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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effect of a static magnetic field on blood flow to the metacarpus in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a static magnetic field on relative blood flow to the metacarpus of horses. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Red blood cells were radiolabeled in vivo by administration of technetium Tc 99m (pyro- and trimeta-) phosphates, and scintigraphic images were obtained 30 minutes later. A magnetic wrap that emitted a static magnetic field was applied to 1 metacarpus and a control wrap was applied to the contralateral metacarpus. Forty-eight hours later, the wraps were removed, and scintigraphy was repeated. Relative perfusion ratios were calculated by dividing mean count per pixel for the portion of the metacarpus under the wrap by mean count per pixel for a portion of the distal aspect of the antebrachium that was not in the magnetic field. RESULTS: The difference between the relative perfusion ratio prior to application of the wrap and the ratio after application of the wrap for limbs that received the magnetic wrap was not significantly different from the difference in ratio for limbs that received the control wrap. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in horses, the static magnetic field associated with application of commercially available magnetic wraps for 48 hours does not increase blood flow to the portion of the metacarpus underneath the wrap.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The functional significance of the fifth metacarpus and hypothenar in two useful grips of the hand.

Two useful grips for daily living and professional life concerning the two ulnar fingers, designated the "locking grip" and the "supporting grip," are presented. Flexion of the fifth metacarpus was recorded by an electrogoniographic method together with an electromyogram of the hypothenar muscles during formation of the two grips. For the locking grip the flexed position of the fifth metacarpus was shown to be the functional basis of the hypothenar muscles, especially the abductor digiti minimi, operating on the proximal phalanges of the little finger, thus giving full strength to the grip together with the ulnar hand flexor. For the supporting grip the flexed metacarpus enables the stretched little finger to prop up an ordinary plate and hold it horizontally. After immobilization of the ulnar fingers as a result of trauma or in the after care of cases of entrapments of the ulnar nerve, there often arise difficulties in restoring the two grips, mostly because of the atrophy of the hypothenar. A simple method, based on the statements above, of reactivating an atrophic hypothenar and exercising the fingers is suggested. A functional positioning of the fifth metacarpus and ulnar fingers during immobilization to favor the rehabilitation of the two grips is also recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

[Medial and volar approach to fractures of the base of the fifth metacarpus].

A medial and volar approach to the base of the fifth metacarpus for exposing finger joint fractures is described. The dorsal approach does not expose well the joint surface of the base of the fifth metacarpus, hindering reconstruction of this important articulation. Carpometacarpal mobility of the ulnar joints contributes significantly to ulnar stability and grip force. An inverted "J" incision is made along the hypothenar eminence. The insertion of the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris is identified and the anterior fibers are disinserted. Capsulotomy is performed in front of the anterior border of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. This approach exposes well the medial two-thirds of the base of the fifth metacarpus. There is no risk of injury to the ulnar vessels nor to the dorsal sensitive branch of the ulnar nerve.

Dissection↗
PubMed1979

[Non-invasive determination of oxygen saturation with the oxygenmet pulse wave oximeter on fingers, metacarpus and wrist of infants. Comparison with the oxygen saturation calculated from the pH and pO2 of the blood gas analysis (author's transl)].

Oxygen saturation was determined non-invasively with the oxygenmet pulse wave oximeter 1471 and mathematically from the pH and pO2 of the blood gas analysis. The determination of the oxygen saturation by the aid of the oximetric method was carried out on fingers, metacarpus and wrist of 80 infants (male = 44, female = 36 - ages: 1 day - 1 year and 8 months). Blood gas analysis was done just behind the oximetric analysis and oxygen saturation was calculated from the pH and pO2. The comparison of the oxygen saturations determined non-invasively on fingers, metacarpus and wrist among themselves, showed no statistical significant differences. Also no statistical significant differences were observed between the results obtained with the pulse wave oximeter and the results calculated from the blood gas analysis. The comparison of the oxygen saturations determined with the oxygenmet oximeter (mean of fingers, metacarpus, wrist) with the oxygen saturations calculated from the blood gas analysis showed a very close correlation. The correlation coefficient was 0.930.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between data obtained from quantitative computed tomography and mechanical properties in the equine metacarpus, as measured in vitro in bone specimens. Three hundred and fifty-five bone specimens from the metacarpi of 10 horses were machined into right cylinders aligned with the long axis of the bone. A computed tomographic scan of the specimens, along with a Cann-Genant K2HPO4 calibration standard, was obtained. The specimens then were compressed to failure, and the elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain, strain energy density at yield, ultimate stress, ultimate strain, and strain energy density at ultimate failure were calculated. The specimens were dried and ashed. Quantitative computed tomography-derived K2HPO4 equivalent density proved to be an excellent estimator (r2 > 0.9) of elastic modulus, yield stress, ultimate stress, wet density, dry density, and ash density; a moderately good estimator (0.4 < r2 < 0.9) of strain energy density at yield and at ultimate failure; and a poor estimator (r2 < 0.2) of yield strain and ultimate strain. It was concluded that the relationships between quantitative computed tomography data and mechanical properties of the equine metacarpus were strong enough to justify the use of these data in automated finite element modeling.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraosseous gentamicin perfusion of the distal metacarpus in standing horses.

OBJECTIVE: To report tissue gentamicin concentrations after intraosseous (IO) perfusion in standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Twelve horses. METHODS: Sedated horses had a cannulated cortical bone screw inserted into the dorsolateral aspect of the treated metacarpus and a tourniquet applied proximally. Gentamicin (2.2 mg/kg) diluted in sterile saline solution (0.1 mL/kg) was infused through the screw. Two horses were euthanatized at each time interval: 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. Synovial fluid and bone samples were collected distal to the screw from both forelimbs. Gentamicin concentrations were measured using fluorescence polarization immunoassay. RESULTS: The highest synovial fluid gentamicin concentrations were 385+/-273 microg/mL (mean+/-SD) in the metacarpophalangeal joint, 225+/-205 microg/mL in the proximal interphalangeal joint, 215+/-205 microg/mL in the distal interphalangeal joint, 382+/-195 microg/mL in the digital flexor tendon sheath, and 206+/-161 microg/mL in the navicular bursa. The highest bone concentrations of gentamicin were 55+/-30 microg/g in the distal metacarpus, 34+/-27 microg/g in the proximal, 16+/-15 microg/g in the middle, and 16+/-2.2 microg/g in the distal phalanges, and 27+/-17 microg/g in the proximal and 24+/-11 microg/g in the distal sesamoid bones. CONCLUSION: Standing IO perfusion of gentamicin resulted in local antibiotic concentrations in the synovial structures and bones of the distal aspect of the limb that exceed the reported minimum inhibitory concentration of pathogens commonly implicated in equine orthopedic infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standing IO perfusion of gentamicin in the distal aspect of the limb should be considered for treatment of orthopedic infections of this region in horses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scintigraphic appearance of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpus and third metatarsus in the horse.

The lack of "standard uptake pattern" to refer to when interpreting scintigraphic images poses a problem to anyone working with skeletal scintigraphy. An article written by Koblik et al. stated that in the normal scintigraphic image of older horses, the dorsal cortex of the metacarpus and metatarsus is not identifiable, whereas it can be identified in younger horses. In this retrospective study we evaluated the association between the age of a horse and visibility of the dorsal cortex of the metacarpus and metatarsus. We found that dorsal cortical uptake can be seen in the normal adult horse. The population in the study consisted of 139 horses scanned under general anesthesia in lateral recumbency. Scintigraphic images of 202 limbs were examined visually and by using a profile image tool. In almost all limbs the dorsal cortex was identifiable (82%); only 7% of the dorsal cortices were not identifiable; and 11% of the scintigraphic images were not interpretable.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

[Bone lengthening of congenitally short metacarpus and metatarsus by the callus distraction technique].

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the results of lengthening of congenitally short metacarpus and metatarsus by the callus distraction technique. METHODS: We treated congenitally short metacarpus (n=7) and metatarsus (n=4) of five patients (4 females, 1 male; mean age 15 years; range 10 to 21 years) by callotasis. Callus distraction was performed with the use of mini-Orthofix or Ilizarov type semicircular external fixators. The distraction rate was 0.25x2 mm/day for both types. The mean follow-up period was 23 months (range 12 to 33 months). RESULTS: The mean metacarpal and metatarsal lengthenings were 20 mm (range 15 to 25 mm) and 25 mm (range 20 to 30 mm), respectively. The mean healing index was 1.4 months/cm for metacarpal lengthening, and 1.8 months/cm for metatarsal lengthening. No neurovascular complications were encountered. One patient required autogenous fibular grafting for union. Pin tract infections were found in three patients. The overall complication rate was 36%. CONCLUSION: Callotasis is an effective and reliable method for lengthening of short metacarpal and metatarsal bones. In addition, it preserves the periosteal bone tissues, which has a favorable effect on the duration of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Results of surgical treatment of fractures of the metacarpus and fingers].

Ninety-one patients with 108 fractures of the metacarpal and/or finger bones were treated by surgery between January 1974 and June 1982. 70 patients (76.9%) with 81 surgically treated fractures could be checked up after 3 3/4 years on an average. 24.3% out of these patients suffered from associated soft tissue leasions, 25.7% suffered from multiple fractures. 41 out of the 81 surgical interventions were performed for fractures of the metacarpus and 40 for fractures of the finger bones. The results were classified according to an evaluation scheme established for this purpose and containing the following parameters: mobility, trophism and sensitivity, gripping functions, force, and X-ray findings. Subjective troubles were evaluated, too. The great value of osteosynthesis in the surgical treatment of the hand is confirmed by the overall results with 92% of very good or good results and 7% of satisfactory results in metacarpal fractures and 60% of very good or good results, 36% of satisfactory results and 3% of poor results in fractures of the finger bones, the more as patients treated by surgery represent a negative selection among all patients treated for fractures of the bones of the hand. The results were classified and evaluated according to fracture site, severity of associated injuries, and method of osteosynthesis applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Traumatic axial dislocation injury of the carpus and metacarpus with triquetrum fracture. Rare entity or typical injury].

Although there are only 39 reports of compression injuries with axial dislocation of the carpus and metacarpus, there are similar patterns of injury. In all cases the dislocation is located either between the first and second or the third and fourth metacarpals and the corresponding carpal bones so that weak points of the carpal arch can be assumed in these regions. Clinical and radiological findings in a 22-year-old patient with dislocation of the third and fourth metacarpals and a fracture of the os triquetrum of the right hand after compression injury of both forearms with severe soft tissue injuries are described. Wound débridement and subsequent skin grafting were performed. The osseous lesions were reduced and held by two Kirschner wires and an external fixator. Results at follow-up were satisfactory.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1984

Deformities of the metacarpus and metatarsus in fallow deer (Dama dama L.).

Radiographic examination of the metacarpus and metatarsus from 333 fallow deer revealed a high incidence of animals with an angular deviation of at least one epiphysis. The incidence in males (59 per cent) was significantly higher than that in females (21 per cent). The cloven hoof is bent laterally and a deviation of up to 23 degrees was recorded. A deer with one deformed foot is equally likely to have 2, 3 or 4 deformed feet and no bone is more susceptible than others. Fusion of the epiphyses commenced at about 16 months and was complete by about 32 months, and the angular deformity occurred before this age. The incidence increases with increasing age in deer whose epiphyses have not yet fused. Other radiographic changes noted were growth plate deformities in young deer of 8 to 12 months of age and bowing of the shaft of the cannon bone in some older animals. It is suggested that the following sequence of events could involve all 3 defects and provide an explanation for the gross angular deviation of the foot seen in some deer. First, a defect in the process of calcification as a result of a nutritional deficiency causes hypertrophy of the cartilage of the growth plate, with local epiphyseal damage. Second, a compression or a breakdown of the cartilage of the cannon bone, particularly if on one side only, causes angular deviation of the epiphysis. Subsequent ossification leads to fusion of the diaphysis with the epiphysis at an abnormal angle. Third, the defect in calcification of the diaphysis leads to a weakness in the bone which, if stressed, becomes deformed and, after subsequent ossification, is seen as a bowing of the cannon bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses.

The effects of exercise and relative inactivity on cortical bone were compared in young horses. Two groups were used; one was given a 14-week programme of exercise (n = 6) and the other kept as unexercised controls (n = 6). The first nine weeks of exercise involved trotting and cantering (2 to 4 km d-1 at speeds up to 12 m s-1) on a treadmill set at an incline of 3 degrees. Over the next five weeks the horses were trained at near maximal speeds (that is, up to 14.5 m s-1) with no incline of the treadmill. At the end of the programme marked differences in cortical porosity and distribution of subperiosteal osteogenesis at the mid-shaft of the third metacarpal bone were found between the groups. Histomorphometrical examination of the dorsal cortex showed minimal bone remodelling in the exercised horses, but extensive modelling as evidenced by the large amount of subperiosteal bone formation. In contrast, the unexercised horses had significantly more bone remodelling and less formation of subperiosteal bone. The histomorphometric and microradiographic findings provided an explanation for changes in the non-invasive bone measurements that occurred during training. Bone mineral content of the mid-metacarpus was found to increase more in the exercised than the unexercised horses despite a lower overall growth in bodyweight. In those horses that completed the full training programme, ultrasound speed increased significantly by the end of the training programme. It remained unchanged in the horse that did not complete the full exercise programme and decreased slightly in the unexercised horses. The difference in ultrasound speed between the groups was considered to reflect differences in intracortical bone porosity, endosteal bone formation and alterations in skin thickness. The stiffness of cortical bone increased significantly in the exercised horses but remained unaltered in the unexercised horses.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Development and validation of a series of three-dimensional finite element models of the equine metacarpus.

Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of the left metacarpi of five adult horses were developed from quantitative computed tomography data, using the algorithms of Keyak et al. (1990, J Biomed. Engng 12, 389-397). The metacarpi were then equipped with 12 rosette strain gauges and loaded non-destructively in a mechanical testing machine. The bones and the models were loaded in axial compression, with the load evenly distributed across the distal row of carpal bones, and with a point load placed mediad to the sagittal midline, to a load equivalent to three times body weight (-15 kN); and in sagittal four-point bending to -2 kN. Maximum and minimum principal strains from the models were compared with those at the strain gauge rosettes. There were significant (p < 0.001) and strong (0.69 < r < 0.90) correlations between predicted and observed surface principal strains, most often resolving as second- or third-order polynomial relationships. In most cases, particularly at extreme strain magnitudes, the models tended to overestimate the observed strain magnitudes. These data suggest that the models are robust and accurate predictors of surface strains. Validation of these models lends further support for the use of this method of automated three-dimensional FE modeling, with its emphasis on accurate, individualized portrayal of structural geometry and material distribution, in research applications, and specifically for the use of these models in the study of the biology and mechanics of the equine metacarpus.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Gunshot and fragment wounds of the metacarpus.

Based on a study of 120 gunshot and fragment wounds of the metacarpus, we conclude that these wounds should be debrided and subjected to delayed closure technics. Even relatively low-velocity missiles may cause serious damage. Metacarpal stabilization with Kirschner wires may be done with impunity to obtain proper alignment, rotation, apposition, and length, in that order of priority. Immediate muscular activity is beneficial. Reconstructive procedures must be individualized to each case and should be considered technically difficult to perform.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Ex vivo simulation of in vivo strain distributions in the equine metacarpus.

The objective of this study was to examine several simple ex vivo loading conditions for the equine metacarpus, and to evaluate their ability to reproduce the mid-diaphyseal bone surface strain distributions previously reported in vivo at the walk and trot. Distributed axial compressive loads, and 9 different axial compressive point loads at -7.5 kN and -15 kN were applied to metacarpal-distal carpal bone preparations from 6 Thoroughbred horses, aged 1-5 years. The resulting dorsal, medial, palmar, and lateral mid-diaphyseal bone surface axial and shear strains were compared with previously reported in vivo surface strain distributions using a root mean square error (RMSE) protocol. The effects of loading condition and load magnitude on RMSE were assessed with a mixed-model analysis of variance. There were significant differences between loading conditions, and, in most cases, between load magnitudes, in the fit of the ex vivo to the in vivo strain distributions. In vivo mid-diaphyseal bone surface strain distributions at the walk can be well approximated ex vivo by a distributed axial compressive load, or by a point load positioned 0.5 cm medial to the sagittal midline, at -7.5 kN loads. In vivo mid-diaphyseal bone surface strain distributions at the trot can be well approximated by the -15 kN loads applied to the same locations. These simplified loading conditions can be used in designing biologically relevant loading protocols for ex vivo mechanical testing studies, as well as in developing boundary conditions for finite element analysis. As such, these loading conditions may be considered as tools to be used as a means of replicating in vivo loading conditions during the initial design and testing stages in the development of fracture fixation devices, as well as in the theoretical mechanical analysis of the metacarpal structure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Acquired flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint in five horses associated with tendonous damage in the palmar metacarpus.

Five cases of acquired flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) in older horses and ponies were studied. The mean age of affected horses was 14-8 years. Four deformities developed following desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and one following tendonitis of the SDFT alone. All cases were markedly lame and demonstrated variable degrees of flexural deformity. Ultrasonographic examination was performed on all cases which revealed extensive adhesion formation between the ALDDFT and SDFT and reduced cross-sectional area of the deep digital flexor tendon in each case. A variety of treatments were unsuccessfully employed to treat this condition. The prognosis for acquired flexural deformity of the MCPJ in old horses following tendonous damage in the palmar metacarpus is likely to be poor.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1993

Surface strain on the dorsal metacarpus of thoroughbreds at different speeds and gaits.

Stacked rectangular rosette strain gages were used to measure surface bone strain on the dorsomedial cortex of the third metacarpal bones in 6 adult Thoroughbred horses during treadmill exercise. The peak principal compressive and tensile strains, angle of the peak strains and strain rate during loading were calculated and compared with speed and gait. At speeds from 4 to 14 m/s loading on the metacarpus resulted in compression of the dorsomedial cortex. Tension only occurred consistently in 1 forelimb of 1 horse at the walk (2 m/s). The angle of peak compression was within 10 degrees of the longitudinal axis of the bone, and the magnitude of compression was proportional to the speed of exercise. Mean maximum compressive strains in the 6 horses at 2 m/s were -668 mu strain, -1,204 mu strain at 4 m/s; -1,617 mu strain at 6 m/s; -2,127 mu strain at 8 m/s, and -2,533 mu strain at 10 m/s. Recordings from 3 horses gave a mean -3,206 mu strain at 12 m/s, and strains at 14 m/s approached -4,000 mu strain. Peak strains were similar in both forelimbs at the canter while strain rate tended to be higher in the leading forelimb.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Daily access to pasture turnout prevents loss of mineral in the third metacarpus of Arabian weanlings.

Seventeen Arabian weanlings were used to determine the influence of housing on third metacarpal bone mass. Animals were separated into three treatment groups: Pasture (n = 6), Stall (n = 5), and Partial-Pasture (n = 6). Radiographs of the left third metacarpus were taken every 28 d to determine radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE). Serum was collected every 14 d and analyzed for osteocalcin, carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), and keratan sulfate. Hip and wither height, BW, and cannon circumference were measured every 28 d. Lateral RBAE in the pastured group increased linearly from d 0 to d 56 (P = 0.001). In the Pasture group, total RBAE increased from d 0 to 56 (P = 0.05) and medial RBAE tended to increase from d 0 to d 28 (P = 0.06). The Partial Pasture group increased from d 0 to 56 in medial (P = 0.02) and tended to increase in total RBAE (P = 0.08). Although the Stall group demonstrated an increase in total RBAE from d 0 to 56 (P = 0.04), the Partial Pasture group tended to have greater total RBAE than the Stall group at d 28 (P = 0.08), and the Pasture group had greater lateral RBAE at d 28 (P = 0.005) and 56 (P = 0.007) than did the Stall group. At d 28, medial RBAE was greater in the Pasture (P = 0.003) and Partial Pasture (P = 0.05) groups than in the Stall group. Pasture and Stall groups tended to decrease in osteocalcin (P = 0.06), whereas Partial Pasture weanlings decreased (P = 0.01) from d 0 to 56. All treatment groups decreased from d 0 to 56 in ICTP (P < 0.01). Pastured weanlings decreased from d 0 to 42 in serum keratin sulfate (P < 0.05), whereas the Stall group decreased from d 0 to 56 (P = 0.05). All treatment groups increased in wither height (P < or = 0.01), hip height (P < or = 0.001), and BW (P < or = 0.01). Both the Pasture and Partial Pasture weanlings demonstrated greater cannon circumference than Stall weanlings on d 28 (P < or = 0.05) and 56 (P < or = 0.005). These data demonstrate that pasture rearing or 12-h daily turnout is beneficial to maintaining and increasing bone mineral content in weanling Arabian horses.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗