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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

In every marriage there are two marriages.

While investigators often have commented about discrepancies in the way a husband and a wife view the same marriage, little attention has been devoted to the implications such discrepancies have for marital and family therapy. As part of a continuing study of the differences between couples who seek marital therapy and those who seek sexual dysfunction therapy, this report examines these two clinical populations on the dimension of discrepant views of the marriage. Our results suggest that overall discrepancy scores may be an important indicator of stress between partners. In particular areas, however, such as rating the quality of the marriage, specific complaints about the marriage, and concerns about male sexual difficulties, marital therapy patients obtained significantly higher discrepancy scores than sexual therapy patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of the probability of the dissolution of first and second marriages.

This paper applies the techniques of multiple decrement life tables to marriage histories collected as part of the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, in an attempt to examine differences in pattern and level of marriage dissolution by marriage order. The paper considers the process of marriage dissolution in two stages--marriage to separation and separation to divorce--in addition to considering the composite of these two, marriage to divorce. Second marriages are more likely to reamin intact only for blacks. For all subgroups of whites, second marriages are either as likely or more likely to dissolve than first marriages. For both first and second marriages, blacks are considerably less likely to obtain a divorce after separation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[The decrease in the number of marriages (author's transl)].

Demographers adhere to the thesis that the increasing or decreasing incidence of marriage shows a statistical link to the existing number of males and females in the age group for marriage. For several years now it can be observed that this thesis requires revision. The number of marriages especially the number of marriages in those age groups in which the highest number of men and women absolutely and relatively get married decreases continually. At the same time the number of males and females in these groups increases. This development is a sign of an incipient disconnection of marriage from demographic data such as the number of persons in the age group for marriage and a disconnection for social and economic factors. Causes of this development are primarily the improvement of general education and the liberalization of sexual behavior. The traditional philosophy that all sexual intercourse should serve potential procreation is fading. The low rate of marriages and the low birth rate are signs of this development. Modern contraceptive methods facilitate this development of mature and autonomous persons but also opens a new complex area of new material and philosophical difficulties apart from the legal position of marriage for the protection of the partners and their offspring and for the social stability of their relationships.

Contraception↗
PubMed1992

Demographic trends of marriages in Canada: 1921-1990.

This paper mainly describes levels and trends of marriages and rates and its relationship with demographic and social conditions in Canada from 1921 to 1990. In Canada, the propensity to marry was much higher in the 1960s and early 1970s than in the 1980s. A similar tendency was observed for a few years prior to, and at the beginning of, World War II and a couple of years after. The number of marriages peaked at an all time high of 200,470 in 1972 with a rate of 44.3 per 1,000 unmarried population aged 15-59. By 1986 the number of marriages had declined by 12.4% and the rate by 33.2%, but both the number of marriages and the rate increased marginally in the following three years. Since 1921 the average age at marriage has increased by 3.6 years for brides and 1.7 years for grooms. The proportion of marriages by previously divorced persons increased sharply after 1968. The changes in marriage rates in Canada parallel those exhibited in the United States and other developed countries in the western hemisphere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Marriage markets and nonmarital fertility in the United States.

We merge census microdata with vital statistics data to examine the effect of women's marriage opportunities on nonmarital fertility rates and ratios across 75 U.S. metropolitan areas. Measures of the quantity and "quality" of marriageable men simultaneously specific for women's age, race, education, and place of residence reveal especially poor marriage prospects for highly educated black women. The effect of mate availability on nonmarital fertility is generally modest. Among white women, marriage opportunities are associated inversely with the nonmarital fertility rate, perhaps reflecting an increased likelihood that a premarital conception will be legitimated. Marriage opportunities also reduce nonmarital fertility ratios for young black and white women. The nonmarital fertility rate is lower among women whose marriage pool includes a large percentage of nonemployed males. Only a small proportion of the racial difference in nonmarital fertility appears attributable to differences in the marriage markets of black and of white women.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1979

Spinal cord injury: a comparison of preinjury and postinjury marriages.

A study of the preinjury and postinjury marriages of 55 spinal cord injured persons and their partners revealed several differences between the relationships. Although all patients had comparable levels of spinal cord injury, the disabled persons in preinjury marriages were judged to have less motivation for independence; a larger proportion of them received daily personal care assistance from their spouses. Furthermore, those in postinjury marriages were more likely to be employed and were judged to be better adjusted psychologically. Psychologists' assessment of marriages based on interviews with the spinal cord injured subjects and their spouses revealed that the postinjury marriages were happier than the preinjury marriages. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, which include age and state of health, the impact of disability on the marital relationship and the personal assets of disabled persons who attract new partners.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

[Religion and marriage (author's transl)].

Marriage according to religious denomination is no longer important because of the philosophical changes in recent times. Reproductive behaviour is no longer dependant on religion for the same reasons. Faith in the naturalness and ordainment by God of the roles of the sexes is no longer prevalent. From 1960--1976 the number of marriages in the Federal Republic of Germany decreased by 30%. The number of divorces increased by 122%. Mixed interdenominational marriages remained steady at between 20--25% of all marriages. Marriages of partners of the same denomination decreased from 76.5 to 68.6%. The marriages oe changed by man and individualized this trend is positive. Intervention of the states leads to conditions which should be avoided, namely that the interhuman relationships become insecure a fact which can be easily abused by demagogues.

Divorce↗
PubMed1976

An evaluation of an interview assessment of marriage.

An interview assessment of marriage relationships is described. It is shown to have good inter-rater reliability, high consistency across the accounts of both marriage partners and to be resistant to methodologic bias. A four-year follow-up study demonstrated high predictive validity to later marriage breakdown. The marriage measure also showed a strong association with behavioural deviance in the children. The intercorrelations between individual measures of various aspects of the marriage and the summary are given. A shortened version of the interview is described and preliminary findings are given on its validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Coping with homosexual expression within heterosexual marriages: five case studies.

The general consensus of previous studies dealing with heterosexually married homosexuals is that the outcome is a rather poor and unhappy marriage, or divorce. The subjects in previous studies, for the most part, had not disclosed their sexual orientation to their marriage partner or were divorced at the time of the study. Presented are five case studies of heterosexual marriages where disclosure to the spouse is evident. Examined are the coping mechanisms involved when such marriages do not end in divorce. A three-phase heuristic model is offered for understanding and aiding individuals in such marriages.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Frequency of marriage and live birth among survivors prenatally exposed to the atomic bomb.

Frequency of marriage and birth as of January 1973 was determined for persons exposed in utero to the atomic bombs in 1945 and for controls. The marriage rate was lower in persons heavily exposed in utero than in the non-exposed or lightly exposed. This difference is attributed partly to the lesser marriageability of persons with mental retardation who are significantly more numerous among the heavily exposed, and partly to unmeasured variables, possibly including social discrimination against survivors of the atomic bomb. No consistent relation was observed between radiation exposure and three reproductive indices: childless marriages, number of births, and interval between marriage and first birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Socioeconomic factors affecting first marriage and birth rates by sex and age in the total Japanese population.

The effects of a wide variety of social, economic and demographic factors on age-specific first marriage and live birth rates in 46 Japanese prefectures were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis for 1970 and again for 1975 after classification of those twenty-two factors by factor analysis. The principal results were as follows: (1) high employment (high income) and social mobility caused by industrialization had a strongly positive influence on the first marriage and birth rates for young females, (2) rural and urban residence factors had positive effects on the marriage and birth rates for young males and females, respectively, (3) old age factor had an inverse effect on the marriage rates for both males and females over a wide range of ages, and (4) young age factor promoted the birth rate for young and middle-aged females. The characteristics of the first marriage and live birth rates in Japan were discussed in the light of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Physician marriages.

A questionnaire study of physicians' ratings of various aspects of their marriage, was sent to 100 randomly selected physicians in Ramsey County (St. Paul, Minnesota). Eighty per cent of the sample responded. All 80 had been married at least once. There were fewer divorces reported compared with the general population. The group of 80 rated their marriages above average. Spouses who were considered extroverted correlated very significantly with a good marriage rating. The educational level of the spouse did not correlate with the marriage rating. Working long hours was not associated with poor marriage ratings or divorce. No significant relationship was revealed in examining the study variables for grouped medical specialties.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Dogmatism, locus of control, and life goals in stable and unstable marriages.

This study hypothesized that individuals in unstable marriages were more dogmatic, more externally controlled, and evidenced more dissimilarity in life-motivating goals than those in stable marriage. Two groups of 22 married couples (designated married-stable and married-unstable) were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Hahn California Life Goals Evaluation Schedules. Although results did not support any of the three hypotheses stated, the findings led to three significant conclusions. First, dogmatic traits that were expected to be predominant in unstable marriages actually were seen as a stabilizing factor when demonstrated by the female spouse. Second, wives in unstable marriages demonstrated greater external locus of control than their husbands. Third, dissimilarities in life goals do not necessarily contribute to marital discordance, but actually are associated with marital stability unless they include the motivational areas of leadership and independence.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Assortative marriage for cognitive abilities.

One hundred and twenty-three spouse pairs gathered as part of a family study of the genetics of special abilities were examined on a battery of ability tests. Four principal components were interpreted after rotation: Spatial, Verbal, Perceptual Speed, and Memory. In addition, the first factor from a common factor analysis (unrotated) was taken as an estimate of g. Assortive marriage was measured by the spouse correlations on the test and factor scores. Three multiple regression models were designed to determine whether phenotypic convergence during marriage occurs and whether resemblance between spouses in cognitive ability is related to fertility. The following independent variables were partialed out in the models: (1) sex and age; (2) sex, age, and length of marriage; and (3) sex, age, and number of children. Model 1 (age and sex) accounted for part of the correlation between spouses on the spatial tests, the verbal tests and the spatial and general factors. The perceptual speed and memory tests and factors were largely unaffected by partialing out the independent variables. No evidence of phenotypic convergence over years of marriage or of a relationship between fertility and resemblance in abilities was found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Treating the marital crisis with the two-marriage equation.

The technique the authors call"two-marriage therapy" (conjoint cotherapy by a married cotherapy team) has been developed to help the couple in a marital crisis confront the elusive nature of marriage, a being with self-images and unconscious deceptions, different from, but not separate from, the images and unconscious deceptions of the separate spouses. The key to the two-marriage analysis os discovering the limitations of cooperative relationships based on roles and expectations and the exploration of a mode of concern we term "coliberation". This paper attempts to show how the presence of a married cotherapy team facilitates this process and adds a significant salutary perspective on the marriage in conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Population structure in the Western Pyrenees: social class, migration and the frequency of consanguineous marriage, 1850 to 1910.

The effects of social class on migration distances and on the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Errazu, a Pyrenean village in Navarre, Spain, have been studied using data from parish records of baptisms and marriages, 1850-1910, and the census data for the year 1897. Migration distances are greater for tenants than for land-owners. Mean marital distances are not significantly different for the two social classes, but the movement of tenant families during married life results in significantly different parent-offspring distances for the two classes, at the 0.001 level for fathers and at the 0.002 level for mothers, by a t-test. Consanguineous marriages, up to and including third cousin marriages, are more frequent among land-owners (16.3 per cent) than among tenants (3.7 per cent). These frequencies are consistent with estimates based on the demographic characteristics of the population. Some implications of these results are discussed with reference to the findings of communities elsewhere in Europe and studies of communities in Japan. The implications of variation in the social class composition of populations with population density, for pedigree inbreeding values, are also considered.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1976

The cohesiveness of alcoholism-complicated marriages and its influence on treatment outcome.

One-hundred husbands, diagnosed as suffering from alcoholism, and their wives, were followed up twelve months after initial consultation and assessment. Follow-up information was complete in 89 cases. On the basis of both husband and wife accounts of the husband's drinking behaviour during the follow-up period, and their assessment of the drinking problem at twelve-months follow-up, 28 were classified as having a 'good' outcome and 29 as having a 'bad' outcome. In the remaining 32 cases outcome was considered 'equivocal'. A composite measure of marital cohesion was predictive of twelve-month outcome classification, cohesive marriages being significantly more likely to have a good outcome. The measure of marital cohesion was based upon husband and wife reports of mutual affection and of husband involvement in family tasks, favourable spouse perceptions and meta-perceptions, and optimism about the future of the marriage. Composite measures of dominance balance within the marriage were not predictive of outcome. Husband's job status, husband's self-esteem, and wife's reported hardship were not independent of marital cohesion, and were themseleves predictive of twelve-months outcome. When these variables were partially controlled it was found that marital cohesion remained predictive for husbands with relatively low status jobs and husbands with relatively low levels of self-esteem. It is an over-simplification to state that either the marriage, the spouse, or the severity of the patient's condition is alone the cause of variation in outcome. It is possible to integrate these findings with those of other studies on the influence of family variables on the outcom of conditions other than alcoholism. Together these studies suggest a general hypothesis linking a breakdown in the cohesiveness, or mutual rewardingness, of family relationships and unfavourable outcomes following treatment or consultation for psychological disorder.

Adult↗