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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

[The importance of clinical observations for medical research].

Medical progress owes a great deal to the fundamental medical sciences and to the application of chemistry, physics and mathematics to medical problems. However, clinical observations and investigations are still of decisive importance in any field of medicine. By a feed-back mechanism they may even stimulate and fertilize fundamental medical sciences. Thus, our knowledge of the blood coagulation mechanism has been considerably enlarged by clinical analysis of hereditary bleeding disorders. - Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases started from clinical observations during World War I (production of leucopenia by sulfur mustard gas). - Surgical procedures and their consequences have contributed greatly to our knowledge of thyroid function, of the segmental anatomy of the lung, and of the conduction system of the heart. - Observations of side effects of drugs have often enlarged or completely changed their primary clinical indications: from antibacterial sulfonamides, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive and powerful diuretic drugs have been developed, and from histaminics the modern neuroleptics and antidepressants. - Fundamental immunology has been enormously activated by clinical transplantation of kidney and bone marrow. Selective immunological defects in men, real experiments of nature, contributed much to our knowledge of the various types of allergic response. The quality of clinical investigations, particularly of controlled clinical trials, has been considerably improved during the last two decades. Although it is an applied science the reliability of its results is to-day comparable with that of "pure" natural sciences. However, medicine is more than a natural science: examples of outstanding scientists who at the same time were great and human physicians are presented.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1979

[The role of public relations in medical practice. With special reference to medical research].

Because medical practice and especially medical research depend on the goodwill of others, increased emphasis should be placed on the role of public relations, especially in the complex area of communication between medical scientists and the man in the street. The nature of these communication problems is described, and suggestions are made as to how public relations, if properly managed, can give substance to an otherwise ill-defined concept. Opportunities and problems in the marketing of medical research are briefly described.

Communication↗
PubMed1977

Medical research in the Republic of South Africa.

A brief overview of the policies and research priorities of the South African Medical Research Council is given. Some of the unique medical problems of South Africa on which research is being done are indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Specialist training and medical research in developing countries of tropical Africa: a case for the establishment of postgraduate medical schools.

Developing countries like developed ones need highly skilled medical personnel, referred to as 'specialists'. In the case of developing countries, the training of these specialists abroad is expensive to the sponsoring governments, imposes a lot of hardship on the doctors and, above all, the course-content of such training takes little or no cognizance of the environment in which these doctors would later practise. The developing countries also cannot afford the loss of years in valuable services which the training abroad entails. Attempts are now being made to train specialists wholly or partly at home, in some developing countries. The approach is still not much divorced from what obtains in Britain and North America, that is, one of being trained on the job, with the onus for self-education being placed on the prospective students. Such students in most developing countries of tropical Africa have little or no facilities for further education outside their places of work. It is proposed that purpose-designed postgraduate medical schools may provide a temporary solution to specialist training in developing countries of tropical Africa. Such schools would in addition provide highly skilled medical service as well as obviate the need and the expense for the setting up of government sponsored medical research and training institutes.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1979

Recent application of quantification II in Japanese medical research.

Hayashi's Quantification II is a method of multivariate discrimination analysis to manipulate attribute data as predictor variables. It is very useful in the medical research field for estimation, diagnosis, prognosis, evaluation of epidemiological factors, and other problems based on multiplicity of attribute data. In Japan, this method is so well known that most of the computer program packages include the Hayashi Quantification, but it seems to be yet unfamiliar with the method for researchers outside Japan. In view of this situation, we introduced 19 selected articles of recent applications of the Quantification II in Japanese medical research. In reviewing these papers, special mention is made to clarify how the researchers were satisfied with findings provided by the method. At the same time, some recommendations are made about terminology and program packages. Also a brief discussion of the background of the quantification methods is given with special reference to the Behaviormetric Society of Japan.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1977

Histopathological study of the first Medical Research Council Nephroblastoma Trial.

A histological analysis of the tumors from the first Medical Research Council (M.R.C.) Nephroblastoma Trial was carried out. Material from 104 out of the 111 concluded cases was suitable for assessment. The degree of tubular differentiation and the presence or absence of glomeruli, cysts and papillary structures were correlated with clinical stage and survival. A significant association was found with regard to tubular differentiation. Papillary structures appeared to be important, but the number of cases was small. The presence of either glomeruli or cysts was not a statistically significant feature as regards prognosis.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1978

Testicular disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Report on behalf of the Medical Research Council's Working Party on leukaemia in childhood.

In three trials conducted by the Medical Research Council on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood the incidence of testicular infiltration in relation to presenting features and treatment was analysed. Initial severe thrombocytopenia was associated with an increased incidence. Testicular infiltration was occasionally found during treatment in patients with high blood leucocyte counts at diagnosis but the main incidence in patients with all types of disease occurred within one year of stopping treatment. The incidence may be increased when "second-line" drugs, especially cyclophosphamide, have been used. A reappraisal of the value of additional drugs in maintenance treatment of patients with good prognosis is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Medical Research Council of Canada therapeutic trial of human growth hormone: first 5 years of therapy.

The Medical Research Council of Canada has initiated human growth hormone (hGH) therapy in 151 patients with documented complete hGH deficiency that was idiopathic in 76% of cases, secondary to craniopharyngioma (organic) in 17% and of varied cause in 7%. Approximately 50% of the patients with idiopathic disease had isolated hGH deficiency; during therapy thyroid deficiency developed in five patients and cortisol deficiency in three. A similar increase in mean height velocity occurred in the first treatment phase for patients less than 12 years old (0.93 plus or minus 0.30 cm/mo) and those 12 years and older (0.86 plus or minus 0.29 cm/mo). Although subsequent courses of hGH therapy yielded significantly diminished response in both age groups, this diminution was not progressive: the height velocity of the younger patients returned to 0.82 plus or minus 0.26 cm/ml in the fifth therapy phase. The mean height velocity attained at the optimal dosage (0.20 to 0.29 units/kg three times per week) for each age group did not differ significantly. Despite therapy being carried out for only 6 months of the year, normal increment ratios for height age and bone age against chronologic age were observed in the patients with idiopathic disease. In only four patients did treatment failure occur, and three of these were more than 20 years old. The addition of fluoxymesterone (10 mg/d) to the hGH therapeutic regimen (15 units/wk), when diminished response to hGH alone became evident, promoted an enhanced growth response in 9 of 11 older patients. These data indicate that age of the patient and dosage of hGH, but not diagnostic category, were important influences on the response to therapy. Younger patients responded best and maintained a higher mean growth velocity than older patients during intermittent hGH therapy

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Hyperbaric oxygen: the Medical Research Council trials and their clinical significance.

The clinical trials of the use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy conducted by the Medical Research Council's working party have shown that local cure and survival can be improved in head and neck and cervical cancer. Evidence for benefit has been presented in carcinoma of bronchus, but none has so far been found in carcinoma of the bladder. Although hyperbaric oxygen has produced increased effect upon normal tissues as well as upon tumour, a real improvement in therapeutic ratio appears to be present. The future use of hyperbaric oxygen in radiotherapy will depend upon a comparison of effectiveness with other methods now being tested to improve radiotherapy. The trials have yielded much fundamental and clinical data of general relevance in the radiotherapy of malignant disease.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1975

[Recent medical research on yoga and states of concentration].

Traditional oriental thinking attracts the growing scientific interest of occidental practitioners. Dr. Pierre Etévenon, head of the Department of Neuro-Psycho-Pharmacology at the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), held several conversations and scientific exchanges with the author, and kindly provided copies of some of his works. They are at the basis of the present paper. M. A. Descamps (Paris) found that asanas--yoga postures-- are generators of dynamic action when there is an extension of the spinal column, whilst they lead to quiet states when there is a flexion of it. Claeys and Gones (Belgium) proved that overall global relaxation, as well as differential relaxation were far more effective and deep when obtained by yogis than those attempted by University students majoring in Physical Education. Lonsdorfer and Nussbaum (France) studied several parameters concerning hatha-yoga and concluded that it provides a regular functioning of the main bodily functions fostering thus a psycho-physical balance. Wallace and Benson (U.S.A.) proved that transcendental meditation increases aerobic metabolism, counteracting anaerobic metabolism which is related to mental distress. Etévenon (Paris) investigated neurophysiological effects of yoga in connection to ancient Indian concepts (Upanishads) on sleeping, meditation and degree of consciousness. Dr. Etévenon has studied the phylogenetic evolution of waking-sleeping cycles, focusing on phylogenetic and ontongenetic appearances of REM cycles (activated sleep). A correlation has been made with EEG studies during states of concentration (yoga, transcendental meditation, Zen). These states have been found to be specific brain activities, and different from deep sleep, in spite of certain similarities in the EEG. Several hypothesis are set forth to explain brain activities underlying sites of concentration. The possibilities of developing a conscious mastering of dreams are also under research, and special attention is paid to the works of Saint Denys (1867), and hindu tradition. This paper discusses also the psychological, therapeutic and anthropological implications of recent discoveries in the field.

Alpha Rhythm↗