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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

A model systems approach to age-related memory disorders.

Memory deficits are common to virtually all forms of cognitive dysfunction and are central to disorders associated with aging. Animal models provide the opportunity to understand normal and pathologic memory in great detail. The model systems approach to the neurobiology of memory involves studying a well characterized learned response in a relatively simple and well controlled preparation. The best characterized mammalian model system is classical conditioning of the rabbit's eyeblink response. Using this preparation, significant progress has been made toward understanding the neurobiological systems and mechanisms involved in elaboration of the conditioned response. Using a well characterized model system such as classical eyeblink conditioning, it should be possible to both characterize the changes in learning and memory that accompany aging and to investigate their neural substrate. Our strategy for using the conditioned eyeblink preparation for studying age-related memory deficits is fourfold and includes investigating conditioning deficits in: (1) humans across the life-span, (2) rabbits across the life-span, (3) Alzheimer's disease patients, and (4) rabbits with aluminum-induced neurofibrillary degeneration. In this paper, we present exemplary data from each of these lines of research. If similar deficits occur in each of these groups, it may be possible to begin to form hypotheses about the neurobiology of age-related memory disorders.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bencyclane in memory disorders. Treatment of memory disorders caused by electroshock in a group of depressed patients].

Subjects treated with electroshock and subjected simultaneously to bencyclan at a dose of 00 mg (2 ampoules) i.v. and 100 mg (1 pill) per os pro die did not present dysmnesia either during the intervals between one electroshock treatment and another, nor at the conclusion of treatment (on average 12 sessions in about 40 days), while a control group treated at the same rhythm and with the same number of sessions, but without bencyclan, presented considerable memory lapses which disappeared only after a lengthy period of this latter treatment. Memory disturbances have been evaluated with a memorization test to which all patients were subjected. This test belongs to the group of intellectual efficiency reactive tests used in the psychology laboratory of the Catholic University of Milan; it consists of a group of 12 figures of common objects which, once observed, have to be recalled exactly immediately and some time later by the patient, who has to indicate the name and position of the objects represented in the chart.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dissociations between word priming effects in normal subjects and patients with memory disorders: multiple memory systems or retrieval?

Repetition priming was measured in two different tasks within a single experiment--one in which subjects named briefly (tachistoscopically) presented words, and one requiring naming of visually fragmented/degraded words. Thirteen amnesic patients, 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 15 normal control subjects were tested under 4 experimental conditions involving the factorial combination of two variables: delay of test (10 minutes and 24 hours), and number of prior occurrences of the primed items (1 and 4). The two tasks produced very different patterns of priming effects, despite the fact that common study phases were employed. In one task the priming effect showed no decay and virtually no effect of the number of prior occurrences of the primed items, whereas both these variables affected priming in the other task. The AD patients evidenced impaired priming in both tasks. However, in the degraded-word-naming task the deficit was only apparent under some experimental conditions. The amnesics produced priming effects that in absolute terms were similar to those produced by control subjects. However, when group differences in overall performance level were taken into account in the tachistoscopic task, these patients also showed clear evidence of impaired priming. It is argued that the complex pattern of priming effects obtained is best explained by the characteristics of the retrieval cues provided in the tasks, and, generally, that such characteristics may determine whether or not experimental variables will affect measured priming.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Five-word test: insufficiently sensitive but very specific for organic memory disorders].

OBJECTIVES: The "five-word test', derived from the Grober and Buschke test, is an easy and rapid tool to distinguish between organic disorders of memory encoding and apparent memory deficits due to inefficient information retrieval strategies. Its metrological characteristics require specification. METHODS: Subjects were classified as demented or non-demented according to DSM IV and NINCDS-ARDA criteria after a dementia assessment and a neuropsychological assessment. All subjects took the five-word test. RESULTS: In all, 142 patients took this test (81 with and 61 without dementia). It was insufficiently sensitive: 80.2% for a score of 10/10 and 60.49% for 9/10. Its specificity, however, was excellent: 100% for scores below 9/10. It also helped identify mistakes due to organic memory disorders, in the form of "intrusion" in the various tests. DISCUSSION: Although this test showed a lack of sensitivity for detecting dementia or organic memory disorders, it remains a useful tool: a pathologic score does permit affirmation of those diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The practical qualities (simplicity and rapidity of administration) of the five-word test make it an essential tool in the evaluation by geriatricians or general practitioners of cognitive disorders in the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Blinking in patients with memory disorders during short term memory tasks.

The occurrence of blinking during short term memory tasks was analyzed for 32 subjects divided into three groups: 12 memory impaired patients, 10 elderly normals (age-matched to the patients), and 10 young normals. The subjects were participating in a study of brain evoked potentials accompanying memory activities. They were instructed not to blink during the performance of the memory tasks for reasons related to the quality of the recorded potentials. In this context, the withholding of blinking can be considered a secondary task. Blinking during the short term memory tasks was inversely related to performance accuracy (r = -.57). Age, mini-mental score and reaction time were also significantly related to the frequency of blinking. Dividing the memory patients into two groups according to the incidence of blinking, ("high-blinking" and "low-blinking"), revealed a significant difference in overall task accuracy with the high-blinking group performing more poorly than the low-blinking group.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[A child showing memory disorders].

We report a girl with memory disorders. Her memory remained disturbed regardless of input or output modalities. She could recognize items and recall them randomly, but she could not recall them in the correct order. She showed memory impairment with regard to temporal context. We could clearly demonstrate this by cognitive psychological and neuropsychological tests and by analyzing the results of ordinary intelligence tests by input and output modalities. These results suggest that subjects who show memory disorders should undergo further resting to clarify the qualitative aspects of these disorders and the possibility that learning disabilities caused by memory disorders should be considered a specific type of learning disability.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Cued recall and memory disorders in dementia.

Memory functioning of normal elderly subjects and patients with suspected malignant memory disorders were examined using a cued recall memory assessment procedure. Levels of psychosocial functioning were rated by a multidisciplinary team. Ability to engage in free and cued recall was studied to determine the relationship between problems of acquisition and retrieval. Normal and impaired elderly showed strong differences on free recall and total recall resulting in 90.58% and 79.06% rates of accuracy of prediction of group membership. There were significant multivariate and univariate differences among the memory-impaired groups defined in terms of their psychosocial functioning. These findings indicate that differences in acquisition and retrieval are associated with increasing impairment of psychosocial functioning. Patients whose psychosocial functioning was rated as falling within the questionable range exhibited only deficits in retrieval. Patients whose psychosocial functioning was rated as more severely impaired, exhibited problems of retrieval and acquisition.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory disorders in schizophrenia].

The current interest in memory disorders in schizophrenia results from the way perceptions of schizophrenia--whose organic origin is becoming increasingly evident--and memory--according to which there exist not one, but several memories--have developed. Memory disorders in the schizophrenic cannot be considered in isolation from knowledge accumulated in other areas of the cognitive and neuro-sciences; a more detailed understanding of these disorders requires a comparison of the different cognitive approaches, both with each other and with the neurobiological and clinical approaches, so that they can be integrated. Despite numerous methodological and conceptual difficulties, it now appears to have been established that the schizophrenic's memory deficit should be seen in the context of a wider cognitive deficit, that the memory tasks are not all disturbed and that the memory deficit cannot be identified with one specific form of memory. Thus, iconic formation, short-term memory in the traditionally accepted sense and implicit memory are hardly, if at all, affected; in contrast, the early processing of information, working memory and explicit memory are disturbed, probably to the extent that they require the implementation of strategies to organise the information to be memorized. Finally, in certain tasks, such as those evaluating latent inhibition or negative priming, schizophrenics perform better than normal subjects, suggesting that schizophrenics' cognitive deficit is localised. This profile of memory disorders is compatible with a dysfunction predominating in the frontal and temporo-hippocampal regions. Neuroleptics and anticholinergics have opposite effects on cognitive and mnesic performance, which is improved by the former and aggravated by the latter. The influence of clinical symptoms, positive or negative, institutionalisation of patients and chronic tardive dyskinesia is unclear. Among the theoretical proposals put forward to account for the observed disorders, those relating to a disturbance of the action planning process and to that of the internal representation of context are compatible with the observed memory disorders. All the clinically derived data and those produced by the cognitive and neurosciences indicate a need to reformulate the links between memory, selective attention and evaluation of the relevance of a stimulus, to develop a general model of the reciprocal interactions between cognition and affectivity and to look for the origin of a pathology as complex as schizophrenia, not in a local lesion in an isolated cerebral structure but in a disturbance of the dynamic interactions within a functional, parallel and distributed network of broadly interconnected regions.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Management of attention and memory disorders following traumatic brain injury.

Disorders of attention, memory, and executive function are common sequelae in children who have sustained traumatic brain injuries. Given the persistent nature of these deficits, there is a need for efficacious remedial approaches. Typically, remediation is approached, through one of three general intervention strategies: externally focused interventions aimed at changing the environment so that the effect of the dysfunction is minimized, internally focused interventions aimed at improving the underlying cognitive ability, and compensatory interventions aimed at teaching children to use alternate strategies that lessen the impact of the dysfunction. This article describes current research involving these approaches for the treatment of attention and memory disorders in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How do specific memory disorders present in the school classroom?

Childhood memory disorders have received increasing empirical investigation over recent years and reviews of the dissociations within the developmental memory system are now available. However, there are few descriptions within the literature of children's consequent behavioural and learning difficulties within an educational context. This paper reviews the growing evidence that links specific memory disorders to academic skills and then provides clinical descriptions of the day-to-day behaviour and learning often observed following the identification of such children. It is anticipated that such descriptions will allow professionals to understand the range of consequences possible and alert health and educational staff to children at risk of suffering unidentified memory difficulties. A clinical description of the behavioural repertoire associated with different childhood memory disorders is also necessary to consider how professionals may design rehabilitative support.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory disorders in patients with saccular aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries].

Neuropsychological analysis of disorders of memory in patients with sacculated aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries, 14 of whom were examined in the immediate and 30 in the remote periods after the hemorrhage, showed that the side of the lesion may be judged by the character of these disorders. The disorders of memory were of a modally-specific character and emerged in the link of direct reproduction in aneurysms of the right internal carotid artery and in the link of delayed (under conditions of interference) reproduction in aneurysms of the left internal carotid artery. The general cerebral signs in the acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage are also manifested specifically in the structure of the memory defect.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Beyond one-bun, two-shoe: recent advances in the psychological rehabilitation of memory disorders after acquired brain injury.

Memory disorders are one of the most frequent types of cognitive impairment encountered in neurological populations. The more severe degrees of such impairment case major disability and handicap, and have a profound impact on a person's capacity to engage in independent living. To date, commonly used remediation strategies range from drills and practice, including computer-based tasks, to mnemonic techniques and memory notebooks. In general, these therapies have met with varying degrees of success. The last decade has seen exciting developments in remediation techniques for memory disorders, a number of which are based on implicit learning skills, as well as programmes tailored to an individual's unique pattern of deficits. The present paper provides an overview of this literature and discusses issues relating to their application in rehabilitation programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Validation of a new scoring system for the Weigl Color Form Sorting Test in a memory disorders clinic sample.

The Bristol Memory Disorders Clinic uses the Weigl Color Form Sorting Test (CFST) to appraise abstraction and the ability to shift set. The original scoring system for the CFST (Grewal & Haward, 1984), developed on the premise that sorting to form is more difficult than sorting to color, had no score for an individual able to sort to form and subsequently unable to shift to color with a cue. Clinical experience suggested that the performance of some individuals required such a score. A new scoring system was developed and validated in a memory-disorders-clinic sample. The validation showed the new score to be necessary and gave support to the original premise that people with organic brain damage show a preference for sorting to color.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Current trends in cognitive rehabilitation for memory disorders.

Progress in the neuropsychology of memory disorders has provided a foundation for development of cognitive rehabilitation for amnesic patients. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades suggested that certain training techniques could be beneficial to many amnesic patients, such as teaching and acquisition of domain-specific knowledge, motor coding, reality orientation, and meta-cognition improvement. In this article we review and discuss the current trends in cognitive rehabilitation of memory disorders and provide a future direction in this emerging field. In addition, our experience in the successful rehabilitation of Korsakoff syndrome patients is also introduced.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1979

[Memory disorders in vascular lesions of the brain].

The authors studied clinical and psychological features in disorders of memory due to vascular brain lesions. With the aid of pyktograms the character of activities of the examinees during the process of perception and differences in disorders of moderation in patients with lesions of the frontal and occipital parts of the brain were demonstrated. It is established that in the initial stages of the mnestic process the leading role is played by frontal lobes, while in latent reproductivity the significance of occipital brain areas increases.

Basilar Artery↗