin were identical to those obtained by an associated therapy. Worthy of note was the decrease of the sensitivity of meningococci to sulfonamides and chloramphenicol and their increased resistance to tetracyclin and erythromycin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis.

Outer membrane protein preparations were obtained from strains of Salmonella and Neisseria meningitidis. Solubilized cell envelope (CE) fractions from S. typhi and Salmonella groups A, B, C, and E had very similar electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel, and common antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion. CE appeared to be a more satisfactory antigen than the more purified preparation (T/TEI) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sera from typhoid and paratyphoid patients. With either antigen, however, the presence of antibodies was demonstrated in acute- and vonvalescent-phase sera. In the case of N. meningitidis infections, the crude (STA) and the more purified antigens (T/TEI) were equally satisfactory, and a rise in antibody titer could easily be demonstrated with paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera. The ELISA appears to be a simple but highly sensitive test for the detection of antibodies by using outer membrane protein antigens.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The new features of meningococcal meningitis (author's transl)].

According to a previous pattern epidemics of meningococcal meningitis (MM) were localized in North tropical Africa, caused by A serotype, easily treated with sulfanilamides and prevented by a polyosidic vaccine, A type. Changes have occured : epidemics in Finland and Brazil, with an African A type germ, in place of the American, sulfa-resistant, C type; outburst of epidemics in South tropical Africa; presence of C type in Tchad, Niger and Nigeria. In the same time dramatic evolutions due to endotoxinic processes and drug-resistances are more frequently observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Occurrence of M-proteins in the CSF of a child with prolonged meningococcal meningitis.

CSF of a 4-month-old boy with prolonged, meningococcal meningitis revealed oligoclonal immunoglobulin G about 10 weeks after hospital admission. These proteins persisted for at least 4 months. In contrast to this child, a further 10 infants and young children with bacterial meningitis, whose CSF was examined between 4 weeks and 6 3/4 months subsequent to onset of the disease, showed no such abnormality. Since the presented boy was the only patient treated with a corticosteroid, his altered immune reaction could be related to the immunosuppressive effect of this drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Pericarditis complicating a case of meningococcal meningitis.

The case is described of an 18-year-old schoolboy who developed pericarditis during the course of meningococcal meningitis; he had evidence of a preceding chronic meningococcaemia. Good recovery followed on systemic antibiotics only. The pericarditis was probably a direct septic complication of meningococcal meningitis.

Adolescent↗