[Studies on the constituents of Liliaceae plants. II. Analysis of the higher aldehyde, alcohol and ketone composition of some species of Liliaceae plants (author's transl)].
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Alcohols↗
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[Studies on the constituents of Liliaceae plants. III. Analysis of the higher aldehyde, secondary alcohol and primary alcohol composition of some species of Liliacea plants (author's transl)].
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Alcohols↗
[Studies on the constituents of liliaceae plants. IV. Analysis of the wax ester composition of some species of liliaceae plants (author's transl)].
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Plants, Medicinal↗
[Anterior rhinomanometry as a diagnostic test in occupational allergy caused by Liliaceae].
UNLABELLED: The Liliacea family has been implicated as a cause of occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma. We report a patient who presented symptoms when he manipulated spices including garlic and onion dusts. Nasal challenge test with active anterior rhinomanometry was used for the diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Skin-prick tests with common inhalants, commercial spices, fresh Liliaceae and powdered spices diluted in saline solution (10 mg/ml) were performed. Immunoblot and specific IgE (CAP-Pharmacia) were determined. Control peak expiratory flow was monitored during a period at work in an area where spices were manipulated and in an area where they were transported. Nasal challenge test with garlic and onion powder was performed. The resulting nasal obstruction was measured as nasal airway resistance and was determined by rhinomanometry. RESULTS: Skin-prick tests were positive for onion, garlic powder and fresh Liliacea. Specific IgE were positive for garlic and onion. IgE immunoblotting showed very strong bands at 14 and 40 kD with garlic extract. Nasal challenge showed an increase in inspiratory nasal resistance which was higher than 100 % of the basal value for both onion extract and garlic.
Adult↗
Primary transcripts of ndhD of Liliaceae and Aloaceae require editing of the start and 20th codons.
About 350 nucleotide sequences around the start codon of the plastid ndhD gene were determined in six species to investigate the requirement of C to U editing of the cryptic start codons. The comparison with other sequences in databanks showed that, in contrast to grasses and similarly to dicots, Liliaceae and Aloaceae require editing of the primary transcript to generate the AUG start codon. Primary transcripts of Liliaceae and Aloaceae also show a new editing site at the 59th nucleotide, which has not been described in other plants. In some cases, transcripts showed partial editing which suggests that the synthesis of the protein may be controlled at the level of transcript processing.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Activity of constitutive promoters in various species from the Liliaceae.
In this paper we first review literature on the performance of various promoters in monocotyledonous species. In general, promoters isolated from monocots show a higher activity in monocot species. Moreover, the presence of an intron between the promoter and reporter gene increases transcription levels. We used the same approach to study gene expression in Liliaceae. The activities of the CaMV 35S, maize Adh1-based pEmu, rice Act1 and maize Ubi promoters, coupled to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene, were evaluated for transient gene expression upon particle bombardment of tissues of tobacco, rice, tulip, lily and leek. Although monocot promoters performed very well in rice tissues, the results of this study show that this cannot be generalized for other monocot species. The transcription inducing effects of monocot promoters were less pronounced or even absent in tissues of Liliaceae, while the presence of an intron between promoter and gus gene reduced promoter activity.
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant↗
Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria.
We present phylogenetic analyses of 37 taxa of Fritillaria (Liliaceae), 15 species of Lilium, and several outgroup taxa from Liliaceae s.s. to investigate the generic delimitation of Fritillaria in relation to Lilium as well as infrageneric relationships within Fritillaria. We used DNA sequences from the maturase-coding plastid matK gene and the trnK intron, the intron of the ribosomal protein-coding rpl16 plastid gene, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony defined Fritillaria and Lilium (the latter including Nomocharis) as sister taxa. Fritillaria sections Fritillaria and Liliorhiza are supported in part, and some of the most enigmatic species usually included in Fritillaria (sections Petilium and Theresia and the monotypic genus Korolkowia) are closely related. The results support the new classification of Fritillaria proposed by Rix. We postulate independent origins of the underground bulbils found in Fritillaria davidii and the remainder of subgenus Liliorhiza.
Base Sequence↗
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of Cruciferae and Liliaceae vegetables.
The isolation of a new type of bio-antimutagen, S-methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS), from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and the distribution and formation of MMTS in Cruciferae and Liliaceae vegetables are described. For the separation and purification, cauliflower curds were homogenized, extracted with acetone, and then purified by organic solvent extraction and by various processes of chromatographic separation. The chemical structure of an active principle was identified as MMTS by GC-MS and 1H-NMR analyses. MMTS was widely found in vegetable homogenates of the Cruciferae and Liliaceae species, and is found from its precursor S-methyl-L-cysteinesulfoxide (SMCS), by wounding the vegetable tissues. Wounding may induce C-S lyase, which converts SMCS to MMTS. The amount of MMTS formed was affected by the pH value for C- lyase, but not by the SMCS content in a tissue homogenate.
Antimutagenic Agents↗
Variable karyotype with B-chromosomes in Bellevalia saviczii (Liliaceae).
Bellevalia saviczii (Liliaceae), a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 24), was collected from mountain slopes in the Shiraz valley, southern Iran. The basic karyotype consists of one long metacentric chromosome, a slightly shorter acrocentric, and two shorter submetacentrics. In 32% of the plants, one and sometimes two of the acrocentrics (IIa) appeared with a pericentric inversion that changed it into a metacentric (IIm). This metacentric IIm was present in a Hardy-Weinberg ratio throughout the collection range of more than 300 km. A number of aneuploids were found, pentasomics [2n - 1 = 23 (4.9%)], heptasomics [2n + 1 = 25 (2.5%)], and one octasomic [2n + 2 = 26 (0.3%)]. Re-assorted karyotypes with 2n = 24, but with odd numbers of two of the chromosomes, were also present (6.6%). B-chromosomes were found in root meristems and in pedicels in a number (19.1%) of the plants that grew around a 30 km marsh. Their numbers ranged from 1B to 8Bs per plant peaking in the 2B mode. The B-chromosomes (two polymorphs with terminal and near-terminal sticking points) were telocentric with a few metacentric iso-Bs. No B-carrying plants were found in the drier regions away from the marsh. The B-frequency distribution for aneuploids and pericentric inversions was much different than for the standard euploid.
Aneuploidy↗
Chemistry, bioactivity and geographical diversity of steroidal alkaloids from the Liliaceae family.
Plants belonging to the Liliaceae family have been the topic of research in many phytochemical and pharmacological laboratories because they contain structurally complex and biologically fascinating steroidal alkaloids. This review, citing 153 references, summarises the chemistry, bioactivity and geographical diversity of steroidal alkaloids isolated from Veratrum and Fritillaria species, so as to illustrate the chemo-diversity and biological significance of these alkaloids, along with their geographical distribution where this is discernible.
Alkaloids↗
Potent apoptotic effects of saponins from Liliaceae plants in L1210 cells.
We isolated eight saponins, a hexacyclic lanosterol tetraglycoside (1), a 27-norlanosterol tetraglycoside (2) and six spirostanol oligoglycosides (3-8), from the plants of the family Liliaceae. In murine leukaemic L1210 cells, saponins 5 and 7 at a concentration of 1 microM showed potent cytotoxic activity and the activities were in the following decreasing order: 5, 7, 1, 3, 2, 8, 4, 6. At a concentration of 10 microM, not only 5 and 7 but also 3 and 8 markedly caused cell death. The flow cytometric analysis indicated that 7 and 8 caused a concentration- and time-dependent apoptosis of L1210 cells (EC50 value = approximately 5 microM). The morphological observation using a light microscope revealed that both 7 and 8 induced shrinkage in cell soma and chromatin condensation, suggesting apoptotic cell death. Moreover, in agarose gel electrophoretic analysis, a typical apoptotic DNA ladder pattern was observed after treatment with both 7 and 8. These results suggest that 7 and 8 caused the death of L1210 cells through the apoptotic process. These compounds may become powerful pharmacological tools for studying the molecular mechanism of apoptosis.
Animals↗
Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of colchicine from colchicine Autumnele liliaceae.
Colchicine was successfully extracted from the corms of colchicine autumnele Liliaceae using supercritical fluid (SF) CO2. The pressure range used in the experiments was 20-40 MPa and the temperature was 40 degrees C. Being its high molecular polar, colchicine or other alkaloids are not easy to be extracted by SF CO2. In order to increase the mass transfer from the sample matrix to SF, different presoakers (such as methanol, ethanol, acetone etc.) were employed. Among the selected pre-soakers, best results were obtained with ethanol both in the aspects of yield and selectivity. At 35 MPa, 40 degrees C and with ethanol as pre-soaker, the yield was 1.8 mg/g, and the colchicine could be almost completely extracted from the sample matrix. The average concentration increased from 0.18% in natural sample to 6.92% in extract with SFE processing only once under the given conditions. The comparison of liquid ethanol extraction (LEE) and SFE showed that SFE is greatly superior to LEE in colchicine separation with SFE not only higher yield and selectivity but also a quick, safe and non-toxic method were obtained in colchicine extraction.
Carbon Dioxide↗
Comparative study of the in vitro synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes in plants belonging to Liliaceae family.
1. Homogenates of garlic (Allium sativum), onions (Allium cepa) and Allium porum were in vitro incubated with [14C]arachidonic acid. 2. Separation of labelled prostaglandins and thromboxanes were accomplished by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the Rf values were compared with those of authentic standards. 3. The prostaglandins identified were 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, TXB2, PGE2 and PGD2. 4. PGE2 and PGD2 were the major metabolites of arachidonic acid among all the members of the Liliaceae family studied. 5. Garlic was found to have the highest capacity to metabolize the [14C]arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes. 6. The synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, was inhibited by preincubation of homogenates with indomethacin or was completely destroyed by boiling the plant extract prior to incubation with arachidonic acid. This confirmed the presence of cyclooxygenase in these plants.
Allium↗
The effect of Aloe vera A. Berger (Liliaceae) on gastric acid secretion and acute gastric mucosal injury in rats.
The effect of varying doses of ethanol extract of Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by 0.6 M HCl and acid output was studied in the pylorus ligated and lumen perfuse rats, respectively. Acid secretion was determined by titration of the collected gastric juice to pH 7.0. Intraperitoneal injection of Aloe vera, dose dependently inhibited gastric acid secretion. The plant was more active as a gastroprotective agent at lower concentration against mucosal injury induced by 0.6 M HCl. In conclusion, Aloe vera is endowed with gastric acid anti-secretory activity and could protect the gastric mucosa at low concentrations against injurious agents.
Aloe↗
Phytoecdysteroids in seeds of Lloydia serotina (Liliaceae).
Seeds of a number of species in the Liliaceae (sensu Brummitt, 1992) were examined for the presence of ecdysteroid agonist and antagonist activities. No species were antagonistic to 20-hydroxyecdysone action on the ecdysteroid-responsive Drosophila melanogaster B(II) cell line and only one extract, that of Lloydia serotina, was agonistic. This activity is attributable to the presence of phytoecdysteroids as detected by ecdysteroid-specific radioimmunoassay and the agonist version of the B(II) bioassay. HPLC in conjunction with radioimmunoassay and bioassay have been used to determine the ecdysteroid profile. The major ecdysteroids present are identified as 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B (5beta,20-dihydroxyecdysone).
Journal Article↗
Geographical patterns of karyotype polymorphism in Italian populations of Ornithogalum montanum (Liliaceae).
The geographical patterns of quinacrine banding polymorphism at 20 sites, and of numbers of accessory (B) chromosomes, were studied in nine Italian populations of Ornithogalum montanum Cyr. ex Ten. (Liliaceae). Eight banding sites appear monomorphic. The standardized gene frequency variance, Fst, is heterogeneous among the remaining 12 sites; variation is greatest for four polymorphisms whose frequency is correlated with the winter temperature of the localities studied. A strong negative association is apparent between numbers of B chromosomes and Q bands. Spatial autocorrelation shows three distinct modes of geographical variation: (i) random distributions; (ii) patterns with positive short-range autocorrelation; (iii) patterns with negative intermediate-range autocorrelation. Some microevolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
Biological Evolution↗
Clonal and fine-scale genetic structure in populations of a restricted Korean endemic, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae) and the implications for conservation.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In plant populations the magnitude of spatial genetic structure of apparent individuals (including clonal ramets) can be different from that of sexual individuals (genets). Thus, distinguishing the effects of clonal versus sexual individuals in population genetic analyses could provide important insights for evolutionary biology and conservation. To investigate the effects of clonal spread on the fine-scale spatial genetic structure within plant populations, Hosta jonesii (Liliaceae), an endemic species to Korea, was chosen as a study species. METHODS: Using allozymes as genetic markers, spatial autocorrelation analysis of ramets and of genets was conducted to quantify the spatial scale of clonal spread and genotype distribution in two populations of H. jonesii. KEY RESULTS: Join-count statistics revealed that most clones are significantly aggregated at < 3-m interplant distance. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of all individuals resulted in significantly higher Moran's I values at 0-3-m interplant distance than analyses of population samples in which clones were excluded. However, significant fine-scale genetic structure was still observed when clones were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that clones enhance the magnitude of spatial autocorrelation due to localized clonal spread. The significant fine-scale genetic structure detected in samples excluding clones is consistent with the biological and ecological traits exhibited by H. jonesii including bee pollination and limited seed dispersal. For conservation purposes, genetic diversity would be maximized in local populations of H. jonesii by collecting or preserving individuals that are spaced at least 5 m apart.
Alleles↗
Genetic analysis of male reproductive contributions in Chamaelirium luteum (L.) gray (Liliaceae).
Genealogical analysis is a powerful tool for analysis of reproductive performance in both natural and captive populations, but assignment of paternity has always been a stumbling block for this sort of work. Statistical methods for determining paternity have undergone several phases of development, ranging from straightforward genetic exclusion to assignment of paternity based on genetic likelihood criteria. In the present study, we present a genetic likelihood-based iterative procedure for fractional allocation of paternity within a progeny pool and apply this method to a population of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious member of the Liliaceae. Results from this analysis clearly demonstrate that different males make unequal contributions to the overall progeny pool, with many males contributing essentially nothing to the next generation. Furthermore, the distribution of paternal success among males shows a highly significant departure from (Poisson) randomness. The results from the present analysis were compared with earlier results obtained from the same data set, using likelihood-based categorical paternity assignments. The general biological pattern revealed by the two analyses is the same, but the estimates of reproductive success are only modestly (though significantly) correlated. The iterative procedure makes more complete use of the data and generates a more sharply resolved distribution of male reproductive success.
Genotype↗