C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University Open Curriculum Project. C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University, Nursing Program Greenvale, New York.
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Access to health care for the uninsured on Long Island: a case study.
Sixteen percent of people living on Long Island have no health insurance. They do not receive health insurance at their place of employment and are too poor to pay for it on their own. Most are too young to qualify for Medicare and fall between the cracks of the Medicaid system. Not-for-profit hospitals receive funding from the state that requires them to provide some community benefits--the most important of which is charity care. The Long Island Health Access Monitoring Project (LIHAMP) was established as an arm of the Long Island Coalition for a National Health Plan to study the access to charity or free care for Long Island's uninsured population. In a study that incorporated three phases, LIHAMP surveyed 23 not-for-profit hospitals on Long Island. The results led to the passage of legislation in Nassau and Suffolk counties designed to assist the uninsured in receiving care. This article summarizes this project, which may be used as a model for other communities.
Charities↗
Working for women's health: The Women's Health Alliance of Long Island, Inc.
This article discusses the history of Long Island's feminist health organization, The Women's Health Alliance of Long Island, Inc. This community-based women's group was formed in 1975 by a group of educators, practitioners, students, and intersted laywomen who were concerned about health care for women in New York City and Long Island. Today, services include a major Women and Health conference held each spring, a feminist health education center, several smaller presentations for specific groups, and related projects. Through our history, we have faced difficult decisions regarding our functions, goals, and structure. This article addresses the means we have used to mediate these decisions in order to continue our programs and to open our voluntary agency, Healthouse, which functions as a resource and educational center for women.
Female↗
Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. II. Organochlorine compound levels in blood.
Whether environmental contaminants increase breast cancer risk among women on Long Island, NY, is unknown. The study objective is to determine whether breast cancer risk is increased in relation to organochlorines, compounds with known estrogenic characteristics that were extensively used on Long Island and other areas of the United States. Recent reports do not support a strong association, although there are concerns with high risks observed in subgroups of women. Blood samples from 646 case and 429 control women from a population-based case-control study conducted on Long Island were analyzed. No substantial elevation in breast cancer risk was observed in relation to the highest quintile of lipid-adjusted serum levels of p,p'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (DDE) [odds ratio (OR), 1.20 versus lowest quintile; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-1.90], chlordane (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.62-1.55), dieldrin (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.69-2.72), the sum of the four most frequently occurring PCB congeners (nos. 118, 153, 138, and 180; OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.54-1.29), and other PCB congener groupings. No dose-response relations were apparent. Nor was risk increased in relation to organochlorines among women who had not breastfed or were overweight, postmenopausal, or long-term residents of Long Island; or with whether the case was diagnosed with invasive rather than in situ disease, or with a hormone receptor-positive tumor. These findings, based on the largest number of samples analyzed to date among primarily white women, do not support the hypothesis that organochlorines increase breast cancer risk among Long Island women.
Adult↗
Immunological relationships of Long Island isolates of Babesia microti.
Studies to detect strain differences among two rodent-derived and one human-derived Babesia microti isolates from Long Island were undertaken, using various methods. Superinfection experiments using the homologous and heterologous isolates showed cross-protection. All hamsters were resistant to superinfection challenges of increasing dosages of both the homologous and heterologous isolates. Attempts to infect other laboratory animals with the Long Island isolates of B. microti were successful in intact and splenectomized Sprague-Dawley rats and questionable in Swiss mice. Nylar and CFW mice as well as CFW and Wistar intact and splenectomized rats were refractory to B. microti isolates from Long Island. Indirect fluorescence tests using convalescent sera from six Long Island cases of babesiosis showed no titer differences with tests using the three Long Island antigens as well as the Gray strain antigens. The rise of hamster IgG anti-B. microti antibody was followed by indirect immunofluorescence done at different parasitemia levels. The IgG antibody in hamsters was detected early in the course of infection, rose rapidly concurrent with increasing parasitemia, and became stable at high titers for the duration of the infection. IgG antibody titers were unaffected by homologous superinfection challenges.
Animals↗
The North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute.
The North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute is directed by Nicholas Chiorazzi, MD. It provides investigators from a variety of scientific fields and backgrounds with the opportunity to focus on disease-oriented medical research. The goal of the institute is to understand the underlying biological processes of disease and ultimately to develop new and more effective therapies for patients. The affiliation with the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System and its patients provides a unique opportunity for focused biomedical and translational research.
Biology↗
The MYSound Project: building an estuary-wide monitoring network for Long Island Sound, USA.
A network of five water quality monitoring stations has been established in Long Island Sound, measuring temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen since 1999. The stations are located in areas of extreme water quality degradation (western Long Island Sound) as well as in pristine areas (eastern Long Island Sound). The data from these stations are collected every 15 minutes and posted to the project web site in real time as provisional data. After subsequent quality assurance procedures, the data are archived to the project File Transfer Protocol (FSP) site for downloading by the user community. The network of stations is in part supported logistically by a number of partners, including state and local agencies, schools, and non-governmental organizations. Data from the monitoring programs of some of these partners are also published to the project website providing a more comprehensive and complete picture of the status of the Sound than can be provided independently. This repository of information is used by marine educators, resource managers, scientists, and the general public, each with a different end purpose. We use the data from two of the stations to show that these high frequency time series measurements can be used to complement and enhance other monitoring programs within the Sound, documenting in greater detail the occurrence and duration of hypoxic events.
Automation↗
Erythrocyte micronuclei in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): results of field surveys during 1980-1988 from Virginia to Nova Scotia and in Long Island Sound.
Erythrocyte micronuclei (MN) frequencies of 280 winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Chesapeake Bay to the southern Scotian Shelf including Long Island Sound were measured. The MN data were combined with data previously reported for 224 flounder and the combined data sets were analyzed. Incidences of MN were elevated sixfold in flounder from the New York Bight Apex as compared to frequencies for fish from the inshore Gulf of Maine and Block Island Sound, and twice those found in Georges Bank and Long Island Sound flounder. Inshore New Jersey fish had higher MN frequencies than those from inshore Gulf Of Maine and Block Island Sound. The occurrence of MN in flounder from inshore Virginia was higher than in flounder from inshore Gulf of Maine and Block Island Sound. The large subset of stations from Long Island Sound indicated higher frequencies of MN in flounder from Hempstead and Shoreham as compared to most other sites in the Sound. There was no significant difference in the frequency of MN between males and females, but males had significantly more MN than sexually immature flounder. Flounder over the entire sampling area had increased levels of MN during the fall months of the year. This is probably influenced by the maternal cycle of gonadal maturation.
Animals↗
Histopathology of idiopathic lesions in the eyes of Homarus americanus from Long Island Sound.
In 1999, American lobsters, Homarus americanus, from western Long Island Sound (WLIS) experienced a significant mortality. In 2001 and 2004, the eyes and eyestalks of lobsters from WLIS and central LIS were examined for histopathological changes. Idiopathic lesions were identified in the ommatidia and optic nerve fibers proximal to the ommatidia in 29 (56%) of the lobsters from LIS. Lesions were categorized as either moderate or severe. Moderate lesions had altered rhabdoms, clumped pigment, and altered optic nerve fibers. Severe lesions were marked by absent rhabdoms, clumped pigment in both the ommatidial region and in the optic nerve region; and optic nerve fibers that had been completely destroyed and were replaced by vascular tissue. Idiopathic lesions occurred primarily in the central and ventral regions of the eye, and with much less frequency in the dorsal region. In addition, damage to the dorsal area tended to occur only when the severity of lesions was high, indicating a spatially progressive pattern to the lesion development. The lesions occurred in both western and central Long Island Sound, with no significant differences in severity between locations. The prevalence of lesions did not vary between years, but in 2004, several eyes had less severe pathology than those from 2001. These data indicate that the etiological agent is present throughout a large portion of the Sound, and that lobsters are probably continually exposed to it.
Animals↗
Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphal Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Long Island, New York.
The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), has increased in abundance in several regions of the northeastern United States, including areas of Long Island, NY. Adult and nymphal stage A. americanum collected from several sites on Long Island were evaluated for infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), by using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Fifty-nine (12.5%) of 473 adults and eight of 113 pools of five nymphs each (estimated minimum prevalence of infection 1.4%) contained DNA of E. chaffeensis. These data, coupled with the documented expansion of lone star tick populations in the northeastern United States, confirm that E. chaffeensis is endemic to many areas of Long Island and that HME should be considered among the differential diagnoses of the many distinct tick-borne diseases that occur in this region.
Animals↗
Electromagnetic fields and breast cancer on Long Island: a case-control study.
The EMF and Breast Cancer on Long Island Study (EBCLIS) was a case-control study designed to evaluate the possible association between exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and breast cancer. Eligible women were participants in the population-based Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project, were under 75 years of age at enrollment, were residentially stable, and were identified between August 1, 1996, and June 20, 1997. Of those eligible, 576 cases and 585 controls participated in EBCLIS (87% and 83%, respectively). In-home data collection included various spot and 24-hour EMF measurements, ground-current magnetic field measurements, wire mapping of overhead power lines servicing the home, and an interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were based on multivariate logistic regression analyses. All odds ratios were close to 1 and nonsignificant. For the highest quartile of 24-hour EMF measurements, the odds ratio was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69, 1.37) in the bedroom and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.51) in the most lived-in room. For the highest exposure category of ground-current measurements, the odds ratio was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.44) in the bedroom and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.38) in the most lived-in room. These and other EBCLIS results agree with other recent reports of no association between breast cancer and residential EMF exposures.
Adult↗
Hb Long Island: a hemoglobin variant with a methionyl extension at the NH2 terminus and a prolyl substitution for the normal histidyl residue 2 of the beta chain.
Hb Long Island was found in a diabetic man and his nondiabetic mother as the result of a routine clinical measurement of Hb AIc. It is present in amounts approximately equal to Hb A. Its alpha chains are normal but its beta chains have two alterations compared to the normal. A methionyl residue is attached to the usual NH2-terminal valyl residue. This valyl residue is followed by prolyl residue in place of the usual histidyl residue 2. The remaining sequence of the beta chain is normal. No hemoglobin or abnormal beta chain containing only the prolyl substitution could be detected by several different electrophoretic and HPLC procedures. We postulate that Hb Long Island is the result of a mutation in which a single nucleotide change causes the substitution of a prolyl residue for the normal histidyl residue at position 2 of the beta chain. We further postulate that this abnormal prolyl residue inhibits enzymatic cleavage of the initiator methionyl residue from the abnormal beta chain during posttranslational processing. Although the oxygen affinities of the whole blood, suspended cells, and hemolysate are normal, the affinity of the isolated Hb Long Island is slightly decreased and the effects of organic phosphates are reduced compared to normal. These changes are consistent with the loss of the normal histidyl residue 2 and the extension of the NH2-terminal end of the beta-chain molecule.
Adult↗
Wire coding in the EMF and Breast Cancer on Long Island Study: relationship to magnetic fields.
The Electromagnetic Fields and Breast Cancer on Long Island Study (EBCLIS) is a large population-based case-control study investigating possible associations between magnetic fields and breast cancer, and includes a comprehensive set of in-home measurements. We investigated the reproducibility of wire codes, their relation to 24-h measurements of residential magnetic fields, and potential influences, such as housing characteristics, in homes of the 1161 EBCLIS participants. Replicate wire coding was performed in homes originally categorized as having very high current configurations (VHCC) in the Wertheimer-Leeper (W-L) wire coding scheme, and a random sample of other homes (235 residences). Reproducibility was very high, with a kappa statistic of 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.77-0.89) for the five-category W-L wire codes and 0.91 (95% CI=0.86-0.95) for the three-category Kaune-Savitz (K-S) codes. As levels of W-L and K-S wire codes increased, the mean and median 24-h levels of broadband and harmonic fields in the residences also increased, indicating an association between wire codes and magnetic fields measurements. Regions of Long Island with the highest percentage of homes built before 1950 had the highest percentage of higher current configuration homes, as well as the highest average 24-h broadband and harmonic measurements. Adjustment for age of the home and region did not affect the relation between wire codes and measured magnetic fields. Our results indicate that: (a). a high reproducibility in wire coding was achieved, (b). wire codes were correlated with magnetic fields, and (c). wire code levels were related to the age of the home. The high level of reproducibility suggests that, in our case-control analyses, there will be minimal bias due to misclassification of wire code categories. Results also suggest that wire codes are a proxy measure, to some degree, for current in-home magnetic field measurements in this study.
Aged↗
Dissolved metal contamination in the East River-Long Island sound system: potential biological effects.
A suite of dissolved trace metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Pb), inorganic nutrients (NO(3), PO(4)), and chlorophyll a was measured along a 55 mile transect from the East River into western and central Long Island Sound. The main objectives of this study were to determine the relative levels of contamination from sewage, and to assess its possible biological impact on local waters. The East River-Long Island Sound system receives large volumes of treated sewage and industrial effluent as a result of the heavy urbanization of the area. Despite these strong environmental pressures, this study is among the first to report dissolved metal levels from that region. Consistent with the locations of anthropogenic sources, a strong east-west concentration gradient was observed for Ag, Pb, NO(3) and PO(4) with the highest levels found in the East River. In contrast, dissolved Cd and Cu were relatively constant throughout the area of study, suggesting that sewage sources have a more limited influence on the levels of those metals. Remobilization from contaminated sediments may represent the primary source of Cd and Cu to the Long Island Sound under low-runoff conditions in summer. Chlorophyll a concentrations, used as an indicator of total biomass, were also low in the East River. These low chlorophyll concentrations could not be explained by nutrient or light limitation, water column stratification, or to advection of phytoplankton out of the river during tidal flushing. These preliminary results suggest a potential toxic effect of sewage on the biological communities of the East River.
Biomass↗
Shift work, light at night, and breast cancer on Long Island, New York.
The hypothesized association between breast cancer and circadian disruption was evaluated in the Electromagnetic Fields and Breast Cancer on Long Island Study. Participants included 576 women with breast cancer diagnosed from August 1996 to June 1997 and 585 population-based controls (87% and 83% participation rates, respectively) aged < 75 years and living in the same Long Island, New York, home for > or = 15 years. An in-person interview ascertained light-at-night exposure histories through shift work (previous 15 years) and at home (previous 5 years). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional multivariate logistic regression. Breast cancer was not associated with overall shift work (odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 1.38) or evening shift work (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.44). However, overnight shift workers were at lower risk than women never working shifts (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.94). Women who frequently turned on lights at home during sleep hours (> or = twice/week and > or = twice/night) had increased risks (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.69). The latter results suggest positive associations with residential light-at-night exposure, or they could reflect response biases. Furthermore, overall and evening shift work were not significant factors, and analyses of overnight shift workers yielded reduced risk estimates. The study thus provides mixed evidence for the light-at-night hypothesis.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Residues of arsenic and lead in potato soils on Long Island.
Sodium arsenite was used for vine control and fall weed control in potatoes on Long Island for many years. Lead arsenate may also have been used as an insecticide in certain areas. A study was conducted to determine remaining concentrations of arsenic and lead in potato soils on Long Island. The total concentrations of both arsenic and lead were markedly higher in the soils sampled than in untreated control soils. The behavior of arsenic and lead in soils is discussed.
Arsenic↗
Changing patterns in the incidence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever on Long Island (1971-1976).
Clinical data from 124 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) cases submitted by Long Island physicians and hospitals were compiled for the six-year period 1971-1976. This information was subsequently compared to two parameters: first, the geographic distribution of human cases and rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and, secondly, the human population dynamics in Long Island towns since 1950. Despite an overall decline in the rate of suburbanization and population growth, cases of RMSF have increased significantly not only in eastern towns where RMSF has been endemic, but also in well-established western towns where recent population increases have been negligible. Phenomena associated with suburbanization, primarily the association of domestic and sylvan animals and their exposure to infected vector populations, may be instrumental in explaining the increased transmission of RMSF.
Adolescent↗
Reported pap test use by Hispanic women in Connecticut and Long Island.
Some 308 Hispanic adult women 20 to 74 years of age living in Connecticut and Long Island (New York) were interviewed by telephone in February-May 1992. Respondents interviewed in Spanish (46% of the 308) had lower rates of awareness and use of Pap tests than women interviewed in English, and level of education was inversely associated with use of Pap tests. In a multivariate analysis, statistically significant predictors of reporting a recent Pap test (ie, in 1991-92) were whether or not the respondent had a health-care visit during the past year, educational level, and language of interview. The proportion of women who had ever heard of a Pap test was lower in Connecticut than in Long Island women, even after adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics; among those who had ever heard of Pap tests, use was similar for the two areas. Overcoming barriers to health-care access, along with bilingual educational efforts by physicians and public health workers, are needed to increase Pap test use by Hispanic women and reduce their relatively high incidence rates for invasive cervical cancer.
Adult↗