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PubMed2026

Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: performance, pitfalls, and progress.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have revolutionized malaria diagnosis in endemic settings. RDTs are simple to use and accurate for clinical cases, although sensitivity is reduced at parasite densities below 200 parasites/μl. However, increasing prevalence of hrp2/3 gene deletions in certain areas threaten utility of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based RDTs, and lingering HRP2 antigenemia can generate false-positive results after parasite clearance. This review summarizes current performance of malaria RDTs, threats to their validity, and recent innovations to improve their performance and continued role in malaria diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Most World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified RDTs perform well for clinical diagnosis, with only occasional exceptions, including a recently reported issue affecting several countries. RDT sensitivity is generally related to malaria transmission intensity, with higher proportions of false-negative results in lower-transmission areas. Newly prequalified lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based RDTs perform well for both Plasmodium falciparum in areas with >5% hrp2/3 gene deletions and for Plasmodium vivax diagnosis. Several point-of-care alternatives to RDTs, including micro-fluidic devices, hemozoin-detecting devices, and automated hematology analyzers, have shown promising results in small studies, but require larger-scale trials before widespread use. SUMMARY: RDTs remain a critical tool in clinical diagnosis of malaria, and newer pLDH-based tests perform well in areas where hrp2/3 gene deletions threaten validity of HRP2-based RDTs.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Signal recognition particle 14 binds to importin α in Plasmodium falciparum.

BACKGROUND: The eukaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP) consists of six proteins and one SRP RNA. This ribonucleoprotein complex assembles inside the nucleus. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is an essential process for the biogenesis of signal recognition particles (SRPs) as well as for the survival of a cell. There are studies on cells that indicate the import receptor is responsible for import of SRP proteins into nucleus, but there is a lack of evidence that SRP proteins directly bind with import receptors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coding sequences of SRP 14 and importin α were amplified from synthesized cDNA and genomic DNA, respectively, of Plasmodium falciparum cultivated in vitro culture. The amplified products were cloned and expressed in E. coli, followed by purification. A binding study was conducted on glutathione-agarose as well as in a 96-well plate format at different concentrations of SRP 14 with immobilized importin α. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of direct binding between importin α and a eukaryotic signal recognition particle 14 (SRP 14). A cost-effective 96-well plate-based assay has also been developed to study the binding of cargoes of importin α.

Plasmodium falciparum↗
PubMed2026

Chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets for pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: efficacy, resistance risks, and policy implications.

The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 aims to reduce malaria incidence and mortality by 90%, yet widespread pyrethroid resistance among major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa threatens this goal. Thus, the World Health Organization recommends chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid combination nets as a priority intervention where pyrethroid resistance undermines vector control. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the performance, emerging resistance risks, and policy implications of these next-generation insecticide-treated nets. A structured search of literature from 2010 to 2024 across PubMed, Embase, WHO IRIS, and Google Scholar identified 31 eligible studies from 113 records. Evidence shows that chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets consistently outperform pyrethroid-only nets against resistant Anopheles populations, demonstrating a 1.8-fold increase in mosquito mortality (95% CI: 1.5-2.1). Community trials report 40-60% reductions in malaria infection incidence and entomological inoculation rates following deployment. However, early signs of chlorfenapyr resistance have emerged in Anopheles gambiae populations in Central Africa (RR: 2.4, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01), linked to CYP6P4 metabolic overexpression. A significant correlation was also observed between agricultural pesticide use and vector resistance patterns (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.62, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Although chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid nets provide an important short-term tool for managing pyrethroid resistance, their long-term effectiveness depends on integrated resistance management. Rotational deployment with other insecticide classes, strengthened genetic and phenotypic surveillance, and a coordinated 'One Health' approach involving both public health and agriculture are essential to sustain gains and advance progress toward the 2030 malaria targets.

Pyrethrins↗
PubMed2026

A versatile reversed-phase liquid chromatography charged aerosol detection method for streamlined monitoring of QS-21 content and stability in liposomal adjuvant formulations.

Identifying and quantifying an active adjuvant along with its degradants in drug formulations is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of the drug product. QS-21 is a potent adjuvant that is being evaluated in several clinical trials and is currently formulated in licensed vaccines that protect against shingles, malaria, and RSV. In aqueous environments, QS-21 is subject to hydrolytic degradation that is influenced by pH and temperature, resulting in the formation of a degradant known as QS-21 Hydrolyzed Product, QS-21 HP, which can occur during manufacturing and/or prolonged storage. The intact QS-21 and QS-21 HP induce distinct immune response profiles, making it critical to monitor the degradation of QS-21 in vaccine adjuvant formulations. To date, there has been a paucity of reliable assays for QS-21, its isomers, and degradant QS-21 HP in liposomal adjuvant formulations available that can be transferred seamlessly in quality control (QC) environments. Herein, we introduce a simple and QC-friendly liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector (LC-CAD) enabled by stationary phase screening combined with in silico method development optimization. The method exploits 2.7&#xa0;&#x3bc;m fused-core phenyl hexyl particles, ensuring its versatility in standard and ultra-high pressure LC systems. This approach demonstrates a high correlation between predicted retention time (RT) and experimental outcomes with overall &#x2206;RT&#xa0;<&#xa0;4%. In addition, this assay shows great linearity, precision, specificity, and accuracy to advance process development characterization of new vaccine formulations.

Liposomes↗