Mutagenicity assays of leachate from domestic waste landfills in Japan: the establishment of a protocol for measuring mutagenicity levels of leachate.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Japan↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Leachate”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Treatment of landfill leachate by spray irrigation--an overview of research results from Ontario, Canada. II. Soil quality for leachate disposal.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
Development of methods for detecting viruses in solid waste landfill leachates.
Methods were developed for detecting and concentrating enteric viruses in municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Poliovirus added to a leachate was not readily detectable, possibly because the virus was adsorbed to the leachate particulates. The masking effects associated with suspended solids in the leachate were overcome by adding a final 0.1 M sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate concentration to the leachate. A sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate could be clarified by filtration at pH 8.0 without a loss of virus. The clarified and sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate contained interfering materials of an anionic nature which prevented virus adsorption to epoxy-fiber glass filters. This interfering effect was overcome by treating the leachate with an anion-exchange resin. Viruses in the resin-treated leachate were concentrated by adjusting the leachate to pH 3.5, adding AlCl(3) to a final 0.005 M concentration, adsorbing the viruses to an epoxy-fiber glass virus adsorbent, and eluting the adsorbed viruses in a small volume. When this method was used to concentrate poliovirus 100-fold in a variety of leachates, the average virus recovery efficiency was 37%. With the methods described in this study, it should be possible to efficiently monitor solid waste disposal site leachates for enteric viruses.
Adsorption↗
Toxicity test of landfill leachate using Sarotherodon mossambicus (freshwater fish).
Landfill leachate was collected in March and July, 1984, at the Gin Drinkers' Bay Landfill Site, and the properties of the two leachates were examined. The leachate collected in March contained higher contents of total solid, ammonia, and metals than that collected in July. The leachates were treated with EDTA (10(-3) M) and Al2(SO4)3 (2 and 4 g/liter), alone and in combination. Addition of alum (2 g/liter) removed more than 60% of the phosphate content of the two leachates, and about 20 and 68% of total solid from leachates collected in March and July, respectively. Different concentrations of the leachates (untreated and alum-treated) were used to test the survival of tilapia, Sarotherodon mossambicus. The 96-hr LC50 for untreated leachates of March and July were 1.4 and 12%, respectively. The alum-treated leachates raised the 96-hr LC50 to 2.2 and 31.4%, accordingly.
Animals↗
Mutagenic activity of the leachate of municipal solid waste landfill.
Organic concentrates were recovered using XAD-2/8 resin adsorption from the leachates of municipal solid waste landfills and their mutagenic activities were tested for 8 months using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Highly polluted leachates (COD and BOD > or = 40 mg/l) generally had equal or higher mutagenic activities than lightly polluted leachates (COD and BOD < 40 mg/l). But there was no clear difference in mutagenicity per amount of concentrate between the two leachates. These results suggest that the mutagenic activity of landfill leachate is decided to some degree by the organic concentration in the leachate. The mutagenic activities detected even in lightly polluted leachates were not so low as those of various kind of surface waters ever reported. It is suggested that it is important to investigate the mutagenic activity of the leachate for evaluation of the impact of landfill leachate on the environment.
Adsorption↗
Decontamination of landfill leachate by soils with different textures.
Soils with different textures (sandy, loamy, and clay soils) were used as filters to attenuate leachate from the Gin Drinkers' Bay landfill. They were used to pack columns of different depths: 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 m. Eight millimeters of leachate was drained into the soil columns each day for 56 days. The percolated leachates were collected weekly and their properties analyzed. It was revealed that the properties became rather stable at Day 28 and therefore only the data from Day 28 are presented. The effluents from the loamy and clay columns with depths of 0.6 and 1.0 m contained significantly lower (P less than 0.05) ammonia contents and had lower chemical oxygen demand than those from sandy soil columns. Moreover, the depth of the columns of loam and clay did not show a significant difference (P greater than 0.05). Sandy soil was the least effective in attenuating the leachate. The efficiency of all the soil columns decrease as the soil depth decreased. It was also noted that growing of tree seedings (Acacia confusa) could further improve the efficiency of the loamy soil, especially for the removal of Na. The phytotoxicity of the raw and percolated leachate was evaluated using seed germination of two plant species (Brassica chinensis and Lolium perenne) and the growth of an uncellular green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). In general, the raw leachate was toxic and inhibited seed germination and root growth of the two plant species and the growth rate of the unicellular green alga. The toxicity was due to the high levels of ammonia-nitrogen. COD, iron, manganese, and sodium ions. Percolated leachate, especially from loamy and clay soil columns, exhibited a decrease in phytotoxicity. Clay or loamy soil columns of 0.6-m soil depth seemed to be sufficient to remove the phytotoxic substances in landfill leachate.
Decontamination↗
Field survey of enteric viruses in solid waste landfill leachates.
Because municipal solid waste may contain fecal material from a variety of sources, there is concern that the leachate discharged from some solid waste landfills may contain enteric pathogens, including enteric viruses. In this study, 22 leachate samples from 21 different landfills in the United States and Canada were examined for enteric viruses. The sites represented a broad range of conditions for solid waste landfills and the leachate samples ranged from 10.3 to 18 liters in volume. Enteric viruses were found in only one of the 22 leachate samples examined. Two viruses, identified as poliovirus types 1 and 3, were found in an 11.8 liter sample obtained from a site where solid waste landfill practice was deficient. The low levels of enteric viruses detected in field samples of raw leachate and the opportunities for further reductions in the virus concentration of leachates by such processes as thermal inactivation, removal by soil and dilution in ground and surface waters, suggest that leachates from properly operated solid waste landfills do not constitute an environmental or public health hazard due to enteric viruses.
Bacteria↗
Metals in municipal landfill leachate and their health effects.
The leachate from five municipal landfills (containing no industrial waste or sewage sludge) was studied in 1975 by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Copper was not present in concentrations above EPA standards. Zinc concentrations decreased with age of the site and were below standards. The amounts of cadmium and chromium appear to vary greatly from site to site. Lead, selenium, iron, and mercury were present at each site in concentrations above standards, regardless of site age. Although raw leachate contains concentrations of heavy metals in excess of the drinking water standards, it is not clear how likely it would be for these recorded levels to be found in drinking water supplies or for contamination to reach the human body. Before leachate reaches an aquifer, it is subject to the attenuating effect of the unsaturated zone. If municipal solid waste is placed directly into ground water, or if leachate is allowed to drain directly into surface water, severe damage to water quality can result. Further study of the environmental effects of leachate are being undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Humans↗
Decontamination of landfill leachate by soil infiltration.
A soil column study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of soil to attenuate pollutants in landfill leachate. It was found that more than 60% of the initial alkalinity, COD, and total nitrogen was removed after the leachate had percolated through the soil column. Lower efficiencies were observed for the removal of dissolved cations, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen. When previously percolated leachate was recirculated through the soil column, significant removal (93.6%) of ammonia nitrogen was achieved. Moreover, a further reduction in COD, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and potassium was evident. Bioassay tests of seed germination and root growth of Brassica chinensis were performed to compare the phytotoxicities of untreated, percolated, and recirculated leachates. The phytotoxicity was reduced by both treatments, with the greatest detoxification observed in the leachate recirculation treatment. The values of pH and Olsen phosphorus were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in the treated column soil, whereas significant increases (P less than 0.05) in electrical conductivity (EC), various forms of nitrogen, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), potassium, magnesium, zinc, and iron were observed. EC, ESP, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, and various forms of nitrogen accumulated at the soil surface (10 cm). On the other hand, manganese was deposited at 20 to 50 cm below the soil surface of the treated column.
Biological Assay↗
Potential survival strategies of novel comammox and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira synthesizing osmoprotectants in a wastewater microbiome treating high-ammonia brackish landfill leachate.
BACKGROUND: In the late stages of landfill operation, leachate becomes brackish and contains high concentrations of ammonia with limited organic carbon. At leachate treatment facilities, it is typically subjected to nitrification followed by denitrification, with methanol supplied as an external electron donor. This unique environment may harbor novel microorganisms, including nitrifiers. Although a variety of microorganisms are involved in nitrification, their substrate specificity and salinity tolerance remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a genome-centric metagenome analysis was conducted on the microbiome from a leachate treatment facility at a closed landfill. RESULTS: A total of 68 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed, including 64 putative novel species. Among these, two Nitrospira MAGs were recovered: a novel complete ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (comammox), Nitrospira LAS72 (88.72% completeness, 2.10% contamination), and canonical nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira LAS18 (99.98% completeness, 2.29% contamination). Comparative genomic analysis with 260 publicly available Nitrospira genomes revealed that LAS18 represents a new sub-lineage within lineage VII of the Nitrospira genus. Two ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus LAS21 and Nitrosarchaeum LAS73, were also identified, while canonical ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were not detected. Given the brackish conditions (1.23% salinity) and the methanol-fed operation of the treatment facility, the genomic potential for osmotic stress adaptation and methanol metabolism was investigated. Comammox Nitrospira LAS72 harbors biosynthetic pathways for several compatible solutes (osmoprotectants), including glycine betaine, proline, trehalose, and L-glutamate. Moreover, comammox Nitrospira LAS72 possesses genetic potential for oxidizing formaldehyde, suggesting that it may exploit these methanol-derived intermediates as energy sources. These features indicate that LAS72 may withstand osmotic fluctuations through the production of various osmoprotectants and thrive under the unique conditions of a methanol-fed environment. CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of novel comammox Nitrospira and canonical Nitrospira forming a new sub-lineage within lineage VII of the Nitrospira genus in an ammonia-rich brackish environment provides the first genomic evidence for evolutionary adaptation among nitrifiers to saline, methanol-fed environments. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics shaping nitrifier communities in complex treatment ecosystems. Video Abstract.
Ammonia↗
The mutagenicity of refuse leachate from a municipal incinerator.
The mutagenicity of refuse leachate from a municipal incinerator was studied by liquid rec-assay and Ames assay. Volatile components were found to be negative, and nonvolatile components positive, in the Ames assay and the leachate was found to have DNA-damaging capacity in the liquid rec-assay with S-9 mix. PAHs derived from tobacco ash and carbonyl compounds generated by the putrefaction of foods were confirmed to be main contributors to DNA-damaging capacity and mutagenicity in refuse leachate.
Animals↗
Biodegradation of [14C]phenol in secondary sewage and landfill leachate measured by double-vial radiorespirometry.
Double-vial radiorespirometry was used to estimate the biodegradation rates of 14C-labeled phenol in a landfill leachate and a secondary treated domestic wastewater. Rates were found to be comparable for each material at each of the three concentrations tested. Sewage microorganisms immediately began biodegrading the [14C]phenol; landfill leachate microorganisms required a lag period before maximum biodegradation of the [14C]phenol. The apparent rate of [14C]phenol biodegradation was 2.4 times faster in the sewage than in the landfill leachate. Double-vial radiorespirometry was shown to be an effective method for screening biodegradation rates in aquifers.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Studies on the survival and fate of enteroviruses in an experimental model of a municipal solid waste landfill and leachate.
In laboratory scale municipal solid waste lysimeters containing simulated refuse, and seeded with either laboratory or field strains of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 7, viruses were not detected in the lysimeter leachate produced over a 4-month period. In addition, viruses were detected in the lysimeter refuse contents after termination of lysimeter operation. These results appeared to be due to virus retention in the lysimeter caused by virus adsorption and virus inactivation. Evidence for virus inactivation was provided by the results of experiments on virus inactivation in composite leachate samples. Evidence for virus adsorption was supported by the rapid adsorption of viruses to various municipal solid waste components in the presence of a salt similar in composition to the major inorganic salts of leachates.
Adsorption↗
Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by serum leachates of fly ash.
Samples of 8 ashes were leached with canine serum for 24 h to remove metal ions from the particle surfaces. The particles were removed by filtration, and the concentrations of 11 metal ions in the serum leachates were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The leachate samples were evaluated using the canine whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation test (WB/LST). The serum extracts of oil-related ashes were highly inhibitory, while lower biological activity was observed for the extracts of coal ashes. The observed inhibition in the WB/LST was correlated with the concentration of each metal ion using Kendall's rank correlation test. The highest correlations were observed for Mn and V. The results are compared with previous WB/LST studies on pure metal salts.
Aerosols↗
[Radiation decomposition of humic substances in landfill disposal leachate. TOC reduction and CO2 formation (author's transl)].
The leachate generated from landfill contains humic substances such as humic acid and fluvic acid. It shows, in general, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), and colors in dark brown. When the leachate collected on the No. 15 landfill in Tokyo Bay was irradiated by gamma-rays from a 60Co source in bubbling air, the total organic carbon (TOC) decreased with increasing dose and the brown color was bleached. The effects of pH, flow rate, and dose rate on the decrease of TOC, the variations of UV spectrum, and the formation of carbon dioxide by the irradiation were examined. The decreasing rate of TOC increased with an increase of the flow rate up to approximately 1l/min and showed a maximum value in the region of pH 4 approximately 6. It was also dependent on the dose rate and increased with a decrease of the dose rate. The radiation chemical yield, G(--TOC), reached 162 at low dose rate of 1.3 X10(4) rad/h. This result suggests that a radiation-induced chain reaction occurred. The amount of TOC decreased was almost equal to that of carbon dioxide formed. This result shows that the organic substances were decomposed by irradiation to carbon dioxide as a final product and it was ejected from the solution.
Carbon↗
Effect of different salt leachates on the movement of some phosphorus containing pesticides in soils using thin layer chromatography.
The influence of pH, leachates of alkaline and saline salts, inorganic fertilizers, and surfactants on the movement of eight organophosphorus pesticides, viz., DDVP, diazinon, Ekatin, Folithion, malathion, metasystox, parathion methyl, and Rogor has been studied using soil thin layer chromatographic techniques. The variation in the movement of pesticides under different solvent amendments are expressed in terms of Rf, RB, and RM values and are explained on the basis of adsorption and leachability.
Carbonates↗
Cancer incidence following exposure to drinking water with asbestos leachate.
In November 1985, the New York State Department of Health was altered to extraordinary concentrations of asbestos leachate in the drinking water in the Town of Woodstock. Concentrations of 3.2 million fibers per liter (MFL) to 304.5 MFL were found, depending on location. An investigation of cancer incidence in the area was conducted for the period 1973-83 using the State Cancer Registry to compute standardized incidence ratios. No evidence was found of elevated cancer incidence at sites associated with asbestos exposure. A statistically non-significant excess of kidney cancer was seen among men, but not women. Colon cancer among men was significantly low, but incidence among women was similar to that expected. Lung cancer incidence was lower than expected for both sexes. Ovarian cancer rates were not different from expected rates. At sites not previously related to asbestos exposure, cancer of the oral cavity was significantly high, with most affected persons having a history of cigarette smoking. Surveillance of the community is continuing because of an insufficient latent period for some exposed groups.
Asbestos↗
Toxicity to estuarine organisms of leachates from chromated copper arsenate treated wood.
The effects of chromated copper arsenate (CCA), used for treating wood in docks, pilings, and bulkheads, were studied in several estuarine organisms. Leaching of metals from treated wood into sea water was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) were subjected to limb removal and were placed in containers with treated wood of various sizes or control wood. Limb regeneration rate was retarded in a dose-dependent fashion and mortality occurred with the treated wood, reaching 100% in the tank with the largest piece of wood. Embryos of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were allowed to develop in culture dishes in which CCA-treated or untreated wood was soaking. Mortality was noted in the dishes with treated wood and to a smaller extent in those with untreated wood. Containers containing CCA-treated wood, control wood, or no wood were stocked first with the alga Ulva lactuca, the snails (Nassarius obsoletus). Chlorophyll content of the algae was reduced with the treated wood within a few days, and snails with the treated wood became moribund and died within a few days. In the controls containing untreated wood or no wood, no such effects were seen. Studies with individual or combination of two or three of the metals with snails and algae indicated that the copper was primarily responsible for the snail mortality and algal bleaching seen in the treated wood experiments. In all experiments, the toxicity of the wood decreased over time; when the experiments were repeated with the same pieces of wood, effects were diminished.
Animals↗