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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Inhibin-like and gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity in pituitary cells of male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta).

Inhibin-like immunoreactivity was detected by immunocytochemistry in the pituitaries of untreated male crab-eating macaques (cynomolgus monkey) and rhesus monkeys, in rhesus monkeys actively immunized against FSH, and in one orchidectomized crab-eating macaque. Localizations were performed by the immunogold-silver staining with 5-nm colloidal gold-conjugated second or third antibodies and by the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline-phosphatase technique. Two different inhibin-specific antisera, raised against the alpha-subunit or the entire inhibin molecule, provided identical staining patterns. Positive label was confined to the pars distalis of the pituitary and occurred exclusively in the cytoplasm of morphologically different cell types throughout the pars distalis in all pituitaries. Staining was most prominent in clusters of chromophobic cells. The presence of inhibin-like activity in the pituitary of an orchidectomized monkey with undetectable serum inhibin levels suggests that inhibin is produced within the pituitary gland. Co-localization studies for the beta-subunits of the gonadotropic hormones revealed that on average 82% of the gonadotropes were bihormonal. Using the same protocol, co-localization of inhibin-like activity with gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity revealed only a small degree of common distribution (less than 15%). Inhibin-positive cells were frequently in close proximity to gonadotropic cells and, thus, paracrine effects of inhibin on gonadotropin-synthesizing cells are conceivable.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunization of Macaca fascicularis (Macaca irus) monkeys with Streptococcus mutans: specificity of antibody responses in saliva.

M fascicularis monkeys were immunized subcutaneously in the vicinity of the major salivary glands and by retrograde infusion into the parotid duct, with a vaccine containing Formalin-killed S mutans strain 6715 cells and culture-fluid antigens. Indirect immunofluorescent staining was used to titrate and classify antibodies. Subcutaneous immunization induced only a serum response, whereas intraductal infusion stimulated both an IgA antibody response in the parotid fluid and a serum response. Immunized and nonimmunized control groups were orally infected with S mutans strain 6715. The establishment in dental plaque was quantitated by recovery of the infecting organism on selective media and by immunofluorescent staining of plaque smears taken from individual tooth surfaces. The establishment of S mutans strain 6715 was noticeably inhibited in immune monkeys. Immunofluorescent assays for antibody also showed that serum and parotid fluid containing serum IgA antibodies cross reacted with other d serotype and a serotype strains but not representative b and c strains. Immune and control groups were then orally infected with S mutans strain GS-5, a c serotype strain, and no inhibition in establishment was detected of the non-cross-reacting type c organism in the immune group. A latter series of booster immunizations via the intraductal route resulted in a significant decrease in parotid fluid flow. Histological investigations showed inflammatory cell infiltration and replacement of epithelium by connective tissue in the glands from immunized monkeys. A separate group of monkeys, younger than the first, was immunized with the same vaccine via the duct only. In this group, immunizations were given at shorter intervals, but the immunization response was similar to that observed in the first group. The investigations reviewed here and new experiments reported show that immunization of monkeys with S mutan strain 6715 via the parotid duct elicited a reproducible IgA antibody response in the parotid fluid as well as a serum antibody response. Inhibition of colonization on tooth surfaces in immune monkeys showed specificity for the immunizing strain suggesting that inhibition was antibody mediated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Radiation-induced translocations in spermatogonial stem cells of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta.

3 adult monkeys, one Macaca fascicularis and two Macaca mulatta, were whole-body irradiated with 1 Gy gamma-rays (60 Co). Reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonial stem cells were scored as translocation multivalents in primary spermatocytes from 7.5 to 27.5 months after exposure. The translocation yields ranged from 4.1% at the earliest to 1.8% at the latest sampling interval. No significant differences were observed in the responses of the individual animals. A decline in the translocation frequencies with time after treatment was found in all 3 animals. The present data are different from those reported for testicular X-irradiation of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta (van Buul, 1980; Lyon et al., 1976) in that the translocation yields are higher. They are consistent with the results reported for testicular gamma-irradiation of the crab-eating monkey Macaca fascicularis (Matsuda et al., 1984, 1985). In view of the present results it appears unlikely that a species difference exists within the genus Macaca in the sensitivity of spermatogonial stem cells to the induction of translocations by ionizing radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Latitudinal and insular variation of skull size in crab-eating macaques (primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis).

Macaca fascicularis is broadly distributed in Southeast Asia across 30 degrees of latitude and 35 degrees of longitude (Indochinese Peninsula, Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine Islands, and numerous small, neighboring islands). The range is divisible into 1) a core area comprised of mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (large land masses interconnected during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 B.P.); 2) shallow-water fringing islands, which are smaller islands connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum; and 3) deep-water fringing islands, which are peripheral islands not connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum. Skull length was used to study effects of latitude and insularity on patterns of size variation. The data are from 802 adult M. fascicularis specimens from 140 core-area localities, 63 shallow-water islands, and 29 deep-water islands. Sex-specific polynomial regressions of skull length on latitude were used to describe skull length variation in the core area. These regressions served as standards for evaluating variation among samples from shallow-water and deep-water islands. The core area exhibits Bergmannian latitudinal size clines through most of the species range. Thus, skull length decreases from about 8 degrees S (Java) to the equator (Sumatra and Borneo), then increases as far north as about 13 degrees N (Isthmus of Kra). Farther north, to the northernmost Indochinese localities at about 17 degrees N, skull length in M. fascicularis decreases with increasing latitude, contrary to Bergmann's rule. Latitudinal size variation in shallow-water fringing islands generally parallels that in the core area. However, skull length tends to be smaller than in the core area at similar latitudes. Deep-water fringing islands are markedly more variable, with relatively small specimens in the Lesser Sunda Islands and relatively large specimens in the Nicobar Islands. These analyses illustrate how a primate species may vary in response to latitudinal temperature variation and to isolation.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1990

Serial transmission of a putative causative virus of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis to Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta.

In order to establish an animal model and to identify a causative virus of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, Macaca fascicularis was inoculated with a fecal extract obtained from Myanmar patients with acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis. The primates developed acute hepatitis exhibited by a transient elevation of aminotransferases in the sera and occurrence of hepatic necroinflammation between 2 and 4 weeks postinoculation. Subsequent second passage of the fecal extract made from first-passage primates into another Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta induced acute hepatitis. Likewise, third passage was also successfully performed. Immune electron microscopy of the stool extract incubated with the primate serum at the acute phase of hepatitis showed an aggregation of virus-like particles. These particles consisted of full and empty round particles without an envelope, measuring approximately 27 nm in diameter. A dispersion of similar particles was found ultrastructurally in the hyaloplasm of hepatocytes surrounding the focal necrosis. This putative causative virus appears to be a new hepatitis virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cholinergic innervation of the primate hippocampal formation. I. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta monkeys.

The cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal formation of Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus) and Macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys was investigated by immunohistochemical procedures using a monoclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the monkey demonstrated both similarities and differences with the staining patterns observed in the rat or with acetylcholinesterase in the monkey. While both of these latter preparations demonstrated labeled cells, for example, no choline acetyltransferase labeled neurons were observed in the monkey hippocampal formation. Choline acetyltransferase activity was restricted to fibers which varied in thickness and number of varicosities and in their regional and laminar distribution. The highest densities of labeled fibers were observed in the uncal portion of the hippocampus, in the parasubiculum, and in the entorhinal cortex; the lowest densities of labeled fibers were observed in CA1 and in midrostrocaudal levels of the dentate gyrus. In the dentate gyrus, immunoreactive fibers were densely distributed in the molecular layer and in an infragranular plexus. One of the few striking noticeable interspecies differences was observed in the dentate gyrus. In the rhesus monkey, labeled fibers in the molecular layer were divided into a superficial denser and an inner lighter lamina, whereas in M. fascicularis, the cholinergic fibers were distributed more homogeneously throughout the molecular layer. In the hippocampus proper, there was a progressive decrease in the density of ChAT-immunoreactive fibers from CA3/CA2 into CA1. The subiculum also demonstrated modest labeling which was nonetheless higher than in CA1; the border of these fields demonstrated increased fiber labeling. The density of choline acetyltransferase staining was high in the presubiculum and parasubiculum. In the entorhinal cortex, a relatively clear boundary was observed between the more heavily stained superficial layers (I, II, and III) and the more weakly labeled deep layers (V and VI), especially in the intermediate and caudal fields. A transverse decreasing gradient was observed with the densest plexus of cholinergic fibers found in the medially situated olfactory field of the entorhinal cortex and the lowest density in the laterally located caudal and lateral fields.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Normal serum biochemical, hematological, and EKG parameters in anesthetized adult male Macaca fascicularis and Macaca arctoides.

Selected serum enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, protein, albumin, bilirubin, BUN, hematology, and electrocardiograms (EKG) were obtained from adult male cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and adult male stumptailed (Macaca arctoides) macaques. Serum alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, albumin, bilirubin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and monocytes were significantly lower in the cynomogus monkeys. This relationship was reversed for serum levels of triglycerides, phosphorus, red blood cell counts and lymphocytes. EKG analysis revealed significantly increased PR interval and QRS wave duration in the cynomolgus species. However, there were no differences in heart rate. Right axis deviation was common in both species.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1979

Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. I. Similarities and dissimilarities between Macaca fascicularis and Macaca arctoides.

Comparative studies of reproductive characteristics were carried out on a colony of Macaca fascicularis and M. arctoides. Seasonal differences were not significant between species, and conceptions occurred throughout the year. The occurrence of short cycles ('luteal phase defect') was found in 2.9% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 1.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Long cycles (40-50 days) were found in 4.0% of all M. fascicularis cycles and 3.5% of all M. arctoides cycles. Gestation lengths averaged 172.4 and 165.3 days, respectively, for M. arctoides and M. fascicularis. Ovulation in M. fascicularis occurred at a day of ovulation/cycle length ratio of 0.48 +/- 0.08 compared with 0.48 +/- 0.09 for M. mulatta data previously published.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lipid profiles of cerebral gray matter and livers of macaque monkeys Macaca fascicularis and Macaca fuscata fuscata: a comparative study during development.

The lipid and fatty acid profiles in cerebral gray matter and livers were studied in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and M. fuscata fuscata) of different ages. In cerebral gray matter, the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (PC/PE) ratio decreased in animals more than 3 years old, while the cholesterol/lipid-phosphorus ratios and the unsaturation indices increased, as compared with those in fetuses and newborns. The level of 22:6n-3 in PE of cerebral gray matter increased up to 3 years old, mainly by replacing 20:4n-6, whereas the level in phosphatidylserine did not change significantly with age. The hepatic lipid-phosphorus levels and PC/PE ratios were lower in newborns than in animals more than 3 years old. The level of 22:6n-3 in liver phospholipid did not change, while that of 20:4n-6 was lower in animals more than 3 years old than in newborns.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerve fibers in human and monkey (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) kidneys.

Nerve fibers immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were demonstrated for the first time by the indirect immunofluorescence technique in human and monkey kidneys. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers showing varicosities were observed in the adventitia of arcuate arteries and their branches. The density of VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers decreased from the juxtamedullary region to the cortex. Occasionally a VIP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fiber was observed near the vascular pole of a glomerulus, but no direct innervation of afferent or efferent arterioles in either monkey or human kidney was found. The distribution of VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the monkey and human kidneys was similar to that reported in other species, with less density. The functional role of VIP in the innervation of the kidney is not known, but various suggestions have been made regarding the possible involvement of VIP on vasodilation of selective intrarenal blood vessels, renin secretion, and/or effects on tubules. While none of these questions were established at this time they would appear to be logical areas for further study.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Macaca fascicularis vs. Macaca nemestrina as a model for topical microbicide safety studies.

Preclinical studies of topical microbicide products, using appropriate animal models for assessing the safety of repeated use are essential. The pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model has been used to assess the safety of vaginally and rectally applied topical microbicide products. The availability of sexually mature female pig-tailed macaques has become extremely restricted. Currently, M. fascicularis is more readily available, and was therefore evaluated as an alternative model for topical microbicide pre-clinical evaluation. Twenty sexually mature M. fascicularis were assessed for feasibility to mimic the established models. The rectal and cervicovaginal microenvironments of the M. fascicularis were determined to be similar to those of M. nemestrina and humans. The gross anatomy was significantly smaller than that of the pig-tailed macaque, such that colposcopic examinations and multiple biopsies would not be possible. Thus, the M. fascicularis may not be useful for vaginally applied topical microbicide safety studies yet adequate for assessing safety of rectally applied topical microbicide products.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys as experimental models of acute Q fever after aerosol exposure to phase-I Coxiella burnetii.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Q fever is a disease of humans. Vaccines to prevent this disease have demonstrated efficacy in rodents and must also be evaluated for efficacy in a nonhuman primate model. Preliminary to vaccine efficacy experiments, cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys were evaluated as suitable experimental models of acute Q fever. METHODS: Both species of monkeys were challenged with aerosolized 10(5) virulent phase-I Coxiella burnetii Henzerling strain, and clinical and serologic responses were determined. RESULTS: Radiographic changes were observed in seven of eight monkeys of both species; however, changes in cynomolgus monkeys tended to be more significant. Between 7 and 10 days after challenge, all rhesus monkeys and 88% of cynomolgus monkeys were bacteremic. Sequential increases in antibody responses to C. burnetii phase-I and phase-II whole cells and phase-I lipopolysaccharide were observed in both species. Although the maximal rectal temperature increase was similar in both species, duration of fever was slightly longer in rhesus monkeys. Clinical features were similar to those described in human acute Q fever patients. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the more pronounced radiographic changes in cynomolgus monkeys, we favor use of this species for future studies of vaccine efficacy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Ethanol-related changes in liver microsomes and mitochondria from the monkey, Macaca fascicularis.

Four Macaca fascicularis monkeys were maintained 1 year on a liquid diet containing 26% of calories as ethanol. Four control animals were fed a liquid diet of equivalent calories with protein, carbohydrate, and fat being substituted for ethanol calories. In liver mitochondria prepared from ethanol-fed monkeys (ethanol mitochondria), respiratory control was lowered 20% due to a decrease in state 3 respiration (28%). This was also accompanied by a 20% decrease in ADP translocation into ethanol mitochondria. The major change was a 61% decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity. The respiratory rate in the presence of uncoupler was also lowered 14%, but the decrease was not statistically significant. In contrast with our earlier observations with Macaca nemestrina, no significant ethanol-induced changes were observed in enzyme activities associated with the microsomal electron transport system, and no ethanol-elicited fatty liver was evident. The major changes in fatty acid composition of microsomal and mitochondrial phospholipids were increased amounts of palmitoleic and oleic acids, and decreased amounts of linoleic and arachidonic acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The behavioral effects of prenatal and early postnatal lead exposure in the primate Macaca fascicularis.

Female Macaca fascicularis monkeys were given daily oral doses of 3.0 and 4.25 mg/kg lead, as lead nitrate, prior to breeding, and exposure was maintained throughout gestation and terminated at parturition. No overt signs of lead toxicity were observed in the maternal monkeys. The offspring were tested at 6 to 18 months of age on a three-choice non-spatial form discrimination paradigm, and at 19 to 26 months of age on a response inhibition task. When compared to controls, the lead-exposed infants showed a deficit in form discrimination performance which continued during the entire period of testing. A deficit in response inhibition performance was also observed in exposed infants when compared to controls. However, the deficit was temporary, as the performance of all groups was similar at the termination of testing. The observation of a persistent deficit in form discrimination up to 18 months following the termination of exposure suggests that lead-induced behavioral changes may be permanent. These findings are cause for concern since behavioral deficits in the offspring were observed at maternal gestational whole blood lead levels within a concentration range (30 to 70 micrograms/dl) associated with occupational exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Architecture of minor salivary gland duct/lymphoid follicle associations and possible antigen-recognition sites in the monkey Macaca fascicularis.

In Macaca fascicularis, lymphoid follicles with germinal centres related to minor salivary gland ducts are frequently found in the mucosa of lips, cheeks and the soft palate. Three semi-three-dimensional reconstructions, each based on 3 sets of 230-300 serial Epon sections, of such duct/follicle-assemblies (2 in the soft palate and 1 in the lip) and electron microscopic observations were made. These revealed that (1) these structures were about 0.05-0.1 mm3 in size, (2) they were found preferentially at sites where small interlobular ducts fused to form a pelvis-like basin from which blind duct portions protruded into the surrounding lymphoid tissue and (3) they often included a germinal centre which partly embraced blind ducts. The walls of such blind ducts were heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes and in part blast-forming T-cells. Portions of the walls of interlobular and main secretory ducts, passing directly or peripherally through follicles, were also infiltrated with lymphocytes. The duct lumen within the follicles contained clusters of Gram-negative bacteria, probably rods. Based on these findings, it is argued that gland duct/follicle assemblies represent physiological entities, either formed and re-formed temporarily or of long-standing nature, which may provide the locus (i.e. tonsillar microcrypt-like pouches) and the structural matrix necessary for local antigen recognition. The antigens (bacteria, macromolecules in salivary fluid, etc.) might enter the above structure by way of the secretory ducts. Such matrices may also exist in man.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparative studies with six extenders for sperm cryopreservation in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Ejaculated spermatozoa from cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus monkeys were frozen in straws with six different extenders (TTE, DM, mDM, LG-DM, G-DM, and TCG) containing glycerol. Sperm motility and head membrane and acrosomal integrity were evaluated after freezing and thawing, and the cryoprotective effects were compared among the extenders and the two species studied. The results showed that sperm motility and motility recovery with the six extenders were comparable for the cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys. There was no significant difference in sperm motility and head membrane integrity among the six extenders in either the cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys (P>0.05). However, a slightly but statistically lower percentage of acrosomal integrity was found with TCG in both species compared to the other extenders (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that TTE, DM, mDM, LG-DM, G-DM, and TCG are equally suitable extenders for the cryopreservation of spermatozoa from cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1975

Lymphocyte cultures of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis.

Lymphocytes of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis were cultured using a microculture technic. The use of RPMI-1640 with fetal calf serum as a culture medium and an extra dose of phytohemagglutinin produced excellent results. Staining of the chromosomes by the Gemsa banding technic did not reveal any differences between the karyotypes of the Macaca species.

Anemia↗