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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Measurement of lung volumes.

Measurements of lung volume play an integral role in the laboratory evaluation of patients with known or suspected lung disease. Several techniques are available to measure absolute lung volumes (containing residual volume). It should be noted that these techniques measure different theoretical volumes and may produce different results in patients with lung disease. Lung volume measurements are typically elevated in obstructive diseases and reduced in restrictive diseases, making them useful tests in diagnosing and distinguishing these two general classes of disease.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Serial fetal lung volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference intervals for fetal lung growth. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SUBJECTS: Fifty-eight women with initially uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were recruited from the antenatal population of a teaching hospital. Four women were excluded from the final analysis because of complications arising in their pregnancy. METHODS: Each subject was serially scanned at monthly intervals. At each visit lung volume was measured using an ultrasound-based computerized three-dimensional imaging system. Multilevel models were used to determine conditional and unconditional reference intervals. RESULTS: Reference intervals for fetal lung growth were derived. Fetal lung volume increases in a non-linear way with gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Our computerized system has the capacity to be used in conjunction with any standard two-dimensional ultrasound scanner in order to measure volume. Lung volume measurement may be useful in predicting pulmonary hypoplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lung volume measurement during closed circuit anesthesia.

Lung volume measurement can be of interest to anesthesists as well as respiratory physicians, both as a diagnostic tool and as a way to monitor the effect of respiratory therapy (for instance PEEP ventilation). Several methods exist to measure lung volume. Only two of them can be applied easily during mechanical ventilation. The wash-in wash-out of insoluble inert gas can be used in non-rebreathing (semi open) systems, or the equilibration of an inert insoluble gas which can be used in completely closed systems. In our department a completely closed anesthesia system has been developed which is particularly well suited for the equilibration method of lung volume measurement. Just like the wash-out method, the equilibration method can give information about the uniformity of ventilation-distribution within the lung.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1981

Long-term follow-up of lung volume measurements in initially healthy young aviators.

Lung volume measurements on a large number of initially healthy young military aviators (the U.S. Navy's "1000 Aviator" cohort) were recorded periodically in follow-up from 1940-69. Vital capacities were measured spirometrically and total lung capacities were measured planimetrically from chest roentgenograms. Residual volumes were calculated by subtracting the vital capacity from the total lung capacity in each subject. Additional variables available for analysis were cigarette smoking histories, family histories, aviation career patterns, pulmonary symptoms, cardiac disease diagnoses, and anthropometric measurements. Multiple linear regression techniques were used on these variables to construct prediction equations for each lung volume in 1969. From these longitudinal analyses, cigarette smoking and pulmonary symptoms were found to be associated with an "obstructive lung volume pattern in 1969, while coronary artery disease and weight gain were found to be associated with a "restrictive" lung volume pattern in 1969. A career in military aviation had no significant association with lung volumes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

On-line lung volume measurement during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

OBJECTIVE: A bag-in-box system using a closed-circuit helium-dilution technique was used to determine the functional residual capacity during conventional mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the bag-in-box system could be used to measure mean lung volume without interrupting high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. DESIGN: Laboratory study. SETTING: Hospital intensive care medical research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Six mechanical lung models and ten New Zealand adult rabbits. INTERVENTIONS: The bag-in-box system was introduced into the respiratory circuit during the study. The rabbits were randomly divided into a healthy group and an acute lung injury group. Acute lung injury was induced by intravenously infusing oleic acid during conventional mechanical ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In a lung model study, a series of rebreathing processes were performed. By measuring the helium concentration in each process, the rebreathing time needed for equilibration was found to be about 50 secs. We compared the measured volume with a known lung volume to test the method's accuracy. The volumes differed by -0.5% to 4.4%. Measured and known volumes of different size lung models correlated well (p <.001). Equilibration of helium in the system occurred after 40-50 secs of rebreathing in healthy rabbits and 30-40 secs of rebreathing in rabbits with acute lung injury. Of 45 mean lung volume determinations in ten rabbits, the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.5% to 6.5%. When mean airway pressure changed, the mean lung volume alteration was detected by the method, but it was inconsistent in each mean airway pressure variation. CONCLUSION: A bag-in-box apparatus using a helium-dilution technique could be evaluated as a method to measure gas-containing lung volumes ranging from 10 to 60 mL in patients receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Lung volume measurements in infants with and without chronic lung disease.

UNLABELLED: Infants born prematurely who develop chronic lung disease (CLD) have airways obstruction and hence may have low lung volume. The aim of this study was to test that hypothesis and ascertain whether the nature of the comparison control group influenced the results. Sixteen infants who were oxygen dependent for more than 28 days (CLD) and eight infants without CLD had measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) at 14 and 28 days. The 16 CLD infants consisted of eight less than 27 weeks gestational age (group A) and eight greater than 26 weeks gestational age (group B). The eight infants without CLD (group C) were each matched for gestational age and gender to infants in group B. Group A compared to group C had lower FRCs both at 14 days (median 18 ml/kg vs 27 ml/kg, P < 0.01) and 28 days (median 20 ml/kg vs 26 ml/kg, P < 0.05), but group A differed from group C with respect to both gestational age (P < 0.01) and birth weight (P < 0.01). The FRC results of group B were lower than those of their matched controls (group C) only at 28 days (median 22 vs 26 ml/kg, P < 0.05). Overall, the FRC results at 14 and 28 days correlated significantly with the duration of oxygen and ventilator dependence and weakly with gestational age. CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that FRC results are lower in infants with CLD compared to those without CLD when measured in the neonatal period and emphasize the importance of an appropriate control group. Measurement of lung volume may facilitate assessment of the response to therapies for CLD.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1997

Derivation, application, and utility of static lung volume measurements.

Measurement of static lung volumes remains an important tool to verify and quantify the existence of pulmonary dysfunction. The utility of these measurements, however, is dependent on the knowledge and skills of the technologist, who must ensure that the equipment is operating in an acceptable fashion as well as ensuring that the subject is performing the tests as directed. The technologist as well as the physician interpreting the final results must be cognizant of the limitations associated with each procedure employed in the testing process and be able to verify if the derived data are compatible with the patient's clinical presentation. Laboratories are encouraged to develop their own quality-control programs and monitors to ensure testing is in accordance with published recommendations. By standardizing the testing process, variability is reduced. Ultimately, test quality and patient management will improve.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of lung volume measurements in individuals with spinal cord injury by two different methods.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Few detailed studies have been performed among subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) using whole body plethysmography for measurement of static lung volumes. Because abdominal gas volumes and respiratory patterns among subjects with varying levels of SCI may differ significantly from able-bodied individuals, methodological concerns related to this technique could conceivably lead to inaccuracies in lung volume measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare lung volume parameters obtained by whole body plethysmography with those determined by the commonly used nitrogen washout technique among individuals with SCI. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine clinically stable men, 14 with chronic tetraplegia (injury C4-C7) and 15 with paraplegia (injury below T5) participated in the study. METHODS: Lung volumes were obtained using whole body plethysmography and the open-circuit nitrogen washout technique. Within both study groups, data were evaluated by the paired Student's t test and by determination of correlation coefficients. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences for any lung volume parameter were found within either group. In subjects with tetraplegia on paraplegia, respectively, strong correlation coefficients were found for measurements of total lung capacity (.86 and .97), functional residual capacity (.87 and .96), and residual volume (.77 and .85). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that body plethysmography is a valid technique for determining lung volumes among subjects with SCI. Because airway resistance measurements can also be obtained during same study sessions for assessment of airway caliber and bronchial responsiveness, body plethysmography is a useful tool for examining multiple aspects of pulmonary physiology in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Reliability and validity of the lung volume measurement made by the BOD POD body composition system.

The BOD POD Body Composition System uses air-displacement plethysmography to measure body volume. To correct the body volume measurement for the subject's lung volume, the BOD POD utilizes pulmonary plethysmography to measure functional residual capacity (FRC) at mid-exhalation as that is the subject's lung volume during the body volume measurement. Normally, FRC is measured at end-exhalation. The BOD POD FRC measurement can be corrected to an end-exhalation volume by subtracting approximately one-half of the measured tidal volume. Our purpose was to determine the reliability and validity of the BOD POD FRC measurement at end-exhalation. Ninety-two healthy adults (half female) underwent duplicate FRC measurements by the BOD POD and one FRC measurement by a traditional gas dilution technique. The latter method was used as the reference method for the validity component of the study. The order of the FRC measurements by the two methods was randomized. The test-retest correlation coefficients for the duplicate BOD POD FRC measurements for the male and female subjects were 0.966 and 0.948, respectively. The mean differences between the BOD POD FRC trial #1 measurement and gas dilution FRC measurement for the male and female subjects were -32 and -23 ml, respectively. Neither difference was statistically significant. The correlation coefficients for these two measurements in the male and female subjects were 0.925 and 0.917, respectively. Based on these results, we conclude that the BOD POD FRC measurement in healthy males and females is both reliable and valid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Three-dimensional ultrasound fetal lung volume measurement: a systematic study comparing the multiplanar method with the rotational (VOCAL) technique.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare a conventional multiplanar technique for three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound measurement of fetal lung volume with a rotational method using VOCAL trade mark (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis). METHODS: Thirty-two fetuses with a variety of conditions at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia were studied. 3D volume data sets of the fetal lungs were acquired using a commercially available ultrasound system. The right and left lung volumes were calculated separately using VOCAL and the multiplanar technique. The level of agreement between two independent observers in categorizing the 3D volume data set as measurable or non-measurable was determined. The interobserver and intermethod variabilities were also evaluated for both methods. RESULTS: The intermethod variability was excellent (correlation r = 0.93 and r = 0.96 for the left and right lung, respectively), and there was substantial agreement between the results of both approaches (limits of agreement - 4.4 to 8.9 and - 3.4 to 4.8 mL for the right and left lung, respectively). Fetal lung estimation with VOCAL had a significantly higher interobserver variability than the multiplanar technique. Interobserver agreement in categorizing lung volume data sets as measurable or non-measurable was lower when VOCAL was used. CONCLUSION: Fetal lung volume measurements can be undertaken interchangeably using the multiplanar technique or the rotational method with VOCAL. However, the latter was less reproducible (lower degree of agreement and significantly higher interobserver variability) than the former.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Lung volume measurements in wheezy infants: comparison of plethysmography and gas dilution.

The accuracy both of plethysmographic measurements of thoracic gas volume (TGV) and determinations of functional residual capacity (FRC) by gas dilution techniques in infants with obstructive lung disease is subject to continued dispute. We studied 25 wheezy infants and compared TGV derived from end-expiratory airway occlusions (TGVEE), corrected TGV after end-inspiratory airway occlusions (TGVEI), and FRC determined by nitrogen wash-out (FRCN2). Group mean TGVEE and TGVEI differed significantly (25.8 +/- 8.4 versus 24.6 +/- 7.1 ml.kg-1). TGVEE and FRCN2 did not differ significantly. TGVEE and TGVEI, as well as TGVEE and FRCN2, and TGVEI and FRCN2 data, respectively, showed lack of agreement. Based on 95% confidence intervals, calculated from TGVEE data, 14 of the 25 infants showed a significantly higher TGVEI than TGVEE; only one patient had a significantly lower TGVEI. Compared to FRCN1 data, TGVEE and TGVEI measurements yielded lower values in at least one third of our patients. The present study illustrates, that there is no gold standard for the measurement of lung volume in infants with airway obstruction.

Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
PubMed1975

An analysis of a rebreathing method for measuring lung volume in the premature infant.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were measured in 20 infants, of whom 11 were healthy preterm infants, 5 were recovering from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and 4 had other pulmonary problems. In addition, some of the theoretical aspects of rebreathing techniques, including the lung to bag N2 difference at equilibrium, were studied by constructing a simple digital computer model of the system. In both the normal preterm infants and the post-RDS group, the TGV was significantly greater than the FRC (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01), indicating the presence of trapped gas (Fig. 2). The mean time taken to reach equilibrium during rebreathng was 44 sec in the normal infants and 52 sec in the post-RDS group (Table 2). In one infant with generalized cystic lung disease, equilibrium was not achieved even after 3 min of rebreathing (Fig. 1). The computer-generated analysis of rebreathing for a normal 3-kg infant is shown in Figure 3, with an in vivo curve for comparison. The rapid equilibration of N2 was completed within 55 sec but, as in the in vivo experiments, there was a change in slope of the line afer 1.7 min. It can be seen from Table 3 that, if a small initial bag volume (11 ml) is used, 30 sec of rebreathing is adequate for equilibration only when FRC and dead space are normal, and errors would occur if either were enlarged. The computer study showed that the gradient for N2 between bag and lung at equilibrium is of the order of 0.2-0.37% which would cause a negligible error when calculating FRC and assuming that lung N2 is equal to the measured bag N2. The combined in vivo and computer studies served to validate the rebreathing technique as a method for measuring FRC, and have enabled it to be modified for use even in small or very sick infants with poor ventilation. The most useful procedure to employ would seem to be to use an initial bag volume of 150-200 ml and to continue the rebreathing for 1.5-2 min, with samples being taken for analysis at approximately 20-sec intervals.

Computers↗
PubMed2004

Reproducibility of fetal lung volume measurements with 3-dimensional ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: To build a nomogram of normal fetal lung volumes and to assess the reproducibility of measurements using 3-dimensional ultrasonography. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were healthy women, singleton normal pregnancies, reliable dating, and 20 to 30 weeks' gestation. Exclusion criteria were discordance between clinical and ultrasonographic dating, patients lost to follow-up, and birth weight disorders. Patients were scanned at intervals longer than 2 weeks. Three volumes were acquired for each patient; only data from the volume with the best image quality was used for analysis. Volumes were rated and measured by the manual tracing method. We recorded whether the clavicle was visualized. Only good-quality volumes were included in analysis. The best volume was chosen, and each lung was measured. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were studied over a 9-month period, from which 182 volumes were analyzed. Of the 182 volumes, 15 (8.2%) were excluded for poor quality. The remaining 167 volumes were included in the final analysis. In 83 volumes (50%), the clavicle was not visualized. The best fit for total lung volume was a second-degree polynomial regression curve. Lung volume was 10.28 mL at 20 weeks and 51.49 mL at 30 weeks. Assessment of agreement was studied by selection of 40 volumes. Intraobserver variability was 5.48 mL (10.6%) and 3.07 mL (5.96%). Interobserver variability was 7 mL. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 3-dimensional ultrasonographically derived measurements are reliable and reproducible up to 30 weeks if a standard measurement technique is used.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2006

Normal fetal lung volume measured with three-dimensional ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: To construct reference intervals for fetal lung volumes measured longitudinally using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, and to evaluate the effect of gender on lung size. METHODS: This was a prospective, longitudinal study in the obstetric outpatient department of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Seventy-eight women with uncomplicated pregnancies were scanned three to four times at gestational ages of 18-34 weeks. 3D models of the lung were constructed using the ultrasound machine's software. After the infants were delivered the entire group was reanalyzed with regard to fetal gender. Centiles for the lung volumes of the entire group and for each gender separately were estimated using multilevel modeling. RESULTS: Charts and tables of right and left fetal lung volumes, using gestational age and estimated fetal weight as the independent variables, are presented. There was a significant difference in lung volume between male and female fetuses at each gestational age. Charts and tables of right and left fetal lung volumes for each gender at gestational ages of 18-34 weeks are also presented. CONCLUSIONS: We present valid references for volumetric measurements of the right and left fetal lungs in male and female fetuses. The feasibility and reliability of fetal lung volume measurements using 3D ultrasound is good.

Feasibility Studies↗
PubMed1998

Serial lung volume measurements during the perinatal period in infants with abdominal wall defects.

METHODS: Daily measurements of lung volume (functional residual capacity, FRC) were made during the perinatal period in eight infants (median gestational age, 37 weeks; range, 34 to 38 weeks) with abdominal wall defects. RESULTS: On the first day of life and before surgical intervention, four infants had FRCs below the reference range; the occurrence of low lung volumes was not significantly related to gestational age or diagnosis. Lung volume was further, but only temporarily, impaired by surgical closure of the abdominal wall defect, with a reduction in the median FRC from 25 mL/kg (range, 18 to 36) preoperatively to 12 mL/kg (range, 5 to 19) on the first postoperative day (P < .02). CONCLUSION: These data are consistent with abnormal antenatal lung growth in certain infants with abdominal wall defects.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2000

Lung volume measurements in childhood.

Although less commonly used in clinical practice than spirometry, lung volume measurements are helpful in assessing progress and response to therapy in situations where lung volume is likely to be increased, as in asthma or cystic fibrosis, or reduced secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary fibrosis, or musculoskeletal abnormalities. Their contribution to research has been considerable. The techniques most commonly used are those of inert gas dilution on rebreathing, applicable to children of all ages but tending to under-record in the presence of gas trapping. The gold standard is body plethysmography. This is relatively expensive and requires more technical skill, but will measure all the gas within the chest. Computer programmes have been developed to obtain a reasonable estimate of lung volume from chest X-rays alone. More accurate results are obtained by echo-planar imaging but this is only available in highly specialized units. Information on fetal lung volumes can be obtained using digitized ultrasound images and position sensors attached to the ultrasound probe.

Child↗
PubMed2005

A rebreathing method for measuring lung volume, diffusing capacity and cardiac output in conscious small animals.

We developed a multiple gas rebreathing technique for measuring lung diffusing capacity (DL(CO)), lung volume (V(L)) and cardiac output simultaneously in conscious spontaneously breathing small animals. Lung volume was measured from the dilution of methane (CH4) or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and verified independently by a helium washout technique. Cardiac output and DL(CO) were estimated from the uptake of acetylene and carbon monoxide, respectively. We tested guinea pigs at two levels of alveolar oxygen tension in order to estimate membrane diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume by the Roughton-Forster technique. Results show that measured DL(CO) are consistent with reported values in anesthetized guinea pigs as well as with allometric comparison across species. Lung volume estimated from SF6 dilution agreed closely with that estimated independently from helium washout; however, lung volume estimated from CH4 dilution was systematically lower due to the addition of endogenously produced CH4 to the rebreathing system. We conclude that this technique can be used to measure resting lung function in conscious unsedated small animals.

Animals↗