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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Supraorbital Notch/Foramen, Infraorbital Foramen and Mental Foramen in Thais: anthropometric measurements and surgical relevance.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the morphology and the locations of the SupraOrbital Notch/Foramen (SON/F), InfraOrbital Foramen (IOF), and Mental Foramen (MF) relative to frequently encountered surgical landmarks. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred and six Thai adult skulls were investigated. RESULTS: Mean horizontal widths of SON, SOF, IOF and MF were 4.31 +/- 1.61 mm, 2.81 +/- 0.62 mm, 3.35 +/- 0.62 mm and 2.80 +/- 0.70 mm, respectively. The SON/F was situated 25.14 +/- 4.29 mm lateral to the nasal midline, 26.57 +/- 3.92 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone and 3.15 +/- 1.29 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. The IOF was 28.43 +/- 2.29 mm lateral to the maxillary midline, 9.23 +/- 2.03 mm below the infraorbital rim and 2.15 +/- 1.67 mm medial to the zygomaticomaxillary suture. Mean vertical distances from the IOF to the SOF and to occlusal plane of the upper teeth were 44.95 +/- 2.96 mm and 42.52 +/- 3.89 mm, respectively. The IOF was frequently found in the same vertical line with the second upper premolar and its usual direction of opening pointed downward medially. The MF was a mean of 28.52 +/- 2.15 mm lateral to the symphysis menti and most commonly observed in line with the second lower premolar. Its usual direction of opening was in a posterosuperior direction. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study may assist surgeons to localize important maxillofacial neurovascular bundles passing through these foramina in facilitating surgical, local anesthetic and other invasive procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Mental foramen and mental nerve: changes with age.

In a study of 525 dry mandibles and dissections in 50 cadavers, the mental foramen (MF) was found: single in 94.67% of the cases and multiple in 5.33%. Its shape was round in 34.48% with an average diameter of 1.68 mm and oval in 65.52% with an average long diameter of 2.37 mm. In 43.66% the MF was located in front of the apex of the root of the second premolar. In children before tooth eruption, the MF is somewhat closer to the alveolar margin; during the eruption period, the MF descends to half way between the margins, and in adults with the teeth preserved, the MF is somewhat closer to the inferior border. With loss of teeth and bone resorption the MF moves upwards closer to the alveolar border. In extreme cases of resorption the MF and the adjacent part of the mandibular canal are open at the alveolar margin. In the dissections the findings were similar. The mental nerve emerged from the MF closer to or at the alveolar border, according to the degree of resorption. In extreme degrees of resorption, the mental nerve and the final part of the inferior alveolar nerve were found directly under the gums. In these cases, the vestibular grooves became very shallow, and the mucosa passed directly from the cheeks over the alveolar ridge. Practical implications of the changes of the MF and mental nerve are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The direction and location of mental foramen and incidence of accessory mental foramen in south Indian mandibles.

One hundred and forty two south Indian mandibles of unknown sex were examined for the variations of the location and direction of the mental foramen. Accessory mental foramen were also looked for. The findings have been compared with those of other studies in the literature. Topography of the mental foramen is of practical importance to the dental and maxillo-facial surgeon for purpose of anesthesia and surgical procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The mental foramen syndrome].

The authors outline an extraordinary rare case of metastatic mandible carcinoma. The examined patient who earlier had a mastectomy due to breast carcinoma showed signs of the foramen mentale syndrome (numbness, pain, swelling) also on the right side after 5 years. The process of the generalized malignant tumour was first indicated by the mandibula metastatic tumour of the foramen mentale syndrome.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2002

Prenatal morphogenesis of the human mental foramen.

The mental foramen, at first glance, merely looks like a hole where the mental nerve and the vascular bundle runs through. From a morphogenetic point of view, however, the mental foramen is a suitable model to study the development of a structure where different components are involved. To understand this developmental process, a three-dimensional description at different developmental stages first has to be given. From histological serial sections of human embryos and fetuses, ranging in size from 19 to 117 mm crown rump length (CRL), three-dimensional reconstructions of the foraminar regions were made. Outline and form of the developing foramen, size, course of the mental nerve and the adjacent blood vessels could be shown in detail. In this way, the formation of these structures became concrete in three dimensions. In the future, to understand the mechanisms regulating this complex system, where a nerve and blood vessels became successively surrounded by bone, molecular biological data have to be correlated with morphological findings.

Chin↗
PubMed1976

Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen.

Locating the mental foramen in periapical radiographs is of great clinical importance. One thousand full-mouth intraoral radiographs were examined, and the location of the mental foramen in both the horizontal and the vertical planes was registered. In the horizontal plane 70 per cent of the mental foramina were found to be located between the two premolars, and 22 per cent were in the apical area of the premolars. In the vertical plane the highest percentage of mental foramina was found to be located superior to the level of the apices of the premolars.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed2006

The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: The mental foramen is a strategically important landmark during osteotomy procedures. Its location and the possibility that an anterior loop of the mental nerve may be present mesial to the mental foramen needs to be considered before implant surgery to avoid mental nerve injury. METHODS: Articles that addressed the position, number, and size of the mental foramen, mental nerve anatomy, and consequences of nerve damage were evaluated for information pertinent to clinicians performing implant dentistry. RESULTS: The mental foramen may be oval or round and is usually located apical to the second mandibular premolar or between apices of the premolars. However, its location can vary from the mandibular canine to the first molar. The foramen may not appear on conventional radiographs, and linear measurements need to be adjusted to account for radiographic distortion. Computerized tomography (CT) scans are more accurate for detecting the mental foramen than conventional radiographs. There are discrepancies between studies regarding the prevalence and length of the loop of the mental nerve mesial to the mental foramen. Furthermore, investigations that compared radiographic and cadaveric dissection data with respect to identifying the anterior loop reported that radiographic assessments result in a high percentage of false-positive and -negatives findings. Sensory dysfunction due to nerve damage in the foraminal area can occur if the inferior alveolar or mental nerve is damaged during preparation of an osteotomy. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid nerve injury during surgery in the foraminal area, guidelines were developed based on the literature with respect to verifying the position of the mental foramen and validating the presence of an anterior loop of the mental nerve. These guidelines included leaving a 2 mm zone of safety between an implant and the coronal aspect of the nerve; observation of the inferior alveolar nerve and mental foramen on panoramic and periapical films prior to implant placement; use of CT scans when these techniques do not provide clarity with respect to the position of the nerve; surgical corroboration of the mental foramen's position when an anterior loop of the mental foramen is suspected of being present or if it is unclear how much bone is present coronal to the foramen to establish a zone of safety (in millimeters) for implant placement; once a safety zone is identified, implants can be placed anterior to, posterior to, or above the mental foramen; and prior to placing an implant anterior to the mental foramen that is deeper than the safety zone, the foramen must be probed to exclude the possibility that an anterior loop is present. In general, altered lip sensations are preventable if the mental foramen is located and this knowledge is employed when performing surgical procedures in the foraminal area.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2003

Studies on the location of the mental foramen in Turkish mandibles.

The position of the mental foramen was studied in 58 adult Turkish skulls which were divided into two groups according to age. A previously published method was used to determine the position of the mental foramen. The most common position of the mental foramen lies in line with the longitudinal axis passing between the first and second premolars. This result was in accordance with classical textbooks. Another measurement was also performed on the mental foramen in both groups. The distance between the mental foramen and the mandibular symphysis (A) and the distance between the mental foramen and the inferior border of the mandible (B) were measured. There was a significant difference between the two groups in B, but not in A.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Formation and early prenatal location of the human mental foramen.

The formation and early prenatal location of the human mental foramen was investigated on 43 human fetuses. Histochemical methods supplemented by macroscopic visualization were used. Similar studies on the mental foramen were not available in the literature. The study demonstrated constancy in the developmental sequence of the bony structures in the region of the mental foramen. The formation of the mental foramen was described and related to general developmental parameters such as CRL and CNO values (skeletal maturity indexes of the hand and foot). The study indicated that the very early position of the mental foramen was in the region of the interstitial bone between the primary canine and the primary first molar. A positional change in the dorsal direction was described during the first half of the prenatal period.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2004

Bone remodeling during prenatal morphogenesis of the human mental foramen.

From a morphogenetic point of view, the mental foramen of the mandible is a highly suitable model to study the interactions of different tissues such as nerves, vessels, mesenchymal cells, cartilage, and bone. In previous work, we provided a three-dimensional description of the mental foramen at different developmental stages, and now we complement those studies with a three-dimensional visualization of different bone remodeling activities around the mental foramen. Histological serial sections of human embryos and fetuses, ranging in size from 25 to 117 mm crown-rump-length (CRL), were used to characterize the bone remodeling activity (apposition, inactivity, and resorption). We quantified and reconstructed this activity in three dimensions, and included information on the spatial relationship of the nerves, vessels, and dental primordia. In general, the mandible showed strong apposition at its outer surfaces. The brim of the mental foramen, however, displayed changing remodeling activity at different stages. In the depth of the bony gutter, which provides space for the nerve and the blood vessels, we found bone resorption beneath the inferior alveolar vein. Bone was also resorbed in proximity to the dental primordia. In future studies, we will relate gene expression data to these morphological findings in order to identify molecular mechanisms that regulate this complex system.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed2004

Ontogenetic migration of the mental foramen in Neandertals and modern humans.

Since the nineteenth century, researchers have noted that Neandertal and modern human adults differ in mental foramen position, although the ontogenetic changes in the position of this feature have only recently come under the scrutiny of paleoanthropologists. Research on mental foramen position has focused on whether this feature is inferior to a particular tooth. However, tooth position may not be a reliable indicator of mental foramen position because of variability in tooth size within and between taxa and during eruption events. As opposed to observing the mental foramen with respect to the postcanine teeth, we examined linear distances from the mental foramen to other mandibular landmarks. Modern human adults may appear truncated, or paedomorphic, in mental foramen position with respect to Neandertal adults. However, infants of the two taxa differ substantially in anterior mandibular form. The initial differences in the shape of the mental region may be related to the embryological position of the mental foramen in modern humans and its role in the development of the mental trigone. The shape changes that accrue thereafter, possibly from faster mandibular growth rates in Neandertals, further distinguish the adults from one another. Although mandibular shape differences exist from early infancy onwards, adults of the two taxa are broadly similar in bi-mental foramen breadth with respect to mandibular size. For this reason, qualitative assessments of mental foramen position may provide less taxonomic information than previously thought.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population.

Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anesthesia and performing periapical surgery in the mental region of the mandible. This study determines the position of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population. One hundred and sixty nine panoramic radiographs of Malay patients retrieved from a minor oral surgery waiting list were selected to identify the normal range for the position of the mental foramen. The foramen was not included in the study if there was any mandibular tooth missing between the lower left and right first molars (36-46). The findings indicated the most common position for the mental foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (69.2%) followed by a location between the first and second premolar (19.6%). The right and left foramina were bilaterally symmetrical in three of six recorded positions in 67.7% patients. The mental foramen was most often in line with the second premolar.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The position and dimensions of the mental foramen in adult Malawian mandibles.

BACKGROUND: The mental foramen is found on the anterolateral aspect of the mandible and transmits the mental nerve and vessels. The identification and actual location of this foramen is very important in clinical dentistry as well as in the microscopic and macroscopic evaluation of the morphology and maturity of the human mandible. METHODOLOGY: We determined the position and dimensions of this foramen from seventy adult indigenous Malawian mandibles of both sexes. The shape, number and orientation of the mental foramen were determined by visual examination and its transverse and vertical diameters measured using a digital venier caliper. RESULTS: In the majority of cases, the mental foramen was oval in shape, oriented posterosuperiorly, and bilaterally symmetrical. The modal position of the foramen with respect to the mandibular teeth was inferior to the second premolar tooth. Its vertical position was slightly below the midpoint of the distance between the lower border of the mandible and the alveolar margin. CONCLUSION: The shape and orientation of the mental foramen shown in our study correspond to what have been documented in most previous studies. However, variations do exist in the modal position of this foramen in different population groups. We therefore stress the importance of palpation of the foramen during administration of local anaesthesia and in the interpretation of radiographs prior to surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Position of the mental foramen in a North American, white population.

UNLABELLED: Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anesthesia and performing periapical surgery in the mandible. Although it is often possible to identify the mental foramen by palpation and radiographically, knowing the normal range of possible locations is essential. Standard anatomic texts have data collected from dried skulls, but often of unknown origin or from an ethnic group that does not represent the North American population. OBJECTIVES: This study identified the position of the mental foramen in a more representative sample of the North American population. Ethnic and gender differences were also investigated and the symmetry of location within individuals analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: Regional dissections of 105 human cadavers were carried out to identify the normal range of position of the mental foramen. The vertical and horizontal position was recorded with the two adjacent teeth used as references. If the two adjacent teeth were not present the foramen was not included in the study. RESULTS: The results indicated that the mental foramen was, on average, between the premolars, therefore not statistically different from previous studies. However, there appears to be a greater range than generally reported, which is of considerable clinical significance. Examples of dissections of unusually positioned mental foramina are given.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed1995

Changes in the position of the mental foramen as a result of alveolar atrophy.

The location of the mental foramen has often been claimed to be unaffected by alveolar atrophy. In the present study, the distances of the mental foramen and the mandibular canal from the lower cortex of the mandible were compared in a radiographed series of 40 edentulous elderly women with advanced alveolar atrophy and 40 elderly women who had 10 or more lower teeth left. The mental foramen was situated on average 3.8 mm lower in dentulous jaws than in dentulous jaws (P < 0.0001). The mandibular canal was also situated lower in edentulous jaws, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results confirm the finding that the mental foramen seems to descend as a result of alveolar atrophy.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

A clinical and anatomical study of the location of the mental foramen in adult Chinese mandibles.

One hundred mandibles of adult Chinese cadavers of both sexes without missing teeth, alveolar bone resorption and malposition of teeth were studied. The anatomical location of each mandibular mental foramen was measured by using a combination of three previous methods. Our results showed that the location of the mental foramen below the apex of the lower second premolar (relation IV: 58.98%) was the most common. On average, the distance between the most anterior portion of the anterior border of the mental foramen and the mandibular symphysis was 28.06 mm, between the most anterior portion of the anterior border of the mental foramen and the posterior border of the ramus 74.14 mm, between the inferior border of the mental foramen and the lower border of the mandibular body 14.70 mm, between the superior border of the mental foramen and the bottom of the lower second premolar socket 2.50 mm. The distance across the mental foramen between the alveolar crest and the lower border of the mandibular body was 30.29 mm. Our results were compared with those of other investigators. The significance of identifying the anatomical location of the mental foramen in dental practice is discussed.

China↗
PubMed2006

Position of the mental foramen in a Korean population: a clinical and radiographic study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to improve the treatment methods for the mental foramen by comparing the directly measured values with the radiographic measured values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twelve mental foramina (72 males, 40 females) that were exposed during the operation were examined. The patients' age ranged from 12 to 69 years, with a mean age of 41.8 years. All patients had fully erupted lower premolars. The horizontal and vertical locations were evaluated with both direct and radiographic measurements. RESULTS: In 72 patients (64.3%), the mental foramen was below the second premolar. In 26.8%, it was between the first and second premolar, and in 8.9%, it was below the first premolar. By radiographic readings,most of the mental foramina were found to be below the second premolar (62.5%). The average distance between the cusp tip and the superior border of the mental foramen by direct measurement was 23.42 mm and 25.69 mm in the panoramic view. The mean distance between the superior border of the mental foramen and the bottom of the mandible was 14.33 mm by direct measurement and 16.52 mm by radiographic measurements. CONCLUSION: It is important to know the position of the mental foramen for the placement of osseointegrated implants in the mandibular premolar region. The position of the mental foramen of Koreans is closer to the cusp tips of lower premolars than Westerners.

Adolescent↗