[Comparison of sleep between 2 Macaca species (Macaca radiata and Macaca mulatta)].
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Response to social challenge in young bonnet (Macaca radiata) and pigtail (Macaca nemestrina) macaques is related to early maternal experiences.
Previous experience affects how young primates respond to challenging social situations. The present retrospective study looked at one aspect of early experience, the quality of the mother-infant relationship, to determine its relationship to young bonnet and pigtail macaques' responses to two social challenges: temporary maternal separation at 5-6 months and permanent transfer to an unfamiliar peer group at 16-17 months. Relationship quality was measured quantitatively on 30 macaque mother-infant pairs with the Relationship Quality Index (RQI), the ratio of relative affiliation to relative agonism as previously applied to capuchin monkeys. Infants with high RQI values had amicable mother-infant relationships and infants with low RQI values had agonistic mother-infant relationships. Young monkeys with amicable and agonistic relationships showed consistent differences in behavior before, during, and after each social challenge, supporting the hypothesis that juveniles from amicable mother-infant relationships based on the RQI coped more effectively with social challenges than did juveniles from agonistic mother-infant relationships. Results suggest 1) characteristic amicability or agonism in early mother-offspring macaque relationships has the potential to influence offspring behavior in tense social contexts and 2) the RQI is useful as one of a coordinated suite of methods for studying the development of social skills.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Teratologic evaluation of imipramine hydrochloride in bonnet (Macaca radiata) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
Imipramine hydrochloride was administered orally twice daily to 18 bonnet and 3 rhesus monkeys between days 23 and 45 of pregnancy for 1-3 or 18-22 days at 1, 2, and 10 times the recommended human dose. No teratologic changes were observed, although signs of maternal toxicity occurred at the high dose level, and the abortion rate was higher than in controls.
Abortifacient Agents↗
Sensory receptors situated in the interphalangeal joint capsule of the fingers of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).
Using bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) the content, location and types of sensory endings with regard to interphalangeal joints of the fingers of the hand were studied. Use of the modification of Barker and Ip [J Physiol (Lond) 1963;124: 476-488] of the de Castros silver method showed that the Paciniform/Pacinian corpuscles are almost the exclusive encapsulated receptors in this tissue. Free nerve endings are present. Using serial paraffin sections stained with the May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain, the proximal interphalangeal joint capsules were reconstructed. This confirmed the results of the study using teased preparations stained by the Barker and Ip method. In addition it was shown that the encapsulated endings were situated exclusively in the lateral and ventral aspects of the joint capsule. The number of lamellae of these encapsulated endings varied from as few as three to more than fifty. It is suggested that the contribution of these various receptors to kinaesthesis can depend on such factors as their relationship with tendons and skin.
Animals↗
Brain acetylcholinesterase activity and multiplicity in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) and the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
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Acetylcholinesterase↗
In-vitro cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi in hepatocytes of Macaca radiata.
Hepatocytes from bonet monkey (Macaca radiata) obtained by perfusion of a liver biopsy were infected in-vitro with Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii sporozoites raised in Anopheles stephensi. The development of exoerythrocytic (EE) stages was seen under phase contrast microscope and by Giemsa staining. Multinucleated EE-stages were seen in the cultured hepatocytes on day 7-8 post-sporozoite inoculation.
Animals↗
Radiation-induced fetal testicular damage in the monkey (Macaca radiata).
The testes of five monkeys (Macaca radiata) were examined histologically for evidence of damage, following in utero fractionated X-irradiation. Radiation-induced damage was found in the testes of animals beginning at total exposures of 170 r, when compared to controls.
Animals↗
Ultrastructure of testes and excurrent ducts in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).
The testes and excurrent ducts of four bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The three layers of contractile and connective tissue composing the tunica albuginea, and the multilayered tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules were similar to that of man. Spermatids project from the epithelium or are found free in the lumen. The stages of the cycle of the germinal epithelium in the bonnet macaque were similar to that in other macaques. The epithelium of the rete testis consisted of thin brush-bordered cells, whereas the epithelium of the efferent ducts consisted of tall, prismatic or cylindrical cells lined by kinocillia or short stereocilia and basal cells. The height of the epididymal epithelium and lumen diameter was maximal in the caput region and minimal at the cauda. Spermatozoa were found among clusters of stereocilia. The epithelium of the vas deferens showed gradual transition from the stereocilia covering typical of the epididymis to that of a shorter, apical microvilli covering.
Animals↗
Recognition of partially concealed leopards by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). The role of the spotted coat.
Wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) have been shown to recognize models of leopards (Panthera pardus), based on their configuration and spotted yellow coat. This study examined whether bonnet macaques could recognize the spotted and dark melanic morph when partially concealed by vegetation. Seven troops were studied at two sites in southern India, the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. The forequarters and hindquarters of the two leopard morphs were presented from behind thick vegetation to individuals at feeding stations 25 m away. Flight reaction times and frequency of flight were obtained from video for only those individuals who oriented towards the models prior to hearing alarm calls. Bonnet macaques exhibited faster reaction times and greater frequency of flight after looking at the spotted morph's forequarter than after looking at either its spotted hindquarter or the dark morph's forequarter. The hindquarter of the dark morph was ignored completely. Artificial neural network modeling examined the perceptual aspects of leopard face recognition and the role of spots as camouflage. When spots were integrated into the pattern recognition process via network training, these spots contributed to leopard face recognition. When networks were not trained with spots, spots did not act as camouflage by disrupting facial features.
Animals↗
Cardiovascular effects in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) of a cassava-based protein-deficient diet.
Bonnet Monkeys (Macaca radiata) were maintained for up to 5 mo on protein-deficient diets that contained tapioca starch (cassava starch) as the source of carbohydrate. The animals developed mucopolysaccharidosis of blood vessels and cardiomyopathic changes in the heart. These changes were similar to the mucoid vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy seen in Kerala where tapioca is consumed as a staple diet by a large proportion of the people. The lesions were enhanced by longer duration of feeling the diet and in protein-deficient animals given additional amounts of tapioca starch. This indicates that protein-carbohydrate malnutrition does play a role in the induction of such cardiovascular disorders.
Animals↗
Antifertility effects of porcine zona pellucida-3 immunization using permissible adjuvants in female bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata): reversibility, effect on follicular development and hormonal profiles.
Female bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata (n = 8, four per group) were immunized with purified 55 kDa glycoprotein from porcine zona pellucida (ZP3) and ZP3 conjugated to the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta hCG) using adjuvants permissible for human use (alum, muramyl dipeptide and sodium phthalyl derivative of lipopolysaccharide). The animals were monitored for anti-ZP3 antibody titres, biweekly progesterone concentrations, menstrual cyclicity and status of fertility. All the animals generated a good anti-ZP3 antibody response, continued to have ovulatory cycles, remained infertile in the presence of high anti-ZP3 antibody titres and showed no disturbance in cyclicity (except summer amenorrhoea). Examinations by laparoscope showed normal ovaries with developing follicles or corpora lutea on the surface. Fifty per cent of the animals conceived after a decline in antibody titres. Ovaries of animals that failed to regain fertility were examined for changes in morphology at times when anti-ZP3 antibody titres in the circulation were low and following a booster when titres were high. None of the ovaries showed any sign of inflammation or lymphocytic infiltration. Follicles at different stages of development were seen in all of the ovaries. No significant reduction in the number of follicles, except in one monkey (MRA 178), was observed. There was no increase in the numbers of atretic or degenerating follicles. The results showed that ZP3 immunization with permissible adjuvants could be used for immunocontraception without obvious ovarian changes.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Atrial septal defect in a bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata).
Atrial Septal Defect was detected at autopsy in a subadult bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). Case history and autopsy findings were described.
Animals↗
Breeding of bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) in captivity.
The results of studies on the breeding of South Indian bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) over 20 years at our institution are presented. The menstrual cycle and hormonal changes were similar to those reported for Macaca mulatta. It was noted that summer amenorrhoea could be eliminated by housing the monkeys in rooms supplied with humidified air. Although a fertility index (proportion of animals becoming pregnant within three exposures to a proven fertile male) of 60 to 65% was achieved by random breeding, an index of 80 to 85% was achieved by controlled breeding (prior monitoring of serum estradiol-17 beta concentration on days 7, 8, 9, and 10).
Amenorrhea↗
Serum concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone during early pregnancy in the south Indian bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).
Serum concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) during early pregnancy in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata), were determined by a radioimmunoassay validated for measuring monkey chorionic gonadotrophin. The earliest time at which CG could be detected was on the 28th day of a fertile cycle and it could not be detected beyond the 50th day. During a fertile cycle, mean values of oestradiol-17 beta, in addition to exhibiting a preovulatory peak around Days 9-10 of cycle, exhibited a secondary peak around Day 30 of the cycle. Serum progesterone levels remained elevated throughout the period of study from Day 18 to Day 50 and at no time did the levels fall below 2 ng/ml.
Animals↗
Sialic acid content of serum, urine and leukocytes during pregnancy in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).
Serum, urinary and leukocyte sialic acid content was determined in five bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) during the later two-thirds or pregnancy. There was a progressive increase in the levels of serum sialic acid till about one week prior to delivery, followed by a significant decline at parturition and a sharp peak shortly after delivery. The levels came down to non-pregnancy values by two months postpartum. The urinary sialic acid levels were also elevated during pregnancy, but there was no parallelism between the trends exhibited in serum and urine. The sialic acid content of leukocytes was in the non-pregnancy range throughout the period of the study. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of high levels of serum-bound sialic acid in the protection of the antigenically foreign fetus from the adverse reactions of the maternal immune response.
Animals↗
Hand usage in a colony of bonnet monkeys, Macaca radiata.
Handedness and its possible inheritance have been studied in a colony of 69 Macaca radiata by observation of hand usage during daily feeding and foraging activities. Each animal was observed for the number of right- and left-handed actions made during two tasks:feeding and searching. Individual animals fell into one of three classes: significantly right-handed, significantly left-handed, and no significant preference. For analysis, handedness was considered as both a directional phenomenon (percentage right-handed usage) and a degree phenomenon (absolute deviation from 50:50 hand usage). Feeding and searching were significantly correlated for both direction and degree. Therefore, laterality for handedness does exist in this primate species. A developmental aspect to laterality was suggested by the positive correlation of degree with age. No mother-offspring correlations were found for either direction or degree and half-sibships were not more similar for either. Thus, there is no evidence for a genetic component to either direction or degree of handedness.
Age Factors↗
Purified and refolded recombinant bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein-B expressed in Escherichia coli binds to spermatozoa.
Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein-B (bmZPB), excluding the N:-terminal signal sequence and the C:-terminus transmembrane-like domain, has been expressed in Escherichia coli as polyhistidine fusion protein. A requirement of 4 M urea to maintain the purified protein in soluble state rendered it unsuitable for biological studies. Purification of refolded r-bmZPB without urea and devoid of lower molecular weight fragments was achieved by following an alternate methodology that involved purification of inclusion bodies to homogeneity and solubilization in the presence of a low concentration of chaotropic agent (2 M urea) and high pH (pH 12). The solubilized protein was refolded in the presence of oxidized and reduced glutathione. The circular dichroism spectra revealed the presence of both alpha helical and beta sheet components in the secondary structure of the refolded r-bmZPB. The binding of the refolded r-bmZPB to the spermatozoa was evaluated by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and also by direct binding of the biotinylated r-bmZPB. The binding was restricted to the principal segment of the acrosomal cap of capacitated bonnet monkey spermatozoa. In the acrosome-reacted spermatozoa a shift in the binding pattern of r-bmZPB was observed and it bound to the equatorial segment, postacrosomal domain, and midpiece region. Binding of biotinylated r-bmZPB was inhibited by cold r-bmZPB as well as by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies generated against r-bmZPB. These results suggest that nonglycosylated bmZPB binds to capacitated as well as acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in a nonhuman primate and may have a functional role during fertilization.
Animals↗
Infection of Macaca radiata with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis group.
Our studies confirmed the susceptibility of Macaca radiata (bonnet macaques) to Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and enabled us to demonstrate KFD virus-specific gastrointestinal and lymphoid lesions. Significant histopathological changes occurred in the small and large intestine, spleen and lymph nodes; and viral antigens were found in these same organs by immunohistochemistry. Viral antigen-positive cells were always associated with histological evidence of necrosis, which suggests that cell death occurred directly from viral replication or secondarily from attack by immune mechanisms. In contrast, M. radiata infected with Omsk virus did not show any signs of clinical disease, and no virus could be isolated from tissues or blood at the end of the experiment. However, M. radiata infected with Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) developed clinical signs in the central nervous system; and, in one monkey, RSSE virus was isolated from the brain, and viral antigen was localized in neurons. Our data indicate that M. radiata is an excellent model to study human disease caused by KFD virus and could serve as a model for human disease caused by other, related strains of this group of viruses.
Animals↗