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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Comparison of the cytotoxic activities of different human lymphoid tissues.

Normal human lymphoid cells from peripheral blood, spleen, tonsils and thymus were examined for their ability to mediate three different cytotoxic effector cell functions: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity (LICC) and natural killer activity (NK), against 51Cr labelled erythroid and tumor target cells. We found a hierarchy of cytotoxic activities in the different lymphoid tissues. Peripheral blood and spleen cells were able to mediate LICC, ADCC and NK activities. Tonsil cells showed a natural segregation of the different cytotoxic functions: NK and ADCC activity against tumor target cells were absent, whereas LICC activity was fully present. With respect to ADCC activity against erythroid targets, tonsil cells showed low, but significant, cytotoxicity. Thymus cells had no detectable ADCC, NK and LICC activities. Correlation in the different lymphoid tissues between cytotoxic activities and cell surface marker studies revealed: (a) that the presence of E-SRBC rosette forming cells was not always associated with the detection of LICC activity, as is the case with the thymus; (b) that, in the absence of detectable Eox-7S rosette forming cells (thymus and tonsils), NK and ADCC activities against tumor cells were always absent, but LICC was observed (tonsils), indicating that the presence of this Fc(7S) receptor bearing cells is strongly associated with the expression of NK and ADCC but not with LICC.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1977

The organization of lymphoid tissue in relation to function.

Organized lymphoid tissue is found in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes; lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts; and also occurring at sites of chronic inflammation. Apart from the thymus which is involved in the regulation of T-cell function, the other tissues are organized into T-cell and B-cell areas. Lymphocytes in T-cell areas respond by proliferation in cell-mediated immunity and by the production of suppressor cells and helper for antibody formation. B-cell areas are involved in the humoral antibody response. B-cells are segregated into lymph follicles where they form germinal centers and are found at the corticomedullary junction where they differentiate into plasma cells. The role of lymph follicles in becoming germinal centers is poorly understood, but these areas are known to be the site of antigen trapping in primed animals. The particular function of the spleen as a localized area of lymphoid tissue along the course of the blood vascular system is discussed, particularly with respect to its ability to respond to soluble antigen released from sites of localized antigen deposition such as tumors.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1976

B and T cells in lymphoid tissues of human appendix.

Human appendix lymphoid cells (HAL) react very strongly to stimulation with concanavalin A, strongly to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, and weakly but definitely to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. From the results of rosette formation assay, cytotoxicity tests with anti-T cell antiserum or anti-B cell antiserum, cell surface or intracellular immunoglobulin staining with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-Fab of human immunoglobulin serum, and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, it was concluded that human appendix lymphoid tissue is a B cell pool but includes T cells. However, both direct and indirect PFC could not be significantly demonstrated against sheep red blood cells in a 5-day HAL culture.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytochemical identification of T and B cells in situ in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the rat, gerbil and cat.

The use of enzymes as markers of T or B cells in tissue sections has been studied in mouse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat. Lymphocytes in the T-cell areas of murine lymph nodes and spleen contained discrete dots of non-specific esterase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-glucosaminidase) activity, with weak acid phosphatase activity. Lymphocytes in the B-cell areas lacked this discrete staining. Cortical thymocytes contained slight esterase activity while medullary thymocytes were strongly positive for both esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lymphocytes with a T-cell staining pattern were only occasionally seen in lymph nodes from Nude (nu/nu) mice. ATPase staining was restricted to lymphocytes in the B-cell areas; weak 5'-nucleotidase staining was only present in a frew lymphocytes in both T- and B-cell areas. Blast cells stimulated by in vivo injection of ConA or PHA in the mouse showed strong discrete enzyme activity for non-specific esterase and beta-glucosaminidase. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blast cells and cells within germinal centres lacked this discrete staining. Comparison of lymph nodes from the gerbil, rat and cat suggested at least on enzymes as a T-cell marker in each species although considerable variation in staining profiles was seen in the different species.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Postnatal development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the rat, Rattus norvegicus.

The pattern of development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in specified-pathogen-free and conventional (non-barrier maintained) rats over the initial 4 weeks of life appeared to be similar. BALT first appeared around the 2nd week of life and increased in amount over the following 2 weeks. Overlying large nodules of BALT the bronchial epithelium becomes infiltrated by lymphocytes to form a lymphoepithelium. This transformation occurs earlier in conventional rats, possibly because of the differing antigen levels to which they are exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the laboratory-bred and wild rat, Rattus norvegicus.

In juvenile wild rats, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) development was similar to that seen in adult specified-pathogen-free rats. In adult wild rats the BALT was widespread. In one animal infected with a mycoplasma-like organism, a region of bronchoepithelium overlying a large BALT nodule was seen, through which lymphocytes appeared able to pass to make direct contact with the bronchial lumen: the significance of this observation is discussed. There was no evidence of infection in lungs from any of the specified-pathogen-free animals, where small foci of BALT were seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of daily injections of ACTH on growth and on the adrenal and lymphoid tissues of two strains of immature fowls.

1. The effects of daily injections of ACTH (30 IU/kg) or physiological saline on growth and on adrenal and lymphoid tissues of Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Light Sussex (LS) chickens were compared at 1, 2 and 3 weeks of age. 2. Saline injections retarded skeletal growth in both strains during the 1st week but only affected weight gain in LS birds. 3. Injections of ACTH depressed growth rate, caused adrenal enlargement and deplenished adrenal cholesterol to the same extent in both strains. 4. ACTH caused a greater reduction in bursal size in RIR than in LS birds. Spleen size was reduced by ACTH only in RIR birds. 5. At 2 and 3 weeks the plasma concentrations of corticosterone of RIR birds were greater than those of LS birds. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were within the normal range 24 h after the last injection of ACTH in both strains. 6. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone was unaffected by ACTH treatment in RIR birds, but it was increased in LS birds after 3 weeks of treatment.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1978

[Development of hematopietic and lymphoid tissues in conjoint bone marrow and thymus transplants].

The model of heterotopic transplantation of the mixture of bone marrow and thymus fragments was used to study the interaction of hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues under their direct contact. The bone marrow and thymus fragments of adult mice F1 (CBAXXC57BL) were transplanted separately or in the mixture under the kidney capsule of mice of the same strain. During the whole period of observation (from 10 days up to 14 months), the development of bone marrow and thymus fragments in the joint transplants proceeded independently, no "mixed" stroma appeared, and the stroma of each organ ensured the differentiation characteristic of its organ. The development of joint transplants somewhat differs from that of isolated transplants: on the 10th day a greater amount of hemopoietic tissues was noted in the former; the bone marrow component increases continuously up to 6 months (vs. 1--2 months in the isolated transplants); the bone and hemopoietic tissues predominate in the joint transplants by 14 months, the amount of thymic tissue markedly decreases but it does not disappear completely.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Distribution of Ia-antigen-like molecules on non-lymphoid tissues.

Ia-antigen-like molecules are expressed on cells within several different non-lymphoid tissues of the guinea-pig. In indirect immunofluorescence analyses anti-Ia-antigen antibodies stained epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract, the bile ducts, the respiratory tract and the urinary tract. The rabbit antibodies against Ia antigens also stained the cells of the parotid and the submandibular glands. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus, like the Kupffer cells of the liver, express Ia-antigen-like molecules. In several cases indirect immunoprecipitation analyses and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the immunofluorescence studies inasmuch as Ia-antigen-like subunits with apparent molecular weights of 26,000 and 34,000 could be isolated from the non-lymphoid organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of cyclophosphamide on the lymphoid tissues and humoral and cellular immune responsiveness of young calves.

Cyclophosphamide (CY) was given IV to 5-month-old calves (ten doses; each dose of 5.0 mg/kg, 2-day intervals between doses). The effects of CY on circulating leukocytes, lymphoid tissues, and the humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. The numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils and platelets decreased significantly. The lymphocyte population was depleted in the cortex of the thymus and B-dependent areas of the spleen and lymph nodes. Significant decreases occurred in the frequency of the peripheral blood lymphocytes-bearing surface immunoglobulin (Ig) and in serum IgM and IgG concentrations. Primary serum antibody responses to avian erythrocytes and Brucella abortus strain 19 antigens were diminished or delayed. The blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and to purified protein derivative and B abortus antigens were enhanced as was the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the tuberculin skin test. While a diminished humoral immune response was associated with CY treatment, the cell-mediated response was potentiated. The effect of CY was transitory with most variables returning to near base line within 24 days after CY was ceased.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Immunoblasts. Morphology and significance in reactive and proliferative syndromes of lymphoid tissues].

The term immunoblast created by Dameshek, is useful in routine cytological and histopathological practice, for the diagnosis of lymphadenites and malignant blood diseases. This term designates a group of cells, the appearance of which is quite different from other cells of the lymphoid tissue. Their morphological characteristics are precise and they resemble transformed lymphocytes. These immunoblasts are derived from T and B lymphocytes. Using purely morphological methods the type B of certain immunoblasts may be suggested. Immunoblasts of the clear centers of follicles, immunoblasts undergoing plasma cell transformation, tumour cells constituting nodular immunoblastosarcomas, immunoblasts appearing in the tumor population of the myelomas and of Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. The term immunoblast which evokes precise morphological criteria, should be maintained. This term cannot designate only B lymphocytes, but also transformed lymphocytes of type B or T.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1979

Differentiated B lymphocytes. Potential to express particular antibody variable and constant regions depends on site of lymphoid tissue and antigen load.

B cells have the potential to respond to an antigen by producing antibodies with a variety of variable and constant regions. We have quantitatively analyzed B-cell potential at the single cell level to determine the effect of lymphoid tissue site and antigen load on the expression of variable and constant regions. Concerning variable region expression, although the total frequency of B-cell precursors for phosphorylcholine is similar between nonimmune spleen and gut-associated Peyer's patch tissues, the proportion of cells producing non-TEPC 15 idiotypes is greater from Peyer's patch than from spleen. Oral immunization with phosphorylcholine-containing Ascaris suum increased the frequency of non-TEPC 15 B cells. Thus variation in the proportion of cells bearing different variable regions may be related to the distinct antigenic environment of cells in Peyer's patches compared to that of cells in spleen. Regarding constant region expression, although B cells from both spleen and Peyer's patches generate clones producing IgM, IgGl, and IgA singly and in all combinations, cells from Peyer's patches generate more clones secreting only IgA than cells from spleen. B cells specific for phosphorylcholine and inulin, which are found on intestinal bacteria, produce more IgA-only clones than B cells specific for the dinitrophenyl determinant. This striking correlation between IgA expression and variable region specificity for antigen implies that environmental antigens have expanded certain B cells in Peyer's patches which then have the ability to generate progeny that express only IgA. Evidence supporting the secondary nature of precursors for IgA-only clones is obtained by their ability to produce this isotype after stimulation with histoincompatible T cells. The role of gut antigens may be to clonally expand IgA precursors and perhaps to stimulate the proliferation of less differentiated cells within the unique microenvironment of the Peyer's patches, allowing them to differentiate to IgA precursors.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Intrahepatic lymphoid tissue graft: course of the Gvh reaction induced by Peyer's patches.

To investigate the thymus-dependent immune competence of Peyer's patches, the course of splenomegaly and hepatic perivascular infiltration (PVI) was studied as criteria of graft-versus-host reaction (GvhR). Parental or F1 hybrid lymphoid tissues, were intrahepatically implanted and the ability of Peyer's patches to induce a GvhR was compared to that of spleen, lymph nodes and thymus. A slight but significant delayed increase of spleen index was observed at the 40th post operative day following Peyer's patches implantation whereas the thymus did not induce any modification of this parameter. On the other hand, the PVI was a very early and precise criterion in monitoring the Gvh reaction induced by Peyer's patches, and allowed to postulate that at least one T-cell function is present within the Peyer's patches.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Specific restoration of delayed hypersensitivity by lymphoid tissue extracts.

Mice lose demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to DNFB, picryl chloride, or sheep red blood cells. Reconstitution of immune responsiveness can be accomplished by administration of cell-free lysates of spleens from mice with active DH to structurally related, but not to unrelated antigens. Peritoneal exudate cell lysates from mice with active DNFB-DH also restore DH to this antigen. Sera from sensitized mice, and sera and lymphoid tissue extracts from unsensitized mice are without activity. The restorative property of splenic lysates from DNFB-sensitized mice is unstable at 56 degrees C, not sedimented at 90,000 X G and inactivated by trypsin or magnesium ions. The presence of unexpressed, restorable DH may provide a biologic basis for the so called "transfer factor" phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Elevated cyclic AMP levels in mouse lymphoid tissue after stimulation by cholera enterotoxin in vitro (38468)

Addition of CT to suspensions of thymus, lymph node, spleen, or bone marrow cells in vitro resulted in a marked accumulation of cAMP with peak levels occurring 4-5 hr after incubation of cells with CT. Thymus cells showed the largest increase in cAMP, approximately 40-fold at 10 ng/ml CT. Bone marrow cells accumulated the least cAMP (1.5x), while intermediate levels were observed for spleen and lymph node cells (10-12x). Antiserum to CT prevented stimulation of increased cAMP levels. Repopulation studies using X-irradiated mice also showed that thymus-derived spleen cells accumulated more cAMP/10-7 cells than spleen cells from recipients given spleen or marrow cells. Spleen cells from athymic (nu/nu) mice also responded much less than did spleen cells from normal mice. Thymocytes appeared to bind CT to a greater degree than bone marrow cells. Spleen and lymph node cell suspensions also contained CT-binding cells and the number of CT-binding cells in these peripheral lymphoid tissues appeared approximately equal to the summation of the numbers observed in thymocyte and bone marrow cell suspensions. Stimulation of cAMP in lymphoid cells, especially thymocytes, by CT provides a pharmacological tool to investigate the mechanism and role of this nucleotide in the early events of antibody formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The response of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in gnotobiotic piglets to the presence of bacterial antigen in the alimentary tract.

The cellular changes in the ileum and duodenum and in the mesenteric and prefemoral lymph nodes of gnotobiotic piglets were observed following feeding with a live culture of a non-pathogenic E. coli. There was a rapid and intense reaction in the lower ileum, and follicles were formed; germinal centres were formed in the mesenteric lymph node after a short delay. Germinal centres were not seen in the prefemoral lymph node, though there were pyroninophilic cells in the cortex of this node. Plasma cells were not detected in the medulla of either the mesenteric or the prefemoral lymph nodes, but pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells were found in the lamina propria of the duodenum from 7 days after infection oneards. These observations demonstrate the requirement of an intestinal flora for the development of normal Peyer's patch architecture and indicate that the Peyer's patch response secondarily affects the mesenteric lymph node. The observations also suggest that there is a haematogenous dissemination of pyroninophilic cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue to, amongst other sites, the duodenum; this may be of importance in both natural and artificial immunization by the oral route.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Adenylate cyclase activation in lymphoid tissues during graft-versus-host reaction.

Graft-versus-host reactions were induced in adult F1 hybrid animals by injecting parental spleen cells. Adenylate cyclase activity was determined in the washed cell particles of the lymphoid tissues. During a time course study of the regional GVH reaction an increase in lymph node weight was apparent at day 2, whereas the adenylate cyclase activity increased at day 4 after the injection. Maximal lymph node hypertrophy and adenylate cyclase activation were observed 8 to 10 days after initiation of the GVH response. Adenylate cyclase stimulation by epinephrine of the GVH response. Adenylate cyclase stimulation by epinephrine and glucagon in experimental preparations was less than in the control. NaF was stimulatory only in the control preparations. Ca-2+ in concentrations up to 8 mM had no inhibitory effects on the control or experimental preparations. The pattern of responses of the experimental preparations to Zn-2+ and Cu-2+ was different than the control; however, in high concentrations both of these cations had marked inhibitory effects. An increase in the adenylate cyclase activity was also direct relationship between the adenylate cyclase activity and the cytolytic activity of spleen cells from mice undergoing systemic GVH reaction. These results can be explained on the basis of alterations in the cell membranes, and it is suggested that such changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of GVH disease.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗