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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Pattern detection by mongol and non-mongol subnormals.

Ten mongols and ten clinically heterogeneous subnormals matched on chronological age, mental age and digit span took part in an experiment in which tape-recorded supra-span digit sequences with different patterns were presented. There were six patterns: random, mirror (e.g. 583385); same-digit pairs (e.g. 558833), same-digit throughout (e.g. 333333), couplet repetition (e.g. 585858) and triplet repetition (583583). The numbers of digits correctly recalled in any order by the mongols in the various conditions ranked from least to most were: random, mirror, same-digit pairs, same-digit messages, triplet repetition and couplet repetition. The rank order for the non-mongols was the same except that the positions of couplet and triplet repetition were reversed. Mongols had significantly poorer recall for random, mirror and same-digit pair messages than non-mongols but were their equals in other conditions. The mongols' performance was more sensitive to pattern than the performance of the other subjects. There was some evidence that, in the messages with same-digit pairs and the same digit throughout, all subjects (but mongols in particular) tended to insert new digits into the response sequence and that the digit introduced was the next one in simple arithmetic progression. It would appear that the hypothesis about poor auditory-vocal channelling capacities of mongols needs qualification.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Clinical psychological studies on adolescent and adult mongols (author's transl)].

A group of 20 mongol adolescents and adults with an average age of 19 years was strictly parallelized with a group of 20 brain-damaged adolescents and adults of other diagnostic groups with respect to age and intelligence level (average age 19 and average intelligence 50.65--52.90). The hypothesis of a possible deterioration of performance and personality was checked with the following battery of tests: Hamburg-Wechsler intelligence test for adults, the motoricity test according to Walther and the Rorschach experiment. The average difference in the sub-tests of HAWIE primarily emphasize the psycho-organic disturbance in visual-motor coordination, which is seen to a much greater extent in mongols than in non-mongols. The significant difference in completing pictures indicates an intensification of psycho-organicity. In agreement with the observations of WUNDERLICH, the psychomotoricity of the mongols is significantly slower and less adroit than the psychomotoricity of non-mongol oligophrenias. Non-significant differences in the psycho-organic sign (P%, F+%) in disfavor the mongols were seen in the Rorschach experiment. Factorial analysis distinguished the two groups very clearly. In the three most important factors, the mongol group showed stronger signs of psycho-organicity and weak mental performance associated with an intensified neuroticism factor compared with the brain-damage oligophrenia group of other diagnostic origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1962

The chromosome abnormality in mongolism.

In an examination of our present knowledge regarding chromosome anomalies in mongolism the anomalies of trisomy-21 (the commonest anomaly in association with mongolism), 13-15/21 translocation and 21-22/21 translocation were illustrated and discussed. The relatively uncommon chromosome translocations and chromosome mosaicisms found in association with mongolism have especial clinical importance. Translocation of either type may occur as an isolated finding in a mongoloid patient. However, the translocation chromosome is frequently also found in one of the phenotypically normal parents. This is associated with an increased incidence of mongolism in the offspring, though the actual risk figure is uncertain in view of the small number of families described to date. The occurrence of chromosome mosaicism in mongolism may be associated with incomplete manifestation of the syndrome, and the ultimate mental development in such patients has varied from normal to severely retarded in cases described in the literature.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1979

Discrimination of size, form and order in mongol and other mentally handicapped children.

136 mongol, 129 non-mongol subnormal and 152 normal children were tested in a series of experiments to determine visual discrimination and perceptual skills in size, form and order. An attempt was made to demonstrate possible differences in strategies and behaviour in the groups, particularly in the mongol group. It was shown that, in spite of contrary impressions arising from results of normal standardised tests, in these three groups matched on M.A., there was no significant difference in performance when extraneous developmental factors were eliminated. The literature relating to this is discussed. There was further support for the existing experimental evidence that poor short-term memory for visual stimuli in terms of size, form and order is a characteristic weakness of subnormal groups. No relationship was found between M.A. and visual perceptual tasks in any group; supporting the theory that perceptual skills develop independently. A peculiar phenomenon was discovered in the mongol group significant enough to warrant further investigation, viz. a distinctive form of perseveration and a related and clearly marked tendency to order reversal. Suggestions are made and possible reasons presented for this, but, at this stage, without experimental backing.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Dermatoglyphics and the persistence of 'Mongolism'.

In 1961, a prestigious group of medical researchers called on their colleagues to stop using the language of 'Mongolism' to describe people with what we now call 'Down's syndrome' (or Trisomy 21). This call responded to new knowledge about the biological basis of Down's syndrome: rather than the product of racial degeneration, as had been hypothesized in the 19th century, the condition was the result of an extra chromosome, dubbed '21'. Yet, despite this plea, the terms 'Mongol' and 'Mongolism' continued in scientific use through the 1960s. Drawing on published and archival materials, I argue that the new knowledge about chromosomes did not rupture older patterns of scientific practice or interpretation, and with them, older terminological habits. The persistence of the language of Mongolism reflects the continuity of a network of older approaches to interpreting the condition within the community of human and medical geneticists, including an enduring diagnostic and interpretive technology, dermatoglyphics. Old networks were not supplanted; they were re-aligned.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed1964

ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF MONGOLISM AND OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

There is a need for accurate ascertainment of incidence and prevalence rates of congenital anomalies. In British Columbia the Registry for Handicapped Children and Adults used in conjunction with vital records has proved a valuable source of information. Birth notifications alone cannot be relied upon for incidence data. It was found that seven times as many cases of congenital heart disease were registered subsequently as were reported at birth. The estimated minimal incidence rates of mongolism and congenital heart disease per 1000 live births were 1.46 and 4.75, respectively. The well-known association of maternal age with mongolism was confirmed. Twice as many babies with congenital heart disease (without mongolism) were born to mothers over 39 years of age as would be expected on the basis of the maternal age distribution for all live births in the population. Prevalence estimates of these two diseases compared favourably with other published estimates.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Prevalence of mongolism in Northern Ireland.

An estimate of prevalence of mongolism at birth in Northern Ireland (1960-69 gave a frequency of 2.23 per 1000 livebirths. This figure is considerably higher than from other published sources within the United Kingdom. The estimate was derived by applying mortality experience of a sample of mongols over a recent time period. Mortality among mongols born to older mothers was after one year almost fifty per cent whilst those born to younger mothers was twenty-three per cent. These findings have implications for the viability of future screening programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Corneal and superficial conjunctival pigmentation in Eskimos, Mongols, and Caucasians.

Pigmentation was noticed on or round the cornea in 44% of 257 Eskimos (East Greenland) and 25% of 189 Mongols (Japan), but no more than 4% of 795 Caucasians in Denmark. Superficial pigmentation on the bulbar conjunctiva was seen in 58% of Eskimos, 48% of Mongols and 10% of Caucasians. In Eskimos it is in most cases localized nasally (54%). In Caucasians the inferior and superior sites predominate (39% and 30%, respectively). The prevalence in both groups was found to rise with increasing age and to be significantly highest among men. Pigmentation of the cornea alone was most frequent among Mongols (22%). Then followed Eskimos (14%) and Caucasians (2%) in decreasing order. The pigmentation on or round the cornea is independent of iris colour in Caucasians, but is related to melanosis of the bulbar conjunctiva, the caruncle and the plica semilunaris.

Adolescent↗