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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Nitrogen and amino acid requirements: : the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amino acid requirement pattern.

We review the current international recommendations concerning the protein (nitrogen) and amino acid requirements of healthy individuals, from infancy to the later years of adult life and describe the changes in the recommendations for protein that have been made, since those issued in 1985 by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU), by the International Dietary Energy Consultative Group. The current international requirements for the specific indispensable amino acids are critiqued briefly, and the rationale and basis for the proposed Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) amino acid requirement pattern are presented. The evidence is then summarized that supports its use in practical considerations of protein nutrition. It is suggested that this MIT amino acid requirement pattern provides the best current estimates of the minimum physiological requirements for the indispensable amino acids in children and adults. It is further concluded that it would be difficult to argue for the continued use of the amino acid requirement values proposed by FAO/WHO/UNU in 1985 in the planning and assessment of dietary protein intakes for population groups worldwide. The MIT amino acid requirement pattern supports and strengthens the relevance of dietary protein quality as an important factor in human protein and amino acid nutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Requirements for indispensable amino acids in adult humans: longer-term amino acid kinetic study with support for the adequacy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amino acid requirement pattern.

Twenty young men received an L-amino acid diet, supplying 140 mg N.kg-1 x d-1 and patterned as in the Egg diet for 1 wk, and then for 3 wk either a pattern based on international recommendations (modified FAO diet; n = 7), our new amino acid requirement pattern (MIT diet; n = 7), or the egg pattern (Egg diet; n = 6). At the end of the initial week, at 1 and 3 wk with the three experimental diets, and after 3 d after return to the Egg diet, an 8-h continuous intravenous infusion with [1-13C]leucine (3 h fast, 5 h fed while subjects received hourly meals supplying the equivalent of one-twelfth the daily intake) was conducted. After 3 wk with the different diets, mean daily leucine balances were lower (P < 0.01) with the FAO diet (-160 mumol.kg-1 x d-1) than with the MIT diet (-15 mumol.kg-1 x d-1). Together with changes in plasma amino acid profiles [eg, methionine increased (P < 0.05) during feeding with the FAO and Egg diets but not with the MIT diet; increased proline concentrations during the fed state (P < 0.05) with the FAO diet but not with the MIT or Egg diets] we interpret these findings to indicate that the FAO diet is not capable of maintaining amino acid homeostasis, as is the case with the MIT and Egg diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A molecular theory of cartilage viscoelasticity.

Recent work on the subject of cartilage mechanics has begun to focus on the relationship between the microscopic structure of cartilage and its macroscopic mechanical properties (Bader et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1116 (1992) 147-154; Buschmann, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992; Kovach, Biophys. Chem., 53 (1995) 181-187; Lai et al., J. Biochem. Eng., 113 (1991) 245-248; Armstrong and Mow, J. Bone Jt. Surg., 64A (1982) 88; Jackson and James, Biorheology, 19 (1982) 317-330). This paper reviews recent theoretical developments and presents a comprehensive explanation of the viscoelastic properties of cartilage in terms of molecular structure. In doing this, a closed form hybrid solution to the non-linear, cylindrical Poisson-Boltzmann equation is developed to describe the charge-dependent component of the equilibrium elasticity arising from polysaccharide charge (Benham, J. Chem. Phys., 79 (4) (1983) 1969-1973; Einevoll and Hemmer, J. Phys. Chem., 89 (1) (1988) 474-484; Fixman, J. Chem. Phys., 70 (11) (1979) 4995-5001; Ramanathan and Woodburg, J. Chem. Phys., 82 (3) (1985) 1482-1491; Wennerstrom et al., J. Chem. Phys., 76 (9) (1982) 4665-4670). This solution agrees with numerical solutions found in the literature (Buschmann, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992). The charge-independent, entropic contribution to the equilibrium elasticity is explained in a manner similar to that recently presented for concentrated proteoglycan solution (Kovach, Biophys. Chem., 53 (1995) 181-187). This approach exploits a lattice model of the solution, subject to a Bragg-Williams type approximation to derive the volume dependence of polysaccharide configuration entropy (Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1953; Huggins, Some properties of Solutions of Long-chain Compounds, 1941, pp. 151-157; Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971). Together, these two contributions accurately reproduce the experimentally determined osmotic pressure of cartilage as previously determined by Maroudas (Maroudas and Bannon, Biorheology, 18 (1981) 619-632). The time-dependent, or creep, phenomena which cartilage exhibits when subject to mechanical load is explained in terms of frictional drag on the polysaccharide chain monomers in terms of a Kirkwood-Riseman type model (Kirkwood and Riseman, J. Chem. Phys., 16 (6) (1948) 573-579). This approach is shown to accurately predict the hydraulic permeability of cartilage as previously determined by Maroudas (Madouras, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 34 (suppl. 3) (1975) 77). By use of a quasi-static approximation (neglecting inertial effects) the time-dependent response to a uniform compressive force is determined and also found to be in good agreement with experimental values from the literature.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Radioiodine and thyroid disease: the beginning.

In 1936, Karl Compton, then president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the thyroid group of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), undertook a joint study that led to the production of small amounts of short-lived radioiodine (iodine 128, half-life, 25 min). The original intent was to use it for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease, but in order to explore the underlying physiology, their first work was performed in rabbits and published in 1938. It clearly showed that the radioiodine was selectively and avidly taken up by the thyroid gland. It was immediately apparent to the MGH-MIT group and another team working at the Berkeley, CA cyclotron that longer-lasting iodine isotopes were needed, and soon both developed procedures for cyclotron-produced 130 (half-life, 12.5 hr) and 131I (half-life, 8 d). In 1939, the Berkeley group, using 131I, was the first to show that the normal human thyroid gland accumulated radioiodine. By 1941, the MGH-MIT team, using mainly 130I, was able to successfully treat a few patients with hyperthyroidism, and so achieved their original goal. The Berkeley group did the same a few months later, using mainly 131I. Both presented results at the same meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation in Atlantic City, NJ in the spring of 1942. This was in the midst of World War II and it was not easy to get much 130I or 131I, so experience was limited. Although effective, radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism had not been widely adopted by the end of the war in 1945, partly because radioiodine remained in short supply and partly because another medical therapy for hyperthyroidism, antithyroid drugs, had been invented. However, by 1946, fission-derived radioiodine became readily available as a by-product of the Manhattan project in Oak Ridge, TN; hundreds of patients were treated within a few years, both for hyperthyroidism and for thyroid cancer. A new treatment, based on the physiological application of a radioisotope of iodine, was then a reality.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Creative technological aids for the learning-disabled child: an interdisciplinary project.

An interdisciplinary team of engineering students and occupational therapists have developed prototype electromechanical toys to enhance adaptive learning performance of developmentally disabled children. This paper describes the Creative Technological Aids (CTA) project undertaken under the joint auspices of the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Kennedy Memorial Hospital occupational therapy department. Four prototype CTA devices were evaluated in clinical and community settings and preliminary results show that these devices are highly motivational in teaching eye-hand coordination and perceptual-motor skills.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1993

Producing physician-scientists: a survey of graduates from the Harvard--MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.

BACKGROUND: The Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology (HST) is a flexible, preclinical curriculum, taught by members of the faculties of both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that stresses a rigorous, scientific, quantitative approach, small classes (usually fewer than 50 students), and student-faculty interaction. The program is aimed at students with strong backgrounds in quantitative and biological sciences who are interested in careers as physician-scientists. METHOD: The first 234 students of the program, who graduated between 1975 and 1985, were asked to participate in a 1990 follow-up study by completing a four-page questionnaire and submitting curricula vitae and lists of publications, if available. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: Of the 234 graduates, 211 (90%) responded. Sixty-three (30%) had received both MD and PhD degrees. The graduates were twice as likely to describe their primary professional roles as academic than as clinical practice; 94 held full-time faculty positions at 50 medical schools. The 154 (73%) in research spent an average of 51% of their time on this activity. According to the 179 graduates (85%) who stated that they would choose HST again, the most frequently mentioned reasons were the quantitative approach that emphasized integration of basic science and clinical practice (49%) and the small class size (37%). CONCLUSION: The HST MD curriculum, with its emphasis on basic science and research experience, has been successful in preparing carefully selected students for careers as physician-scientists, without necessarily requiring the completion of a PhD degree.

Career Choice↗